PRACTICE TEST 29.

6
PART I: LISTENING (5 points)
Question 1:
You will hear a part of a radio program in which food historian Andrew Dalford talks about
pepper, one of the most common spices. Complete the sentences with NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. (2 points)
Andrew Dalford’s recently published book about the history of spices is entitled (1)______
___________
The colour of the pepper is related to when the (2)_________________ takes place.
In the past, dishonest dealers would add cheaper plant materials such as (3)_________________ and
(4)________________ to sacks of pepper.
Andrew uses the term (5)__________________ to describe the social importance of pepper
throughout history.
Peppercorns could be used in financial transactions, like paying (6)_______________ and clearing
debts.
Together with (7)_________________, pepper was regarded as a luxury item in the Roman Empire.
In medicine, both (8)________________ were used to treat certain conditions.
Made into an ointment, pepper was used to treat (9)_________________ and to relieve pain.
Pepper in solution or as a powder was used to keep (10)_________________ away.

Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Question 2: For questions 1-5 write no more than two words and/or a number. (1 point)
“Underwater living”
Write ONLY ONE WORD OR A NUMBER from the dialogue for each answer.
1. How long did the scientists spend under the waves? __________________________________
2. What answer did Rob choose? __________________________________
3. What's the name of the laboratory? __________________________________
4. Where's the laboratory situated? __________________________________
5. What is the world record for holding breath underwater? __________________________________
Question 3: Listen to the news about Britain and decide weather they are True or False (1 point)
1. Keira Knightley and Princess Diana share a distant ancestor. TF
2. The film is set in the 1700s. TF
3. In the film Keira Knightley plays the mistress of an aristocrat. TF
4. Keira Knightley was 23 when Princess Diana died. TF
5. In the 18th Century divorce was seen as an acceptable action by most people. TF
Question 4: You will hear a psychologist being interviewed about friendship, choose the answer
which fits best according to what you hear. (1 point)
1. From three to five years old, children __________
A. are happy to play alone. B. prefer to be with their family.
C. have rather selfish relationships. D. have little idea of ownership.
2. From age five to eight or ten, children __________
A. change their friends more often. B. decide who they want to be friends with.
C. admire people who don’t keep to rules. D. learn to be tolerant of their friends.

1
3. According to Sarah Browns, adolescents __________
A. may be closer to their friends than to their parents.
B. develop an interest in friends of the opposite sex.
C. choose friends with similar personalities to themselves.
D. want friends who are dependable.
4. Young married people __________
A. tend to focus on their children. B. often lose touch with their friends.
C. make close friends less easily. D. have fewer friends than single people.
5. In middle or old age people generally prefer__________
A. to stay in touch with old friends. B. to see younger friends more often.
C. to have friends who live nearby. D. to spend more time with their friends
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
PART II: LEXICO-GRAMMAR (3 points)
Question 1: Choose the best option to complete the following sentences. (1.5 points)
1. Children born out of _______ shouldn’t be made fun of.
A. marriage B. marriage license C. wedlock D. home
2. This Chinese milk tea stall is popular with film stars and the _______.
A. like B. same C. similar D. such
3. The composer can’t write masterpieces unless they’re in the right ________ of mind.
A. frame B. way C. set D. turn
4. A few political extremists _______the crowd to attack the police.
A. animated B. agitated C. incited D. stirred
5. Has anyone managed to ________the meaning of the speech?
A. see B. snatch C. grip D. grasp
6. The escaped prisoner fought _________ before he was finally overpowered.
A. head over heels B. tooth and nail C. heart and soul D. foot and mouth
7. The employee is still _______ ignorant of the fact that she is about to be made redundant.
A. delightedly B. blissfully C. jubilantly D. ecstatically
8. Many athletes have reached their ________ by the time they are twenty.
A. summit B. top C. point D. peak
9. The spoilt schoolboy was ________ from school for his disruptive behavior.
A. dispelled B. repelled C. expelled D. compelled
10. I was able to do the puzzle very quickly but I seem to lose the ________ now.
A. hang B. knack C. habit D. use
11. The criminal knows the ___________ of successful robberies.
A. trash and treasure B. part and parcel C. ins and outs D. close all
12. I am not able to go anywhere this weekend because I am up to my ___________ in work.
A. neck B. nose C. head D. eyes
13. Sterling is a ___________ town not far from Edinburgh.
A. medium-large B. medium C. middle-sized D. medium-sized
14. Mike decided that the election to the local council would provide a ___________ to a career in
national politics.

2
 A. milestone B. springboard C. highway D. turning point
15. As a poet, I think she ___________ comparison with the greatest this century.
A. stands B. makes C. leads D. matches
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Question 2: Write the correct FORM of each word in the bracket in the following text. (1 point)
For statistical and public administrative purposes, old age is frequently defined as 60 or 65 years
of age. However, there is no (1. universe)_________accepted age that is considered old among or
within societies, and the physiological effects of ageing differ widely among individuals. In ancient
Rome and medieval Europe the average life span is estimated to have been between 20 and 30 years.
Life (2. expect)_________ today has expanded in historically (3. precedent) _________ proportions,
greatly increasing the numbers of people who survive over the age of 65. Therefore, the instances of
medical problems associated with ageing, such as cancer and heart disease, have increased, giving rise
to greater (4. consider)_________ both in research and in programmes for accommodating this increase.
Certain aspects of sensory and (5. perceive)_________skills, (6. muscle)_________ strength and certain
kinds of memory tend to diminish with age, rendering some activities (7. suit)_________ for older
people. There is, however, no (8. conclude)_________ evidence that intelligence deteriorates with age,
but rather that it is more (9. close)_________ associated with education and standard of living. Many of
the myths surrounding the process of ageing have been (10. valid)_________ by increased studies in
gerontology, but there is still not sufficient information to provide adequate conclusions.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Question 3: There are 5 mistakes in the following passage. Find and correct them in the space provided. (1
point)
A balance diet contains proteins, which compose of complex amino acids. There are 20 types of
amino acids, comprising about 16 percentages of the body weight in a lean individual. A body needs all
20 to be healthy. Amino acids can be divided into two groups: essential and non-essential. There are 9
essential amino acids. These are the protein that the body cannot produce by themselves, so a healthy
individual must ingest them. The 11 non-essential amino acids, on the other hand, are produced by the
body, but it is not necessary to ingest them. Proteins are described as being either high-quality or low-
quality, depend on how many of the 9 essential amino acids the food contains.
Your answers:
Mistake Correction
1
2
3
4
5
PART III: READING COMPREHENSION (6 points)
Question 1: Read the following passage and use ONE word to fill in each gap. (1 point)
My perfect weekend
Each week we ask a famous person to tell us about their ideal weekend. This weekend it’s the
(1)______of actress, Laila Rouass.
How would I spend the perfect weekend? Well, on Sundays I like (2)______ better than to hang
out in Shoreditch around Brick Lane. When I was younger, I’d go there more or (3)______ every
weekend with my parents; we’d go to the market and have lunch from a food stall and it’s still as crazy

3
and quirky as it used to be when I was a kid. I always have a good look (4)______ the bric-a-brac shops.
I love the second-hand furniture they sell though I (5)______ ever actually buy anything.
I’m not one of those people who escape to the countryside at weekends. If we went anywhere, it
would be to Morocco, where I spent a large part of my childhood. My parents are from there and I now
own a farm near Tangiers. I love it: it’s so quick and easy to get to – just a three hour flight from
London and a two hour time difference but as (6)______ as you step off the plane, you’re in a different
world. You’re in Africa and (7)______ else has such a lively café culture as there is in Morocco.
When I was younger, I’d go out clubbing every weekend but I can’t remember the last time I
went dancing. On the rare (8)______ that we do go out, it’s usually to Home House, a club in London. I
joined a few years ago because I really like the atmosphere.
But more often than not I just don’t (9)______ like going out. I’ve got a reputation for arranging
things with my girlfriends and (10)______ sticking to them. They end up coming over to mine and
watching a movie.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Question 2: Read the passage and choose a suitable word to fill in each blank. (1 point)
THE VALUE OF WALKING
New research reveals that walking just 9.5 kilometers a week may keep your brain sharper as you
get older. Research published in the October 13 online issue of Neurology suggests that walking may
protect aging brains from growing smaller and, in (1)_______, preserve memory in old age.
“Brain size shrinks in late adulthood, which can cause memory problems,” study author Kirk
Erickson of the University of Pittsburg said in a news release. “Our findings should encourage further
well-designed scientific (2)_______ of physical exercise in older adults as a very (3)_______ approach
for preventing dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.” For the study, the team asked 299 dementia-free
seniors to record the (4)_______they walked each week.
Four years later, the participants were tested to see if they had developed (5)_______of dementia.
Then after nine years had passed, scientists (6)_______the participants’ brains to measure size. At the
four-year test, researchers discovered subjects who walked the most had (7)_______their risk of
developing memory problems by 50 percent. At the nine-year checkpoint, those who walked at least 9.5
kilometers a week, had brains with a larger (8)_______than those who didn’t walk as much.
This is not the first study to (9)_______ the benefits of walking in seniors. For example, last spring,
Havard University found that women who walked regularly at a (10)_______ pace had an almost 40
percent lower risk of stroke.
1. A. result B. turn C. sequence D. case
2. A. trials B. attempts C. searches D. courses
3. A. indicative B. promising C. fortunate D. ideal
4. A. distance B. length C. duration D. extent
5. A. signals B. factors C. signs D. features
6. A. skimmed B. scanned C. screened D. sounded
7. A. depressed B. declined C. reduced D. dropped
8. A. volume B. amount C. dimension D. quantity
9. A. advertise B. promote C. respect D. admire
10. A. brisk B. hard C. crisp D. brief
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Question 3: Read the following passage and choose the best answers. (1 point)

4
 Architecture has social purposes and meets practical needs by means of combining art and
technological innovations. In budding construction, however, an emergence of new materials does
not make its precursors obsolete, and architectural knowledge is cumulative. The fact that today
much is constructed from prefabricated concrete does not do away with brick. Furthermore, despite
dramatic changes and increased technological sophistication of architectural design and
construction, the essential apparatus of erecting a building has remained rooted in pre-industrial
traditional practices passed down during the millennia. The social and utilitarian expectations of
structures are largely based on elemental demands of keeping out elements and enemies,
ameliorating the extremes of heat, and avoiding the instruction of wind, precipitation, and pests.
Gravity, air pressure, and earthquakes can induce tensions that have to be accounted for when
constructing functional enclosed space. Vertical stacking of masonry materials causes compression
that can lead to important problems when a structure is spanned to build a roof and connect walls.
Arches, vaults, and domes were specifically developed to alleviate the compression by directing the
spanning element along a curve rather than a straight line. Building suspension structures, dams,
and tunnels became possible in the nineteenth century with the increased availability of steel that
could reinforce structural frames and enable them to withstand natural forces previously believed
to be insurmountable.
Functional evolutions of modern buildings create new demands on the analysis of structural
behavior and engineering. Few occupants of skyscrapers view elevators as elaborate systems of
vertical transportation. Humidity and temperature control, forced ventilation, natural and artificial
lighting, sanitation and disposal of waste, electrical wiring and fire prevention make very tall
constructions engineering marvels that also must be aesthetically pleasing and physically
convenient.
Erecting a structure involves a great deal more than merely attending to the aesthetics and
psychological experience of architectural space. The shape, size, and incombustibility, available
construction materials fostered developments of specific technologies, and brick stone masonry
have evolved in response to the need for structural durability Advances in engineering and
knowledge associated with properties of building materials combine to lead innovations in
architectural design. Tools and skills required to exploit easily obtainable material have continued
to inform the development of modem industrialized technologies.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The modern art of architecture and social pressure
B. The profound importance of tradition in architecture
C. The mutual impact of architecture and technology
D. The great technological advances in building materials
2. The word "obsolete" in line 3 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. obvious B. obstinate C. antiquarian D. antiquated

3. The author mentions the word "brick" in line 4 as an example of which of the following?
A. How old techniques can continue to remain practical
B. How old buildings can coexist modern architecture
C. How new knowledge can supplant traditional technology
D. How new design can improve traditional construction
4. It can be inferred from the passage that pragmatic requirements of buildings_______.
A. retain essential sophistication B. hold constant over time
C. stagnate over millennia D. stay rooted in the elements

5
5. What can be inferred from the passage about reducing the effects of material compacting?
A. Masonry is stacked vertically by increasing compression.
B. Downward pressure is dispersed by semicircular roofs.
C. Buildings are spanned to account for the force of gravity.
D. Vertical roofs are bent to counteract air pressure.
6. The word "withstand" is closest in meaning to_______.
A. endure B. enlarge C. withdraw D. withhold
7. The purpose of paragraph 3 is to suggest that_______.
A. tall buildings require large amounts of wiring to make them functional
B. architectural innovations pose new challenges for technological development
C. skyscrapers need to be appealing and convenient for their occupants
D. architects of modern buildings create a demand for engineering talent
8. The word "marvels" is closest in meaning to_______.
A. miracle B. mirage C. conception D. construction
9. According to the passage, what is one of the important requirements of building materials?
A. They need to be large and well shaped.
B. They should be locally produced.
C. They do not affect human psychology.
D. They have to be inflammable.
10. The word "fostered" is closest in meaning to_______.
A. founded B. focused C. encouraged D. enveloped
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Question 4: Read the passage and do the following tasks. (1 point)
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A. ‘Hypotheses,’ said Medawar in 1964,‘are imaginative and inspirational in character’; they are
‘adventures of the mind’. He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popper in The Logic of
Scientific Discovery (1972, 3rd edition) that the nature of scientific method is hypothetico-deductive
and not, as is generally believed, inductive.
B. It is essential that you, as an intending researcher, understand the difference between these two
interpretations of the research process so that you do not become discouraged or begin to suffer from a
feeling of ‘cheating’ or not going about it the right way.
C. The myth of scientific method is that it is inductive: that the formulation of scientific theory starts
with the basic, raw evidence of the senses - simple, unbiased, unprejudiced observation. Out of these
sensory data - commonly referred to as ‘facts’ — generalisations will form. The myth is that from a
disorderly array of factual information an orderly, relevant theory will somehow emerge. However, the
starting point of induction is an impossible one.
D.  There is no such thing as an unbiased observation. Every act of observation we make is a function of
what we have seen or otherwise experienced in the past. All scientific work of an experimental or
exploratory nature starts with some expectation about the outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis.
Hypotheses provide the initiative and incentive for the inquiry and influence the method. It is in the
light of an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant, that one
methodology is chosen and others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and others are not.
Where is, your naive, pure and objective researcher now?
E. Hypotheses arise by guesswork, or by inspiration, but having been formulated they can and must be
tested rigorously, using the appropriate methodology. If the predictions you make as a result of
deducing certain consequences from your hypothesis are not shown to be correct then you discard or
modify your hypothesis. If the predictions turn out to be correct then your hypothesis has been
supported and may be retained until such time as some further test shows it not to be correct. Once you

6
have arrived at your hypothesis, which is a product of your imagination, you then proceed to a strictly
logical and rigorous process, based upon deductive argument — hence the term ‘hypothetico-
deductive’.
F. So don’t worry if you have some idea of what your results will tell you before you even begin to
collect data; there are no scientists in existence who really wait until they have all the evidence in front
of them before they try to work out what it might possibly mean. The closest we ever get to this
situation is when something happens by accident; but even then the researcher has to formulate a
hypothesis to be tested before being sure that, for example, a mould might prove to be a successful
antidote to bacterial infection.
G. The myth of scientific method is not only that it is inductive (which we have seen is incorrect) but
also that the hypothetico-deductive method proceeds in a step-by-step, inevitable fashion. The
hypothetico-deductive method describes the logical approach to much research work, but it does not
describe the psychological behaviour that brings it about. This is much more holistic — involving
guesses, reworkings, corrections, blind alleys and above all inspiration, in the deductive as well as the
hypothetic component -than is immediately apparent from reading the final thesis or published papers.
These have been, quite properly, organised into a more serial, logical order so that the worth of the
output may be evaluated independently of the behavioural processes by which it was obtained. It is the
difference, for example between the academic papers with which Crick and Watson demonstrated the
structure of the DNA molecule and the fascinating book The Double Helix in which Watson (1968)
described how they did it. From this point of view, ‘scientific method’ may more usefully be thought of
as a way of writing up research rather than as a way of carrying it out.
Questions 1- 5: The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the most suitable headings
for paragraphs C-G from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers i-x in boxes. 
List of Headings
i The Crick and Watson approach to research
ii Antidotes to bacterial infection
iii The testing of hypotheses
iv Explaining the inductive method
v Anticipating results before data is collected
vi How research is done and how it is reported
vii The role of hypotheses in scientific research
viii Deducing the consequences of hypotheses
ix Karl Popper’s claim that the scientific method is hypothetico - deductive
x The unbiased researcher
Example     Paragraph A            Answer: ix
1. Paragraph C
2. Paragraph D
3. Paragraph E
4. Paragraph F
5. Paragraph G
Questions 6 – 9: Do the following statements reflect the opinions of the writer in the reading passage ?
Write:
YES if the statement reflects the opinion of the writer.
NO  if the statement contradicts the opinion of the writer.
NOT GIVEN  if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

6. Popper says that the scientific method is hypothetico-deductive.

7. If a prediction based on a hypothesis is fulfilled, then the hypothesis is confirmed as true.
8. Many people carry out research in a mistaken way.
9. The ‘scientific method’ is more a way of describing research than a way of doing it.
Question 10: Which of the following statements best describes the writer’s main purpose in reading passage ?
A.  to advise Ph.D students not to cheat while carrying out research.
B.  to encourage Ph.D students to work by guesswork and inspiration.

7
C.  to explain to Ph.D students the logic which the scientific research paper follows.
D.  to help Ph.D students by explaining different conceptions of the research process.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Question 5: You are going to read an article containing reviews of recently-published

books. For questions 1-10, choose from the Books (A-F). The reviews may be chosen more than
once. (1 point)
Book Corner
A round-up of the latest fiction and non-fiction from Beth Young.
A.
Reading a new novelist is a bit like asking a stranger out on a date. You never quite know if this
is the start of a beautiful relationship. You check the blurbs, the publicity photograph, and flick through
the book to look for the two essentials: entertainment and substance. Beginner's Greek by James Collins
is certainly big on the latter, weighing in at 400-plus pages. And the quotes on the back cover have the
effect of a bunch of friends saying to you, 'Go on, you'll get on brilliantly'. Early indications are that this
blind date could lead to a deeper relationship. Beginner's Greek is described by The New York Times as
a "great big sunny lemon chiffon pie of a novel" about romantic love amongst the American middle
classes. It is indeed delicious.
B
In Manil Suri's second outing The Age of Shiva we have a broad-sweeping, epic novel with an
unforgettable heroine so wilful yet flawed that it calls to mind that other famous leading lady, Scarlett
O'Hara in Gone With the Wind. The story begins at a firework party in Delhi where Meera falls
disastrously in love. We follow her journey to Bombay, marriage and obsessive motherhood, with
occasional flashbacks to a childhood that was marred by political turmoil. Mathematics professor, Suri,
captures the fluidity of the role of women with a beautiful kind of precision.
C
Devotees of playwright David Mamet, whose screen work includes Wag The Dog and the
award-winning Glengarry Glen Ross may be less than enamored of Ira Nadel's new biography, David
Mamet: A Life in the Theatre. It may seem churlish to question the minutia of incidents that abound in
this comprehensive tome, but whilst Nadel is clearly striving for accuracy one feels there ought to have
been more sifting, more mining for the gold amongst the biographical trivia. In addition, Nadel's tone is
somewhat dry and academic and seems at odds with the brilliance of David Mamet's own writing. That
said, the book offers a sound introduction to the life and career of the man hailed as one of America's
most outstanding writers.
D
Can any Mother help me? is the true story of a desperately lonely mother who, in 1935, appealed
to other women through the letters page of a women's magazine. Writing under a pseudonym, the
woman known as Ubique (meaning 'everywhere') little realised that she would be the trigger for the
launch of a new and private magazine that would last for the next fifty years. The Cooperative
Correspondence Club was formed to offer comfort and support to wives, often well-educated women,
who craved stimulation beyond the drudgery of family life. Jenna Bailey has done a superb job of
organising and editing this compendium, adding her own insightful commentary.
E
Subtitled, The Life and Times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, Jessie Child's debut historical
biography, Henry VIII's Last Victim, was the worthy winner of last year's Elizabeth Longford Prize.
Henry Howard's victim status is owing to the fact that he was the final person to be executed by King
Henry VIII, a mere nine days before the king himself expired. Although killed ostensibly for treason,

8
the Earl of Surrey's only real crime it seems was leading an unsuccessful army campaign in France.
Only 29, he was also a distinguished poet with a fine literary voice, a persona which refutes his
reputation as the spoilt son of the Duke of Norfolk.
F
This is the 25th outing for T. Keneally but he's lost none of his writing powers. The Widow and
Her Hero takes real life events during the Second World War as its inspiration and builds a tale of love
and intrigue. Grace looks back on her life to recall her courtship with the hero of the title, the handsome
Captain Leo Waterhouse. Leo is tragically killed whilst on a secret mission but it is many years before
Grace discovers the facts about his death. Keneally made fans galore when Schindler's Ark was
published and later made into the award-winning Steven Spielberg film, Schindler's List. The Widow
and Her Hero will bring him even more fans.
Questions
In which review are the following mentioned?
1) A story in which someone is unaware of the impact of their action.
2) A description of the opening scene.
3) An author who exemplifies source material with their own analysis.
4) A humorous comparison with a real-life situation.
5) A character who finds out the truth about a situation.
6) A hint that the author's future writing career will be positive.
7) A book that would be appreciated by people without much previous knowledge of the subject.
8) A book which has already won critical acclaim.
9) A book which includes too much factual detail.
10) A mention of the profession of the author.

PART IV: WRITING (6 points)

Question 1: In about NO MORE THAN 100 words write a summary of the following passage. (1
point)
Cloning is the process of making an identical copy of something. It refers to processes used to
create copies of DNA fragments, be it molecular cloning or cell cloning or organisms. The term also
covers when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.
The possibility of human cloning was raised when scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-
celebrated sheep called Dolly. It aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and
ethical implications. The immediate reaction was that humans would now be able to make brand-new
copies of themselves. This breakthrough in 1997 also generated uncertainty over the meaning of
cloning'. There are three types of cloning. They are DNA cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic
cloning.
Recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning involves the transfer of a DNA fragment from
one organism to a self-replicating genetic element. Scientists studying a particular gene often use
bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-
chromosomal circular DNA molecules. When the fragment of the chromosomal DNA is joined with its
cloning vector in the lab, it is called a recombinant DNA molecule.
Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA
as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly was created by this type of cloning technology.
In the process, scientists transfer genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose
genetic material has been removed. The reconstructed egg containing the DNA from a donor cell must
be treated with chemicals or 'electric current to stimulate cell division. Once the cloned embryo reaches
a suitable stage, it is transferred to the uterus of a female host where it continues to develop until birth.

9
 Therapeutic cloning is also called `embryo cloning'. It is the production of human embryos for
use in research. The goal of this process is not to create cloned human beings but rather to harvest stem
cells that can be used to treat disease. Stem cells are important to biomedical researchers because they
can be used to generate virtually any type of specialised cell in the human body.
Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it has divided for five days. The extraction process
destroys the embryo, which raises a variety of ethical concerns. It is hoped that one day, stem cells can
be used to serve as replacement cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer and other diseases.
Recombinant DNA technology is useful for learning about other related technologies such as
gene therapy and genetic engineering of organisms. Gene therapy can be used to treat certain genetic
conditions by introducing virus vectors that transfer corrected copies of faulty genes into the cells of a
host organism. Similarly, genes from different organisms can be used to improve taste and nutritional
value or provide resistance to particular types of disease or genetically engineer food crops.

.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
Question 2 : Chart description. (2 points)
The graph below show the numbers of male and female workers in 1975 and 1995 in several
sectors of the republic of Freedonia.
Summarise the information by reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant. Write at least 150 words.

.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................

10
 .................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................

Question 3: Essay writing (3 points)

The start-up is becoming increasingly prevalent among youngsters. What are the contributing
factors to this phenomenon. Should this trend be promoted?
Write an essay of at least 300 words to express your viewpoint. Support your opinion by using
relevant examples and explanations.
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................

11
 .................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................

12
 .................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
_________THE END________

13