RESEARCH DESIGN

METHODS OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH DESIGN
• Research design is the framework methods and techniques chosen by a
researcher. It allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are
suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for the success.

• The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical
way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem

• A research design is a framework that has been created to find answers

to research questions.
RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH QUESTION

A research question is a question that a study or research project

aims to answer. This question often addresses an issue or a problem,
which, through analysis and interpretation of data, is answered in
the study's conclusion.
RESEARCH DESIGN

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1. TO MINIMIZE THE EXPENDITURE

Research design carries an important influence on the

reliability of the result attained. It therefore provides a solid base for
the whole research. This makes the research as effective as possible
by providing maximum information with minimum spending of effort,
money and time by preparing the advance plan of all about the
research.
RESEARCH DESIGN

2. FACILITATE THE SMOOTH SCALING

Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth

scaling of the various research operations, thereby making research
as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal
expenditure of effort, time and money
RESEARCH DESIGN

3. TO COLLECT THE RELEVANT DATA AND TECHNIQUE

Research design stands for advance planning of the methods

to be adopted for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to
be used in their analysis, keeping in view the objective of the
research and the availability of staff time and money. Poor
preparation of research design upset the entire project.
RESEARCH DESIGN

4. TO PROVIDE BLUEPRINT FOR PLANS

Research design is needed due to the fact that it allows for the
smooth working of many research operations. It is like blueprint
which we need in advance to plan the methods to be adopted for the
collecting the relevant data and technique to be used in its analysis
for the preparation of research project..
RESEARCH DESIGN

5. TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW TO OTHER EXPERT

A Research provides an overview of all the research process

and with the help of the design we can take the help and views of
experts of that field. The design helps the investigator to organize his
idea, which helps to recognize and fix his faults.
RESEARCH DESIGN

6. TO PROVIDE DIRECTION

A Research provides a proper or particular direction to the

other executives and other who are helping us into the process.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH DESIGN
A Good Research Design Possesses the Following Characteristics:

1. OBJECTIVITY

It refers to the findings related to the method of data collection and

scoring of the responses. The research design should permit the measuring
instruments which are fairly objective in which every observer or judge
scoring the performance must precisely give the same report.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH DESIGN
A Good Research Design Possesses the Following Characteristics:

2. RELIABILITY

It refers to consistency throughout a series of measurements. With

regularly conducted research, the researcher involved expects similar
results every time. Your design should indicate how to form
research questions to ensure the standard of results.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH DESIGN
A Good Research Design Possesses the Following Characteristics:

3. VALIDITY

There are multiple measuring tools available. However, the only

correct measuring tools are those which help a researcher in gauging results
according to the objective of the research. The questionnaire developed
from this design will then be valid.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH DESIGN
A Good Research Design Possesses the Following Characteristics:

4. GENERALIZABILITY

It means how best the data collected from the samples can be
utilized for drawing certain generalizations applicable to a large group from
which sample is drawn. Thus a research design helps an investigator to
generalize his findings provided he has taken due care in defining the
population, selecting the sample, deriving appropriate statistical analysis
etc. while preparing the research design.
RESEARCH DESIGN

THREE MAIN TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1. DATA COLLECTION
2. MEASUREMENT
3. ANALYSIS OF DATA
RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH DESIGN CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO:

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

- is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-

numerical data.
- is more subjective in nature than Quantitative research and involves
examining and reflecting on the less tangible aspects of a
research subject, e.g. values, attitudes,perceptions.
- relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand
observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups,
participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings,
documents, and artifacts.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• GROUNDED THEORY
• ETHNOGRAPHIC
• NARRATIVE RESEARCH
• HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• CASE STUDY
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• GROUNDED THEORY

The Grounded Theory is a systematic procedure of data analysis,

that allows the researcher to develop a theory that explains a
specific phenomenon.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

- is the most in-depth observational method that studies people

in their natural occurring environment
- aims to understand the cultures, challenges, motivations, and
setting that occurs
- is qualitative procedures utilized to describe, analyze and
interpret a culture’s characteristics.
-
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• NARRATIVE RESEARCH

- aims to explore and conceptualize human experience as it is

represented in textual form.
- Narrative research can be defined as collecting and analyzing the
accounts people tell to describe experiences and offer
interpretation.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• HISTORICAL RESEARCH

- is a scientific critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events

using the critical method in the understanding and
interpretation of facts which are applicable to current
issues and problems.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

USES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

1. It is useful in searching through the past for solutions to

contemporary problems and needs.
2. It is used to throw light on the present
3. It gives people sense of continuity of the past to the present
4. It enables the communities to grasp their relationship with the past
to the current issues
5. It chronicles events of enduring worth which confer upon the
individual consciousness of unity and the feeling of importance of
human achievement.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

PRIMARY SOURCE:

1. DOCUMENTS – these includes school directives, court

decisions, newspapers and periodicals.

2. REMAINS – these includes the physical plant, equipment,

apparatus, teaching aid and devices, picture of
building and furnishing, forms of diplomas and
certificates, textbooks and reference books.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

• CASE STUDY DESIGN

- is a problem solving technique wherein the study is described

from the past, present, and future.
- is an intensive investigation of a particular individual,
institution, community, or any group considered as a unit
which includes the developmental, adjustment, remedial,
or corrective procedure that suitability follows the diagnose of
the causes of maladjustment or of favorable development.
RESEARCH DESIGN

2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

- is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.

- it concentrates on measuring scale, range, frequency etc of
phenomena.
- is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or
computational techniques.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN

• DESCRIPTIVE
• CORRELATION
• QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
• EXPERIMENTAL
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN

• DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

- Descriptive research designs help provide answers to the

questions of who, what, when, where and how
associated with a particular research problem
- it is used to obtain information concerning the current status
of the phenomena and to describe “what exists” with
respect to variables or conditions in a situation.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN

• CORRELATION DESIGN

- is a non-experimental research design technique that helps

researchers establish a relationship between two closely
connected variables
- this involves the collection of two or more sets of data from a
group of subjects with the attempt to determine the
subsequent relationship between those sets of data.
- this type of research shows that a relationship exists between
two variables.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN

• QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

- this type of design is very similar to true experiments, but with

some key differences. An independent variable is
identified but not manipulated by the experimenter, and
effects of the independent variable are measured.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN

• EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

- is a problem solving approach that the study is described in the

future on what will be when variables are carefully
controlled and manipulated.
- establishes a relationship between the cause and effect of a
situation.
- it can be a basic, applied, or developmental research.
References:
• Calmorin,L.P., Calmorin M.A.Research Methods and Thesis Writing.2012
• Calderon, J.F., Gonzales, E.C.2018.Methods of Research and Thesis Writing
• https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-design/
• https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185902
• https://www.guide2research.com/research/how-to-write-a-research-
question#:~:text=A%20research%20question%20is%20a,answered%20in%
20the%20study's%20conclusion.
• https://www.statisticssolutions.com/types-of-qualitative-research-
designs/#:~:text=Grounded%20theory%2C%20ethnographic%2C%20narrat
ive%20research,types%20of%20qualitative%20research%20designs.