Chapter 3

Introduction
to Logic

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

All rights reserved
Chapter 3: Introduction to Logic

3.1 Statements and Quantifiers

3.2 Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
3.3 The Conditional and Circuits
3.4 More on the Conditional
3.5 Analyzing Arguments with Euler Diagrams
3.6 Analyzing Arguments with Truth Tables

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-2

Chapter 1

Section 3-4
More on the Conditional

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-3

More on the Conditional

• Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive

• Alternative Forms of “If p, then q”
• Biconditionals
• Summary of Truth Tables

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-4

Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive

Conditional If p, then q
p→q
Statement
Converse q→ p If q, then p

Inverse p→ q If not p, then

not q
Contrapositive q→ p If not q, then
not p

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-5

Example: Determining Related
Conditional Statements
Given the conditional statement
If I live in Wisconsin, then I shovel snow,
determine each of the following:
a) the converse b) the inverse c) the contrapositive

Solution
a) If I shovel snow, then I live in Wisconsin.
b) If I don’t live in Wisconsin, then I don’t shovel
snow.
c) If I don’t shovel snow, then I don’t live in
Wisconsin.
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-6
Equivalences

A conditional statement and its contrapositive

are equivalent, and the converse and inverse
are equivalent.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-7

Alternative Forms of “If p, then q”

The conditional p → q can be translated in

any of the following ways.
If p, then q. p is sufficient for q.
If p, q. q is necessary for p.
p implies q. All p are q.
p only if q. q if p.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-8

Example: Rewording Conditional
Statements
Write each statement in the form “if p, then q.”
a) You’ll be sorry if I go.
b) Today is Sunday only if yesterday was Saturday.
c) All Chemists wear lab coats.

Solution
a) If I go, then you’ll be sorry.
b) If today is Sunday, then yesterday was Saturday.
c) If you are a Chemist, then you wear a lab coat.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-9

Biconditionals

The compound statement p if and only if q

(often abbreviated p iff q) is called a
biconditional. It is symbolized p ↔ q , and
is interpreted as the conjunction of the two
conditionals p → q and q → p.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-10

Truth Table for the Biconditional

p if and only if q
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-11

Example: Determining Whether
Biconditionals are True or False

Determine whether each biconditional statement is true

or false.
a) 5 + 2 = 7 if and only if 3 + 2 = 5.
b) 3 = 7 if and only if 4 = 3 + 1.
c) 7 + 6 = 12 if and only if 9 + 7 = 11.

Solution
a) True (both component statements are true)
b) False (one component is true, one false)
c) True (both component statements are false)
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-12
Summary of Truth Tables

1. The negation of a statement has truth value

opposite of the statement.
2. The conjunction is true only when both
statements are true.
3. The disjunction is false only when both
statements are false.
4. The biconditional is true only when both
statements have the same truth value.
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-4-13