vuqØef.

kdk
v/;k;

 ipak;rh jkt% ,d ifjp;

 73oka lfao/kku l’akks/ku vf/kfu;e ds izko/kku

 e/;izns’k iapk;rh jkt fo’ks"k ifjizs{;

 xzke ipak;r efgyk ljiap

 ipak;rh jkt es efgyk usr`Ro nkf;Ro ,oa vf/kdkj

 efgyk usr`Ro dh pqukSfr;k¡

 efgyk usr`Ro dh miyfC/k;k

 ipak;rh jkt dh pqukSfr;k¡

 xzkfe.k efgyk izfrfuf/k dh pqukSrh

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 fu"d"kZ

 lUnHkZ xzUFk lpwh

 'kks/k iz=&if=dk,Wa

 vf/kfu;e

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

 iapk;rh jkt ,d ifjp;

izkphu Hkkjr es aipak;r 'kCn dk slLad`r Hkk"kk ds Þipak;ruß l

sifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS Þik¡p O;fDr;ksa dk
lewgßA lH;rk ds fodkl ds vk/kkj ij vuqeku yxk;k tk
ldrk gS fd Hkkjr ds yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k dh izfØ;k dh
’kq:vkr bZ-iw- 2000 o"kZ igys gks pqdh FkhA flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk
es a eksgutksnMksa es a yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k O;oLFkk dk vuqeku
ogk¡ dh uxjh; O;oLFkk ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA oSfnd lkfgR;
es axzkeh.k LFkkuh; Lo’kklu dh lxafBr O;oLFkk ds dqN lanHkZ
;= r= feyrs gSA ml le; iz’kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ xzke
FkhA ftldk eqf[k;k xzkeh.kh dgykrk FkkA xzkeh.kh xzke dh Js"B
,o acqtqxksZ ls lykg dj viuk dk;Z djrk FkkA _Xons es alHkk]
lfefr ,o afonFk uked lLaFkkvkas dk mYy[sk gS] ftues avketu
dh izHkkoh Hkkxhnkjh gksrh FkhA bu lLaFkkvks adks fu.kZ; fuekZ.k es
aegRoi.wkZ vf/kdkj izkIr FkAs _Xons ds lwDr ¼9@92@6½ es a,d
lHkk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA

egkdkO; dky %& jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr esa lHkk@NksVs jkT;ksa

dk mYys[k feyrk gSA jkek;.k es atuinksa dks xzkeh.k x.kjkT;ks ads
la?kks ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA Le`fr dky es aeuqLe`fr esa mYys[k
gS fd jk"Vª es ajktk iztk ij ’kklu djrk gSA ÞxzkfedÞ xzkeh.k
'kklu ds fy, mRrjnk;h gksrk FkkA bldk izeq[k dk;Z xzkeokfl;ks
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
la s dj ,df=r djuk rFkk xzke es a'kkfUr ,o aO;oLFkk cuk,
j[kuk FkkA euq us iz’kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ xzke dk sekuk gS
,o aØe’k% 1 xzke] 20 xzke] 100 xzke] 1000 xzkeka sds
mRrjksRrj lxaBuks]a ds vf/kdkjh dks mPp lxaBu ds vf/kdkjh ds
izfr mRrjnk;h Bgjk;k x;k gSA

egktu in dky ,o ackS) dky %& egktu in dky ds

x.kjkT;ksa es axzke ipak;rs aHkh gksrh Fkh] tk sjktr=akRed jkT;ks adh
xzke ipak;rks ads leku gh viuk dk;Z djrh FkhA ;s d`f"k O;kikj
m|ksx vkfn ds fodkl dk dk;Z djrh FkhA ckS) dky esa xzke dh
lHkk ds iz/kku dks xzkeh.kh] xzkfed ;k xzke Hkkstd ds uke l
siqdkjrs FksA xzkeoklh ftldk pquko djrs FksA xzke lHkk es axzke
o`) ds :i es axzke ds eqf[k;k yksx fgLlk fy;k djrs FksA ysfdu
muds vykok xk¡o ds vf/kdk’k O;fDr Hkh Hkkx fy;k djrs FksA
xzke Hkkstd ds dk;ksZ ds fo:) jktk ds ikl vihy dh tk
ldrh FkhA jktk dks vko’;drkuqlkj xzke ’kklu esa la’kks/ku
djus rFkk xzke Hkkstd dks vinLFk djus dk vf/kdkj FkkA d`f"k
vkSj O;kikj ij Hkh xzke Hkkstd ds ek/;e ls fo’ks"k /;ku j[kk
tkrk FkkA [ksrks aij fdlkuksa dk vf/kdkj FkkA fdlku xzke
ipak;r dh vuqefr ds fcuk vius [ksr nwljs dks ugha csp ldrk
FkkA

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

eqxydky %& iVokjh dk iz/kku dk;Z 'kkfUr O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kuk
o yxku olyw djuk gksrk FkkA iVokjh xk¡o dk fgLlk j[krk
FkkA eqfLye 'kklu dky es aHkh xzke gh Lok;Rr 'kklu dh
egRoi.wkZ bdkbZ FkhA lEiw.kZ eqxy izkUr] vusd ljdkjks arFkk
ftyksa esa cVa k gqvk FkkA NksVh 'kklu bdkbZ ijxuk FkhA ijxus
xk¡oks a es a foHkDr FksA bld s vfrfjDr xk¡oks adk izcU/k ipak;rs
adjrh FkhA xk¡oks adh lQkbZ] f’k{kk] flapkbZ] >xMksa dk QSlyk
vkfn dk;Z dk Hkkj mUgha ij FkkA iVokjh yxku olyw djrs Fks
rFkk pkSdhnkj >xMks adk fuiVkjk djrs FksA xk¡oks adks vius
ekeyks aes dkQh la[;k feyh gqbZ FkhA

fczfV’k ’kklu dky %& yksMZ gSyh dh ekU;rk gS fd fczfV’k

'kklu l siowZ gh iz’kklu ds {ks= es axzke ipak;rks adk izk;% vUr
gks pqdk FkkA mUgksuas fy[kk gS fd lHako gS fd NVh vkSj uoha
lfn;ksa ds chp dqN ,lsk le; jgk gks tc ipak;r ,d thor
laLFkk Fkh vkSj mlds Åij fo’ks"k dk;ksZ dk nkf;Ro FkkA fdUrq
;g fLFkfr ns’k ds dqN fxus pqus Hkkxks a es agh jgh gksxhA vU;=
lc LFkkuks aes aipak;r o;kso`) yksxks adh lfefr ds :i es a'ks"k
jg xbZ Fkh] ftlds dk;Z vkSj vf/kdkj xk¡o dh ijEijk vkSj
fLFkfr ij fuHkZj FksA Hkkjr es afczfV’k 'kklu l siwoZ gh Hkkjr ds
vf/kdka’k Hkkxks aes aipak;rs afuf"Ø; gks pqdh FkhA vr% Hkkjr es
aLFkkuh; 'kklu izkphu dky esa Hkh fo|eku Fkk] fdUrq orZeku
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
lxaBu rFkk dk;Z iz.kkyh ds :i es aizpfyr fczfV’k 'kklu ds
vUrxZr gh gqvk FkkA u rks izkphu ;qx es aizpfyr xzkeh.k
Lo’kklu dh O;oLFkk es avkSj u ml le; dh uxjh; 'kklu
iz.kkyh es agh ,slk 'kklu ns[kus dks feyrk FkkA ftldk
le;≤ ij fuokZpu gksrk gks vkSj tks fuokZpd x.k ds izfr
mRrjnk;h gksAa ,slh O;oLFkk dk fodkl rks if’pe esa gqvk Fkk
vkSj fczfV’k ljdkj us Hkkjr esa mldk lw=ikr fd;k FkssaA

16 ebZ 1918 dk s Hkkjr ljdkj us fodsUnzhdj.k vk;ksx ds

lq>ko dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fuEufyf[kr eq[; ckrks ads lkFk
,d izLrko izdkf’kr fd;k %&
1- LFkkuh; laLFkkvks adk xBu fd;k tk;A
2- xzke ipak;rksa dk xBu fd;k tk;A
3- LFkkuh; laLFkkvks adk v/;{k xSj ljdkjh fuokZfpr lnL;
gh gksA
4- LFkkuh; lLaFkkvks adks djkjksi.k] ctV fuekZ.k rFkk dk;Z
ds lEcU/k es a Lohd`fr nsus dk vf/kdkj gksA

5- LFkkuh; lLa Fkkvks a dh lja puk eas ernkrk la[;k esa o`f)
gksuh pkfg,] ftlls vf/kd O;fDr Hkkx ys ldsAa

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

 6- ljdkj dks dkfeZd iz’kklu ds lEcU/k es a fu;e fufeZr
dj mudk okLrfod 'kklu LFkkuh; laLFkkvks d
a s ftEes NksM
nsuk pkfg,A

lu~ 1932 es aegkRek xk¡/kh losk xzke esa xzke LokoyEcu ds

fy, dbZ dk;ZØeka sdh 'kq:vkr dh FkhA 1937 es a1935 ds
Hkkjrh; 'kklu vf/kfu;e dk izkUrh; Hkkx ykx w fd;k x;k Fkk
vkSj izkUrks aes a}S| ’kklu ds LFkku ij izkUrh; Lok;Ùk 'kklu
LFkkfir fd;k x;kA jk"Vªh; LorU=rk vkUnksyu Hkh igys ls
vf/kd O;kid :i /kkj.k djus yxk FkkA jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh
'kfDr dh o`f) vkSj izkUrh; Lok;Ùk 'kklu dh izkfIr ds
lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr es aLFkkuh; 'kklu dk :i Hkh cny x;kA
igys og Lo’kklu ds {ks= es a,d iz;ksx ek= le>k tkrk FkkA
vc mldk ;g :i lekIr gks x;kA vc og lEiw.kZ ns’k ds
Lo’kklu dk ,d vfHkUu vax cu x;kA bl dky esa izkUrksa us
LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds ekeyks a dh tk¡p vkjEHk dhA rkfd mUgs a
LFkkuh; ekeyksa ds izcU/k dk mi;qDr lk/ku cuk;k tk ldsA
e/; izkUr us 1935 es atk¡p lfefr fu;qDr dhA la;qDr izkUr
us 1938 esa vkSj cEcbZ us 1939 esa tk¡p lfefr fu;qDr dh
A
;|fi fofHkUu izkUrksa esa tk¡p lfefr;ka fu;qDr dh FkhA fofHkUu
izkUrksa us tk¡p lfefr;ksa dh flQkfj’kks aij vey ugha fd;kA
1939 es adkaxzslh ljdkjs afofHkUu izkUrks aesa Hkax gks xbZ FkhA
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 1939 es agh f}rh; fo’o ;q) 'kq: gks x;kA ftlds dkj.k
1939 l s1946 rd loaS/kkfud ldaV dh fLFkfr jghA bl
ldaV ds le; esa LFkkuh; leL;kvks ads fodkl dh vksj dksbZ
Bksl dne ugha mBk;k x;kA blds lEcU/k esa dsoy fopkj
foe’kZ gksrs jgsA iqu% 1946 es adkaxszlh ljdkjs axfBr gqbZ rks
LFkkuh; lLaFkkvks ads lEcU/k es alfefr;ksa ds tks izfrosnu vk,
Fks] muds vuq:i dk;kZUo;u gksuk izkjEHk gqvkA LorU= Hkkjr
dh lfao/kku lHkk us viuk dk;Z 'kq: fd;kA bleas dsUnz vkSj
jkT; ljdkjks ads fy, ;kstuk izLrkfor djus gsrq nks lfefr;k¡
fu;qDr dh xbZ FkhA

1- l?akh; lfefr]
2 izkUrh; lfefrA

izkUrh; lfefr }kjk cuk;s x;s lafo/kku ds <kaps esa dgh ij

Hkh ipak;rks adk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;kA fdUrq lfao/kku lHkk
ds okn&fookn ds nkSjku iapk;rksa ds egRo lEcU/kh nks fopkj
mHkjsA ,d vksj bUgsa yksdrU= ds fo|ky; ,oa xzkeh.k mRFkku
ds vfHkjd.k ekus x,A

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

 iapk;rh jkt ij fnYyh ,oa f’keyk lEesyu 1954%& ebZ
1954 eas fnYyh es dkaxzsl ny dh cSBd gqbZA bleas iapk;rh
jkt ds fy, lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA lfefr us ;g
izLrko ikl fd;k fd dk;Zdkjh lfefr fofHkUu jkT;ks aes
aiapk;rh jkt dh LFkkiuk ds egRo dk sle>rh gSA ;g u
dsoy Hkkjr dh izkphu ijEijkvks adks cuk, j[kus dk rjhdk
gSA oju~ orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas mi;qDr gS] tks dsUnzh;dj.k
dh izo`fRr c< jgh gSA bl sLok;Rr lLaFkkvks adk fodkl djds
gh lraqfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftles a turk Lo;a Hkkx ysrh
gSA blls turk lkekftd thou ds vU; igyw tSls vkfFkZd
,o a U;kf;d vkfn es lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ys ldsxhA ;g dk;Z
rHkh lEHko gS] tcfd Hkkjr ds xk¡o ipak;rksa dk fodkl
fd;k tk ldsAa bu ipak;rks adks U;kf;d dk;ksZ ds lkFk
iz’kklfud dk;Z Hkh lkSais tkus pkfg ,

v’kksd esgrk lfefr %& lfefr us Hkkjr dk Hkze.k dj

lEcfU/kr ,oa tkudkj O;fDr;ksa l sysdj flQkfj’kks a;qDr
viuk izfrosnu izLrqr fd;k FkkA lfefr us 1959 l s1977 ds
ipak;rh jkt dks rhu Hkkxks aesa ckaVk gS&
1- 1960&64 ipak;rh jkt lLaFkkvks adk fodkl dkyA
2- 1964&69 ipak;rh jkt lLaFkkvks adk xfrghu dkyA
3- 1969&77 ipak;rh jkt lLaFkkvks adk gzkl dkyA

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

 lfefr us Li"V fd;k fd ipak;rh jkt laLFkkvks aes amrkj
p<ko vkrs jgs gSaA fdUrq ;s lLa Fkk,as dHkh vlQy ugha jghA
lfefr us yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k dk ,d ,slk izfreku izLrqr
fd;k ftles aipak;rh jkt ds f}&Lrjh; Lo:i dh vuq’ka"kk dh
xbZA
v’kksd esgrk lfefr us ipak;rh jkt ;kstuk dks l’kDr ,oa
dkjxj cukus ds mn~ns’; l sv/;;u dj lHkh eqn~nksa ij
viuk fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, izfrosnu fn;kA
1- v’kksd esgrk lfefr ds vuqlkj yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k
dh izfØ;k es a xzke lHkk dk egRoi.wkZ LFkku gksAa
2- iz’kklu tu izfrfuf/k;ksa ds usr`Ro es alpakfyr gksAa
3- ipak;r vkfFkZd n`f"V ls l{ke gksAa
4- ipak;rh jkt lLaFkkvks ads pquko nyh; vk/kkj ij gksAa
5- ipak;rh jkt foRr vk;ksx cusAa
6- ipak;rh jkt lLaFkkvks adks vius Lo;a ds L=ksr Hkh fodflr
djus pkfg,

lfao/kku ¼cgRrjoka la’kks/ku½ fo/ks;d 1991 dks flrEcj 1991 esa

yksd lHkk es ais’k fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj fopkjkFkZ bls laln dh ,d
l;aqDr lfefr dks Hkst fn;k x;k FkkA mldh fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj
ij yksd lHkk us bl s22 flrEcj 1992 dks ikl dj fn;k Fkk
vkSj yksd lHkk us ml svxys fnu ikl dj fn;k FkkA vk/ks l
svf/kd jkT; fo/kkueaMyks adk vuqleFkZu feyus ds ckn jk"Vªifr
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
us 20 vizSy 1993 dk sfo/ks;d ij vuqefr iznku dj nhA ,d
vf/klwpuk }kk 24 vizSy 1993 l s;g vf/kfu;e ykxw gks x;k

 73 oka lafo/kku la’kks

’kks/ku vf/kfu;e

ipak;rh jkt lEcU/kh loaS/kkfud l’akks/ku dh igy 1989]

1990 rFkk 1991 es afo/ks
fo/ks;d llan es ais’k gksrs jgs] fdUrq
dfri;~ dkj.kks als ;s fo/ks;d ikfjr ugha gks ik;sA dqN
ifjorZu ds i'pkr~ iqu% yksd lHkk es aiapk;rh jkt lcaa/kh
fo/ks;d is’k gqvkA fo/ks;d ij igys la;qDr lla nh; lfefr
es a ppkZ gqbZA33 rRi’pkr~ 22 fnlEcj 1992 dk s yks ykdlHkk
es a,o a23 fnlEcj 1992 dks jkT; lHkk es aikfjr gksdj
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
jkT;ks ads fy, Hkstk x;kA fcgkj] if’pe cxa ky fojks/kh nyks
a }kjk 'kkflr jkT;ksa lfgr 17 jkT;ks a ls vuqeksfnr gksdj
;g fo/ks;d okfil vk;kA vizSy 1993 es abl ij jk"Vªifr
ds gLrk{kj gksus ds ifj.kke Lo:i vf/kfu;e dk :i ys
fy;k A

vkj{k.k O;oLFkk %&

1- ipa k;rh jkt laLFkkvks a es a vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr
,o a fiNMk oxZ dh tula[;k ds vuqikr es avkj{k.k fn,
tkus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj vkjf{kr LFkkuks
adh l[a;k dk vuqikr ml iapk;r esa izR;{k fuokZpu }kjk
Hkjs tkus okys LFkkuks adh dqy la[;k esa ogha gksxk] tk smlh
ipak;r {ks= vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh vFkok ml ipak;r {ks=
es avuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k dk vuqikr ml {ks=
dh dqy tul[a;k l sgSa vkSj ,lsh fdlh ipak;r ls fHkUu
fuokZpu {ks=ksa dks pØkuqØe l svkofaVr fd, tk ldsaxsA

2- blh izdkj efgykvks ads fy, ,d frgkbZ LFkku vkjf{kr

djus dk izko/kku j[kk x;k gSA [k.M ds v/khu vkjf{kr
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k ds de l sde 1@3 LFkku ;FkkfLFkfr]
vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh fL=;ks ads fy, vkjf{kr gksxasAa

3- izR;sd ipak;r esa izR;{k fuokZpu }kjk Hkjs tkus okys

LFkkuks adh dqy l[a;k ds de l s de 1@3 LFkkku ftuds
vUrxZr vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr dh fL=;ks ads fy,
vkjf{kr LFkkuks adh l[a;k Hkh gSaA fL=;ks ads fy, vkjf{kr
jgsxas a vkSj ,ls sLFkku fdlh iapk;r es afHkUu & fHkUu fuokZpu
{ks=ksa dks pØkuqØe l s vkofaVr fd, tk ldsxasA

4- xzke ;k fdlh vU; Lrj ij lHkkifr;ks avFkok v/;{kks ads

vkj{k.k ds lUnHkZ es a ;g izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd ipak;rh
jkt lLaFkkvks ads v/;{kks ads in Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlfwpr
tu tkfr rFkk efgykvks ads fy, jkT; fo/kku e.My ds
vf/kfu;e ls izfØ;k fu/kkZfjr djrs gq, vkjf{kr fd;s tk ldsxas]
ijUrq fdlh jkT; es a izR;sd Lrj ij iapk;rks a esa vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks ads fy, vkjf{kr v/;{kks ads
inks adh la[;k dk vuqikr izR;sd Lrj ij mu ipak;rks aes als
,sl sinks adh dqy l[a;k l s;Fkk lHako ogha gksxk] tks ml jkT;
esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh vFkok ml jkT; esa vuqlwfpr tu
tkfr;ks adh tula[;k dk vuqikr] ml jkT; dh dqy tula[;k
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
l sgSaA ijUrq vkSj ;g gS fd izR;sd Lrj ij ipak;rks ads v/;{kks
ads inksa dh dqy l[a;k ds de l sde 1@3 in fL=;ks ads fy,
vkjf{kr jgsxasA ijUrq ;g Hkh gS fd bl [k.M ds v/khu vkjf{kr
inksa dh l[a ;k izR;sd Lrj ij fHkUu&fHkUu ipak;rksa dks
pØkuqØe ls vkofaVr dh tk;sxhA
5- vuqPNsn 243 ?k ¼1½ [k.M ,o avuqPNsn 243 ?k ¼2½ [k.M
ds v/khu LFkkuks adk vkj{k.k vkSj vuqPNsn 243 ?k ds [k.M
¼4½ ds v/khu v/;{k ds inks ads fy, vkj{k.k ¼tk sfL=;ks ads
fy, vkj{k.k l sfHkUu gS½ vuqPNsn 334 esa fofufnZ"V vof/k dh
lekfIr ij izHkkoh ugha jgsxkA

6- bl Hkkx dh dkbsZ ckr fdlh jkT; ds fo/kku e.My dks

fdlh Lrj ij fdlh ipak;r esa fiNMs oxZ ds vkj{k.k ds fy,
dksbZ micU/k djus ls fuokfjr ugha djxshA

iztkrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds vf/kdkjks ds fodsUnzh;dj.k dh Hkkouk ds

vuq:i jkT; es a f=Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es atu
izfrfuf/k;ksa dks fodkl dk;ksZ es algHkkfxrk rFkk ipak;rh jkt
laLFkkvks adks iz’kklfud 'kfDr;ka ,oa vkfFkZd llak/ku miyC/k
djkdj lqn`< + cuk;k tk jgk gSA bl gsrq jktLFkku iapk;rh
jkt vf/kfu;e 1994 ds izko/kkuks a ds rgr jktLFkku ipak;rh

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

jkt fu;e 1996] 30 fnlEcj 199
19966 l sfof/kor ykxw fd;s x;s
gSA

 e/;izns’k’k es iapk;rh jkt

izns’k iapk;rh jkt o xzke Lojkt vf/kfu;e] 1993 gSA blesa

dbZ ,sls izko/kku gSa tks yksxksa dks iapk;r jkt laLFkkvksa ls lwpuk
ikus dk gd nsrs gSaA e/; izns’k dk viuk ,d lkekU; lwpuk
vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e Hkh gS] gkyka¡fd ;g vHkh rd fØ;kRed
fLFkfr esa ugha vk;k gSA ;g iapk;rksa lfgr jkT; fo/kkf;dk ds
fdlh vf/kfu;e ds rgr xfBr lHkh LFkkuh; izkf/kdj.kksa vkSj
oS/kkfud izkf/kdj.kksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA ljdkj us iapk;r jkt
laLFkkvksa lfgr yxHkx 50 ljdkjh foHkkxksa dks lwpukvksa dks
lkoZtfud djus ls lacaf/kr dk;Zikyu vkns’k Hkh tkjh fd, gSaA
Hkkjrh; laln us ebZ 2005 esa ,d O;kid jk"Vªh; lwpuk
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
vf/kdkj vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;kA vf/kfu;e dks 15 twu 2005
dks jk"Vªifr dh Loh—fr feyh vkSj blds 120 fnuksa ckn 12
vDVwcj 2005 dks ;g iwjh rjg ls ykxw x;kA ;g dkuwu
iapk;r jkt laLFkkvksa lfgr ns’k ds lHkh ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ij
ykxw gksrk gSA bu lHkh dkuwuksa ij v/;k; nks esa foLrkj ls ppkZ
dh xbZ gSA e/; izns’k esa f=Lrjh; iapk;r O;oLFkk gS ftlesa xzke
Lrj ij xzke iapk;rsa] CykWd Lrj ij tuin iapk;rsa vkSj ftyk
Lrj ij ftyk iapk;rsa vkrh gSaA blds vykok xzke lHkk gS tks
iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk dh vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ gSA

 xzke iapk;r

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

gj xk¡o ds fy, ,d xzke iapk;r cukbZ tkrh gSA blesa fuokZfpr
iap vkSj ljiap gksrs gSaA ljiap xk¡o dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA gj
xzke iapk;r ds bykds dks de ls de 10 vkSj vf/kd ls
vf/kd 20 okMksaZ esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA okMZ xzke iapk;r ds pquko
{ks= gksrs gSa vkSj gj okMZ ls ,d iap pquk tkrk gSA xzke lHkk
,d lkekU; laLFkk gS] tcfd xzke iapk;r ,d dk;Zikyu vkSj
fuokZfpr laLFkkA dk;Zdkfj.kh dks lkekU; laLFkk }kjk fn, x,
funsZ’kksa ds vuqlkj vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA

 xzkelHkk

gj xk¡o eas ,d xzke lHkk gksrh gSA xzke lHkk mu lHkh yksxksa dks
feyk dj curh gS ftuds uke ml xk¡o dh ernkrk lwph esa ntZ
gSaA xzke lHkk dh vo/kkj.kk dks egÙo nsus ds fy, ‘lgHkkxh
yksdra=’ ,d vk/kkjHkwr lksp jgh gSA xzke lHkk yksxksa dks ,d
LFkkuh; eap iznku djrh gS tgk¡ os LFkkuh; leL;kvksa ij ppkZ
djrs gSa] fodkl o fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa ds iz’kklfud dk;ksaZ dk
fo’ys"k.k djrs gSa vkSj bl rjg ikjnf’kZrk vkSj tokcnsgh
lqfuf’pr djrs gSaA lcls vge ckr gS fd xzke lHkk lekt ds
lHkh oxksaZ & efgykvksa] nfyrksa] vkfnokfl;ksa rFkk lhekar lewgksa &
dks LFkkuh; fodkl dk;ZØeksa ds fu;kstu vkSj dk;kZUo;u esa
Hkkxhnkjh djus dk volj iznku djrh gSA
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e] 1993 xzke lHkk dks fo’ks"k 'kfDr;k¡
iznku djrk gSA xzke lHkk xzke iapk;r ds fØ;kdykiksa dh
fuxjkuh dj ldrh gS vkSj mu ij loky mBk ldrh gSA
vf/kfu;e esa ;g izko/kku Hkh gS fd xzke lHkk xk¡oksa ds fy,
okf"kZd ;kstuk,¡ ikfjr dj ldrh gS ftUgsa mPprj Lrj dh
iapk;r laLFkkvksa dks viuh ;kstukvksa esa 'kkfey djuk gksrk gSA
;g 3 yk[k ls de dh ifj;kstukvksa ds vius fu.kZ;ksa dks xzke
iapk;r ij fuHkZj fd, fcuk Lo;a fØ;kfUor dj ldrh gSA
dkuwu ds vuqlkj gj lky xzke lHkk dh de ls de pkj cSBdas
& tuojh] vizSy] tqykbZ vkSj vDVwcj ds eghuksa esa & gksuh
t#jh gSaA yksxksa dh t#jr ds vk/kkj ij xzke lHkk dh
vfrfjDr cSBdas Hkh vk;ksftr dh tk ldrh gSaA bu cSBdksa dks
xzke lHkk dk lfpo cqykrk gSA xzke lHkk dh cSBd dh v/;{krk
ljiap vkSj mlds u gksus ij mi-ljiap djrk gSA vuqlwfpr
{ks=ksa esa dh tkus okyh xzke lHkk dh cSBdksa dh v/;{krk
vkfnoklh leqnk; ls laca/k j[kus okyk dksbZ ,slk O;fDr djrk gS
ftls ml cSBd esa mifLFkr yksxksa }kjk cgqer ls pquk x;k gksA
vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa esa xzke lHkk dh cSBdsa vko’;drk gksus ij dHkh
Hkh cqykbZ tk ldrh g
 tuin iapk;r

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

gj ftyk] iz[kaMksa ¼CykWd½ esa caVk gksrk gSA gj CykWd ds fy, ,d
tuin iapk;r cukbZ tkrh gSA gj tuin iapk;r ,d vis{kk—r
NksVs ernkrk lewg9 ¼10-25 lnL;½ ls fuokZfpr lnL;ksa( iwjs ;k
vkaf’kd rkSj ij ml CykWd esa vkus okys fo/kku lHkk pquko {ks=ksa
ls jkT; fo/kku lHkk ds fy, fuokZfpr lHkh foèkk;dksa( CykWd ds
{ks= esa vkus okyh iapk;rksa ds 1@5 ljiapksa ¼ftUgsa pØh; vk/kkj
ij ,d o"kZ ds fy, pquk tkrk gS½ dks feyk dj curh gSA
ljiapksa dk p;u ykWVjh Mky dj fd;k tkrk gSA gj tuin
iapk;r dk ,d v/;{k vkSj ,d mik/;{k gksrk gS ftUgsa fuokZfpr
lnL;ksa esa ls pquk tkrk gS
 thyk iapk;r
ftys ds fy, ftyk iapk;r cukbZ tkrh gSA ;g pquko {ks=ksa ls
fuokZfpr lnL;ksa ¼10-35 ds chp½( ftys ls fuokZfpr yksdlHkk o
jkT;lHkk lkalnksa vkSj fo/kk;dksa( ftys dh tuin iapk;rksa ds
lHkh v/;{kksa dks feyk dj curh gSaA gj ftyk ifj"kn dk ,d
v/;{k vkSj ,d mik/;{k gksrs gSa ftUgsa fuokZfpr lnL;ksa esa ls
pquk tkrk gSA

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

  efgyk ljiap
 HkfDr ’kekZ

vesfjdk ds VsDlkl ’kgj

kgj ls ykSfV bl ;qorh us xzke iz/kku
cudj vius xkao fd rLohj cny nh gSA ,d ;qofr
iapk;r fd rLohj dSls cny ldrh gS];s rLohj crykrh gS
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 e/;izns’k ds Hkksiky dss fudV cq/kuh ds cj[ksMah xzke iapk;r
fd ljiap HkfDr ’kekZ A
budk uke fo’o dh 100 ’kfDr’kkyh efgykvksa esa ’kkfey
gSA
ckr djs cj[ksM+h iapk;r fd rks ;gka fd ljiap csVh gS]
HkfDr us ,e , fd;k gS vkSj vHkh odkyr dh i<+kbZ dj
jgh gS budh iapk;r dh ckr djs rks dbZ lgkjuh; dk;Z
fd, gS]

 igyh iapk;r e/;izns’k fd tks vks fM ,Q eqDr gqbZ

 gj ?kj iDds edku
 gj xzkfe.k dk jk’ku dkMZ
 iapk;r dk dksbZ Hkh cPpk dqiksf’kr ugh gS
 ;gk gj cfPp ds tUe ij 10 isM+ yxk;s tkrs gSA
 HkfDr viuh 2 ekg dh isesaV ml ?kj dks nsrh gS ftl
?kj es csVh dk tUe gksrk gSA
 xkao es csVh ds tUe ij eka dks migkj HksV

 iapk;r dh gj efgyk fuMj gksdj jkr ds 12 cts Hkh

viuh iapk;r es fudy ldss ,slh dksf’k’k gS HkfDr dh
A
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
  iapk;r ess efgykvksa fd Hkkfxnkjh vf/kd gks bldk Hkh
iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA

 eksuk dSjo

e/;izns’k ds ujflagiiqiqj ftys ds lM+qej xzke iapk;r fd ljiap

rFkk e/;izns’k dh lcls de mez njkt efgyk ljiap eksuk dSjo

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

] jktuhfr es efgyk dk lfVd mnkgj.k fd fe’kky is’k djrh
gSSA
budh mez ek+= 21 lky gS] ;gka csfV;ks dks d{kk 8 oh ds ckn
gh i<+kbZ cUn djk nh tkrh Fkh A ysfdu vkt ;s ljiap [kqn
iapk;r ikB’kkyk pykrh gSA
buds dbZ dk;Z vR;f/kd lgkjuh; gS&
xkao esa csfV ds tUe ij ljiat xkao esa cSaM ctokrh gSA
dqiksflr cPpksa dsk xkssn ysdj vkaxuokMh+ rd igqapk;k vkSj
mudh lsgr lq/kkjh A
tSfod [ksrh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, 100 xkscj xSl la;a+= dk
fuek.kZ djk;kA
e/;izns’k tulaidZ foHkkx uss efgyk l’fDrdj.k ds fy, eksuk
dSjo ij MksD;qesaVh cukbZ gSA
vkn’kZ ;qok ljiap dk vokMZ Hkh fn;k x;k gS A

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

  iapk;rh jkt esa efgyk usr`Ro% nkf;Ro ,oa
vf/kdkj
fo’kky tula[;k ,o a {ks=Qy okys ns’k Hkkjr es LFkkuh;rk
;k iapk;r dk egRo izkphudky l s gSaA LFkkuh; Lrj ij
lHkh yksx ipa k;r djds viuh leL;kvks a dk lek/kku
,oa U;k; iznku djrs jgs gaSA le; ds lkFk bl iapk;r
O;oLFkk es avkewy&pwy ifjorZu gks pqdk gS] igys ;g
O;oLFkk ijEijkxr vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrh FkhA vc ipak;rh
jkt O;oLFkk dks loaS/kkfud ntkZ fey pqdk gSA loaS/kkfud
ntkZ feyus ds ckn ipak;r O;oLFkk u dsoy 'kfDr’kkyh
cuh vfirq LFkkuh; ljdkj ds :i es viuh igpku cukbZ
gSA ipak;r O;oLFkk ij ge izdk’k Mkysa rks bl O;oLFkk dk
fodkl bl izdkj utj vkrk gSA ipak;r O;oLFkk es aiwoZ esa
dsoy iq:"kksa dks gh egRo feyrk FkkA ijUrq orZeku le;
es aefgykvks adks Hkh 50 izfr’kr Hkkxhnkjh feyus ds ckn
fodkl dk ekxZ iz’kLr gqvk gSA mi{skk dh f’kdkj efgykvks
adks vc lEeku feyus yxk gSA

fo’kky tula[;k ,o a {ks=Qy okys ns’k Hkkjr es LFkkuh;rk

;k iapk;r dk egRo izkphudky l s gSaA LFkkuh; Lrj ij
lHkh yksx ipa k;r djds viuh leL;kvks a dk lek/kku
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 ,oa U;k; iznku djrs jgs gaSA le; ds lkFk bl iapk;r
O;oLFkk es avkewy&pwy ifjorZu gks pqdk gS] igys ;g
O;oLFkk ijEijkxr vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrh FkhA vc ipak;rh
jkt O;oLFkk dks loaS/kkfud ntkZ fey pqdk gSA loaS/kkfud
ntkZ feyus ds ckn ipak;r O;oLFkk u dsoy 'kfDr’kkyh
cuh vfirq LFkkuh; ljdkj ds :i es viuh igpku cukbZ
gSA ipak;r O;oLFkk ij ge izdk’k Mkysa rks bl O;oLFkk dk
fodkl bl izdkj utj vkrk gSA ipak;r O;oLFkk es aiwoZ esa
dsoy iq:"kksa dks gh egRo feyrk FkkA ijUrq orZeku le;
es aefgykvks adks Hkh 50 izfr’kr Hkkxhnkjh feyus ds ckn
fodkl dk ekxZ iz’kLr gqvk gSA mi{skk dh f’kdkj efgykvks
adks vc lEeku feyus yxk gSA

iapk;rh jkt es aefgyk vkj{k.k dk izko/kku] vkSfpR;

,o aHkwfedk
Hkkjr es aipak;rh jkt lLaFkkvks adk vkjEHk bl /;;s l
sfd;k x;k Fkk fd Hkkjr dh 70 izfr’kr xzkeh.k tul[a ;k
dks Lo’kklu dk vf/kdkj izkIr gks lds] fdUrq ;g
vk’p;Ztud rF; gS fd 73oas lfao/kku la’kks/ku ds iowZ rd
Lo’kklu dk vf/kdkj dsoy iq:"kks adks gh izkIr ekuk x;k
efgykvks adks ughaA
1953 es aipak;rh jkt O;oLFkk vkjEHk dh x;h rks vYi
ek=k es aefgykvks adh lgHkkfxrk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k FkkA
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 1957 es acyoUr jk; esgrk lfefr dh vuq’ka"kk }kjk izR;sd
ipak;r lfefr es aefgyk izfrfuf/kRo ds vHkko es anks
efgykvks adks ukekafdr djus dk izko/kku j[kk x;kA vFkkZr
o sgh efgyk,sa tks ek= efgyk ,o acky fodkl lEcU/kh
dk;ksZ ds fy, bPNqd gks] dks ukekafdr fd; tkuk vR;Ur
ldah.kZ n`f"Vdks.k FkkA15
73oas lfa o/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e }kjk iapk;rh jkt
vf/kfu;e }kjk efgyk vkj{k.k lEcU/kh izko/kku bl izdkj
gS &
uohu izko/kku ds vuqlkj ipak;rh jkt laLFkkvkas es aigyh
ckj efgykvks ads fy, ,d frgkbZ LFkku vkjf{kr fd;s x;s
gSaA

jkT; ljdkj jksVs’ku i)fr ls efgyk okMZ@efgyk fuokZpu

{ks= vkjf{kr fd;s x;s gSaA efgyk okMZ ;k vkjf{kr efgyk
fuokZpu {ks= l sdsoy efgyk gh pquko yM ldsxhA iq:"k
okMZ l sHkh efgyk,as pquko yMus ds fy, LorU= gSaA
jktLFkku jkT; ds lUnHkZ es a efgyk vkj{k.k ds bl
izko/kku dks ns[kk tk, rks efgykvks ads vkj{k.k dh bl
O;oLFkk l sjkT; ds dqy 31 ftyks aesa ls 10 ftyk izeq[k
efgyk,s agksxahA iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds dqy 237 iz/kkuks aes als
80 iz/kku efgyk,s agksxahA blh izdkj dqy 9187 ljipaks aes

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

 la s 3000 l svf/kd in efgykvks ads fy, vkjf{kr fd;s x;s
gSaA
pqukoh vkadMksa dk fo’ys"k.k ;g bfaxr djrk gS fd izFke
ckj jktLFkku dh xzkeh.k efgykvks aus o`gr~ Lrj ij pquko
yMk gS] fu%lansg jktuhfrd nyks aij bldk izHkko
iMxskA pqukoks aes aipak;rh jkt lLaFkkvks aesa efgyk vkj{k.k
lEcU/kh izko/kku ls vusd vxzkfadr ToyUr iz’u ÅHkjs gSA
ftudk mRrj <w¡<s fcuk ;g izko/kku dkxth ek= jg tk;saxsAa

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

  efgyk usr`Ro dh miyfC/k;kW

1- fLFkfr es alq/kkj %& iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ls efgykvks

adh fLFkfr es alq/kkj gqvk gSA ;g Hkh lp gS] mUgksuas viuh
'kfDr dks igpkuk gSA

2- jktuhfrd psruk txh gS %& ipak;r esa efgyk

izfrfuf/kRo ds vk tkus ls xzkeh.k efgykvks aes ajktuhfrd
psruk dk izlkj gqvk gSA tc efgyk gh efgykvks adk
pquko djasxh rks fuf’pr :i l smues abl Hkkouk dk lpakj
gksxk fd ,d fnu og Hkh pquh tk ldrh gSa tc bues
apquko ds lEcU/k es a psruk mRiUu gksxh rks fu%lnasg oks bl
ckr ij /;ku nsxh fd dkSu lh efgyk mudk lgh
izfrfuf/kRo djsxhA vr% izfrfuf/kRo okLrfod vkSj lgh
gksxkA
3- vkRe lEeku c<+k gS %& Hkkjrh; lfa o/kku es a l’a kks/ku
djds ijEijkoknh Hkkjrh; lekt eas cgqr cMk ifjorZu dj
fn;k gSA bl vk/kh vkcknh dks ijwh vktknh nsus dk lgh
jkLrk llan ls gksdj gh xqtjk vkSj 73oas la’kks/ku ds :i
esa ifj.kke lkeus gSaA vc efgykvks adks ipak;rh jkt es a50
Qhlnh vkj{k.k feyus ds ckn vf/kd l[a;k esa pquko
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 thrdj vkus yxh gSA efgyk vkjf{kr lhVks aij pqukoks esa
iq:"k vf/kd l[a;k esa izpkj djrs gSa] vkSj muds gkFkks aesa
efgykvks ads iksLVj gksrs gSA ftlls efgykvka sdk
vkRelEeku c<rk gSA
4- 'kks"k.k ds fo:) tkx`fr %& Hkkjrh; lekt esa
izkphudky ls efgykvks aus 'kks"k.k dk na’k >ysk gSaA jkejkT;
eas lhrk dks Hkh ouokl tkuk iM+k FkkA jktk egkjktkvkas
}kjk fd;s tkus okys cgq fookg] inkZ izFkk] lrh izFkk] tSl s
vU/k fo’oklks aus o"kksZa rd efgykvks ads 'kks"k.k esa iq:"kks adh
enn dh FkhA iq:"k efgykvks adks lkoZtfud dk;ksZa ls nwj
j[kus dk gh iz;kl djrk jgk gS] ipak;rksa dks dsoy iq:"kks
ads fy, cukbZ xbZ laLFkk gh ekurs FksAa 73oas l’akks/ku ds ckn
ipak;rksa es a efgykvks adks cjkcjh dk ntkZ feyk vkSj dqN
gn rd 'kks"k.k ds fo:} efgykvks aes tkx`fr Hkh vkbZ gSA
5- Lkkekftd izfr"Bk c<h gS %& efgyk ljipaks adk ifjos’k
Kku iz’kklfud dk;kasZ es aHkkxhnkjh rFkk vU; lLaFkkvks al
slEidZ fujUrj c< jgk gSA bUgksuas [kqydj cksyuk 'kq: dj
fn;k gS] blls inkZ izFkk Fkeh gSaA
6- dk;Z i)fr es a[kqykiu %& efgyk izfrfuf/kRo ds dkj.k
lkoZtfud fo"k;ksa rFkk fu.kZ;ksa ij fopkj&foe’kZ dk nk;jk
jlksbZ?kj rd igqWp x;k gS] tcfd igys ;s pkSikyksa rd gh
lhfer FkkA lkoZtfud ekeyks a es a iq:"kks a dh tksM&rksM
dks efgyk,sa le> ugha ik jgh gS] vkSj o smls xksiuh; Hkh
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 j[k ikrh gSaA QyLo:i dk;Ziz.kkyh es aLi"Vokfnrk rFkk
[kqykiu igys dh rqyuk es avf/kd gSA blls Hkz"Vkpkj ds
volj Hkh de gks jgs gSaA

 iapk;rh jkt dh pqukSfr;kaW

73oka lfao/kku la’kks/ku fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr ds gLrk{kj gksus ds

ckn 24 vizSy 1993 ls ykxw gks x;k FkkA ,d o"kZ ds
vUnj jkT; ljdkjks adks vius ipak;rh jkt vf/kfu;eks a
dks 73oas lfao/kku la’kks/ku dks /;ku es aj[krs gq, l’akksf/kr
djuk FkkA ysfdu jkT; ljdkjksa us vius ipak;rh jkt
vf/kfu;e dks vfUre le; lhek es aikfjr fd;kA ef.kiqj
o dsjy ds vf/kfu;e dks vfUre fnu vFkkZr 23 vizSy
1994 dks ikfjr fd;kA mRrj izn’sk] rfeyukMw] egkjk"Vª]
fgekpy izn’sk o gfj;k.kk jkT;ks aes avf/kfu;e vfUre ls
,d fnu igys ikfjr gqvkA

73oas lfao/kku la’kks/ku ds vuqlkj ipak;rks adk eq[; dk;Z

vkfFkZd fodkl ,o alkekftd U;k; dh ;kstuk,s acukdj
mudks fØ;kfUor djuk gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, iapk;rksa dh
dk;kZRed] foRrh; o iz’kklfud Lok;Rrk mlds lkeus lcl
scMh pqukSrh gSA D;ksfad fcuk bl Lok;Rrk ds ipa k;rks a ds
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 fy, i.w kZ :i l s lHa ko ugha gS fd o s viuh loaS/kkfud
ftEesnkjh fuHkk ldsAa

dk;kZRed pqukSfr;ka &

xzke lHkk ds dk;Z %&

lfao/kku ds vuqPNsn 243 ds vuqlkj xzke lHkk viu sLrj

ij ,lsh ’kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vkSj ,ls sd`R;ksa dk fuokZg dj
ldsxh tks jkT; ds fo/kku e.My }kjk fof/k }kjk
micfU/kr fd, tk,saA Li"V gS fd xzke lHkk dks fdrus dk;Z
o 'kfDr iznku dh tk,A ;g jkT; fo/kku e.My dh bPNk
ij NksM fn;k x;k gSA itakc] rfeyukMw] e/;izns’k ,o
adsjy jkT;ksa dks NksMdj lHkh jkT;ks aus xzke lHkk dks ek=
ckrphr djus dh laLFkk ek= crk;k gSA D;ksfad bu jkT;ksa
esa xzke fodkl ls lEcfU/kr dk;ZØeks ads fØ;kUo;u esa
lgk;rk iznku djuk vkSj fodkl dk;Z dyki pykuk]
fofHkUu xjhch gVkvks dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr ykHkkfFkZ;kas dks
pquuk] ,drk o lkSgknZ cukuk rFkk xzke ipak;r }kjk fiNys
o"kZ dk ys[kk&tks[kk vkus okys o"kZ ds Hkkoh dk;ZØe vkfn
dks bl lHkk ds lkeus j[kus o vuqeksfnr djus dk
vf/kdkj bl lHkk dks fn;k x;k gSA gka e/;izns’k jkT; us

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

 rks bl lHkk dk spqus x;s izfrfuf/k vFkkZr ipa o ljiap dks
okil cqykus dk vf/kdkj Hkh iznku fd;k gSA oSl svf/kdrj
jkT;ks aus bl sdksbZ fo’ks"k vf/kdkj o ’kfDr;ka iznku ugha dh
gSA vf/kdrj jkT;ksa us bls lq>ko iznku djus dh lLaFkk
ek= j[kk gSA blds }kjk izLrkfor lq>koks adks ekuuk ;k u
ekuuk xzke ipak;r dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA13

xzke lHkk lEiw.kZ ipak;rh jkt O;oLFkk dk fny o fnekx

gSA ;g laLFkk ftyk ipak;r l sxzke ipak;r ds izfrfuf/k;ks
adks pquus ds vykok xzke Lrj ij lekt ds lHkh oxkasZ dks
xzke iapk;r ds dk;kasZ o ykHkks aes aHkkxhnkj gksus dk volj
iznku djrh gSaA

foRrh; pqukSfr;ka & ipak;rks adks pkgs fdrus gh dk;Z lkSai

fn; stk,as ysfdu i;kZIr foRrh; lk/kuks ads vHkko es ao
svFkZghu gSA blfy, i;kZIr foRrh; miyC/krk gksuk mud s
fy, lcl scMh pqukSrh gSA 73oas lfao/kku la’kks/ku ds
vuqPNsn 243t ds vuqlkj jkT; fo/kku e.My fof/k }kjk
fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k o lhekvkas ds Hkhrj 'kqYd] iFkdj vkSj
'kqYd yxkus dk vf/kdkj ns ldrh gSA dqN fo’ks"k lhekvks
avkSj fu;eks ads vUnj jkT; ljdkj bUgs apqaxh] 'kqYd]
eglwy mxkgh vkfn ds dqN vf/kdkj ns ldrh gSA jkT;
ljdkj viuh fdlh lesfdr fuf/k l sHkh ipak;rks adks
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
 vuqnku iznku dj ldrh gSA ljdkj fofHkUu enks adh
m/kkjh ;k 'kk[k ds fy, /ku ysus olywus ds fy, iapk;r ds
ek/;e ls tek djus o fudkyus dk Hkh vf/kdkj ns ldrh
gSA ftUgs aipak;r vf/kfu;eks aes aof.kZr fd;k x;k gSA

Lkkekftd vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ka %& 73oas lafo/kku l’akks/ku ds

ckn ipak;rks ads rhuksa Lrjks aij yxHkx 34 yk[k izfrfuf/k
lnL; ,oa v/;{k ds :i esa pqudj vk;s gSA buesa ,d
frgkbZ vFkkZr 11yk[k efgyk;sa gSA pwfad ipak;rks aesa
vuqlwfpr tkfr ,o avuqlwfpr tutkfr dk Hkh vkj{k.k gSA
bu oxksZ ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k Hkh 6yk[k ds vkl&ikl
gSA

lkekftd pqukSfr;ka & fgUnw ’kkL=ksa es afy[kk gS fd

/kekZuqlkj L=h dks ckY;koLFkk esa firk ds lja{k.k es
a;qokoLFkk es aifr ds laj{k.k es avkSj ifr dk nsgkar gks tkus
ij iq=ksa ds v/khu jguk gSA ukjh dks tUe ysrs gh fl[kk
fn;k tkrk gS fd rqEgkjk viuk dqN Hkh ugha gSA rqEgkjk
vkn’kZ viu svki dk sifr dks lefiZr djuk gSA ifj.kke
Lo:i ukjh dks gkM ekla ds iqry sds vykok dqN Hkh ugha
le>k tkrk gSA bl rjg dh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k og viuh

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

 igpku gh [kks cSBrh gSA blh vkRe lEeku dh Hkkouk dh
deh ds dkj.k mlds lh[kus dh izfØ;k /kheh iM tkrh gSaA
iz’kklfud pqukSfr;ka %& 73oas lfa o/kku l’a kks/ku dh /kkjk
243N ds vuqlkj iapk;rs a Lok;Rr 'kklu dh laLFkk,as gSA
ftldk vFkZ gS fd ipak;rks adks dk;kZRed] foRrh; ,o a
iz’kklfud Lok;Rrk gksuh t:jh gSA ipak;rksa dk Lrj ljdkj
ds fu;U=.k l seqDr okrkoj.k es adk;Z djuk rFkk mlds
ikl i;kZIr dkfeZdks adk gksuk] D;ksafd vxj muds ikl dk;Z
o foRr nksuks agS] ysfdu dk;Z lEiUu djus ds fy, fcuk
fu;U=.k okyk okrkoj.k o t:jh dkfeZd ugha gS rks iapk;rsa
viuh ftEesnkjh izHkkoh <ax ls ugha fuHkk ldsxahA

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

  efgyk izfrfuf/k;ks a dh leL;k,as

yxHkx iq:"kks rFkk ,d pkSFkkbZ efgykvks a ,oa deZpkfj;ks adk

ekuuk Fkk fd ipak;r xfrfof/k;ks aes ale; nsus ds dkj.k ?kjysq
dk;Z dh mi{skk gks jgh gSA

1- Tkkx:drk dh deh %& xkWo dk fodkl lHako gS tc ipak;r

ds izfrfuf/k;ksa vkSj inkf/kdkfj;ks adks fodkl lEcU/kh mBk;s tkus
okys dneksa dh tkudkjh gksAa

2- vf’kf{kr ;k vYif’kf{kr %& xzkeh.k efgykvks adk xjhch js[kk

l suhps jguk Hkh leL;k gSA

3- tkfrxr HksnHkko %& nfyr oxZ dh efgyk izfrfuf/k;ks adks xkaWo

esa dksbZ lquuk ugha pkgrkA xkaWo es amPp oxZ ds yksxks adk gh
izHkko jgrk gSA ljdkjh vf/kdkjh Hkh mud s;gkWa u vkdj ncxa
;k LFkkfir jktuhfrd ifjokjks ads ;gka tkrs gSA

4- lEcU/kks als tqMk gksuk %& iq:"k iz/kku lekt opZLo dks
cuk, j[kus ds fy, lEcU/kks adk mi;ksx dj jgk gSA efgyk
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
ljipa dh [kqn dh dksbZ jk; ugha gSA jktLFkku esa dqN 'kCnksa dk
pyu vke gks x;k gS] tSl sljiap ifr] ljiap iq=A

5- Hkz"Vkpkj %& igys l sO;kid :i ls QSys Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k

Hkh efgyk,sa dk;Z djus es avleFkZ gSA mudk dguk gS fd
dksbZ Hkh efgyk fcuk fgLlk fn, vkxs ugha c<rh] ftlls xzke
fodkl esa vMpu vkrh gSA

6- pfj= guu %& xkWao dk :f<oknh uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k Hkh

ifzrfuf/k dk;Z djus es a vleFkZ gSA efgyk,s a?kj l sckgj
fudydj xzkeh.k fodkl dk dk;Z djrh gS] rks lekt muds
pfj= ij mWxyh mBkdj mUgs agrksRlkfgr djrk gSA iq:"k
ljdkjh deZpkjh vFkok vU; fdlh iq:"k l sipak;r dk;ksZ esa
enn ysrh gS rks mls izrkfM+r fd;k tkrk gSA

7- vfo’okl izLRkko %& 73 o slfao/kku la’kks/ku ds vuqlkj

efgykvks adks ipak;rh jkt laLFkkvks a es a vkj{k.k lS}kfUrd rks
fey x;k] ijUrq O;ogkfjdrk esa vkjf{kr oxZ dh efgyk,as
fuokZfpr gksus ds ckn dbZ leL;kvks adk lkeuk djrh gSaA ftl
ipak;r es alkekU; oxZ ds yksx vf/kd la[;k es ajgrs gS ogkWa
efgyk ds fy, lhV vkjf{kr gksrh gS vkSj okMZ ipa iq:"k gksrs gS
rks o sefgyk ljiap dks dk;Z ugha djus nsrs] mlds fo:)
vfo’okl izLrko ykdj gVk nsrs gSA
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
8- vf/kdkjks ads izfr vufHkKrk %& efgyk tuizfrfuf/k
vkj{k.k ds dkj.k iq:"k fj’rsnkjks adh izsj.kk ls ipak;rh jkt
O;oLFkk ds pqukoks aes aHkkx ysrh gS vkSj pquko Hkh thr tkrh gSA
ysfdu ;s efgyk tuizfrfuf/k viu svf/kdkjks ads izfr ltx ugha
jgrh gSA mUgs a ;g ekywe ugha gksrk dh mUgs a dkssSu ls vf/kdkj
feys gS vkSj mudk dSl siz;ksx fd;k tk,A vkjf{kr oxZ dh
efgyk tuizfrfuf/k rks ges’kk iq:"kkas ds gkFk dh dBiqryh cudj
jg tkrh gSA yksdr=a dh lgh lQyrk blesa gS tc efgyk
tuizfrfuf/k vius vf/kdkjks a dk Lo;a iz;ksx djsa A

9- ncaxks dk opZLo %& ipak;rhjkt laLFkkvks aes aefgykvks adk

izfrfuf/kRo cgqr Mjk vkSj lgek jgrk gS D;ksfad ipak;rksa esa ogkW
ds ncxa yksxksa dk opZLo gksrk gSA tks iq:"k LFkkuh; lLaFkkvks aes
aHkkx ysuk pkgrs gS ysfdu lhV efgyk gsrq vkjf{kr gks tkrh gS
rks o sukjkt gksdj efgyk tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dks dk;Z ugha djus nsrs
A vkjf{kr oxZ dh efgyk tu izfrfrfuf/k rks ncxa yksxks ads
lkeus dk;Z djus esa vleFkZ lkfcr gksrh gSaA

xzkeh.k efgyk usr`Ro dh leL;k,a sa& ns’k dk lexz fodkl

efgykvks adh Hkkxhnkjh fcuk lHako ugha gS] D;ksafd ns’k dh vk/kh
tula[;k efgyk,s agSA LFkkuh; Lok;Rr ’kklu esa izkphu dky ls

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

gh efgykvks adh Hkkxhnkjh gqvk djrh Fkh] fdUrq dkykUrj es
aefgykvks a dh ;g Hkkxhnkjh yxHkx lekIr lh gks xbZA
lekt fuekZ.k es aefgyk vkSj iq:"k leku Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu
djrs gaSA ;g Hkh lR; gS fd lkekftd ifjos’k es anksuks a ,d gh
flDds ds nks igyw gSA 20oha lnh ds vfUre n’kd ds lkFk ukjh
dks f’k{kk jkstxkj ,o ajktuhfr ds {ks=ksa esa vusd volj iznku
fd;s x;s gSA vkt 2014 es aHkh v/;;u ds nkSjku ;g ns[kus dks
feyk fd ftu xzke iapk;rksa es aefgyk ljiap gaS] ogka iq:"k oxZ
vkt Hkh viuk opZLo cuk, gq, gSA xzkeh.k lekt es a efgykvks
ads Lrjghu thou ds fy, ;|fi vusd lkekftd dqjhfr;ks adks
mRrjnk;h ekuk tk ldrk gSA tSl slekt es aO;kIr inkZ izFkk]
iqjku sjhfr fjokt rFkk :f<okfnrk vkt Hkh fo|eku gSa ftlls
efgyk,s afodkl dh izfØ;k es ai.wkZ Hkkxhnkjh ugha fuHkk ik jgh
gSA

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

  fu"kd"kZ

ljdkj us iapk;rks aes avkj{k.k ds vk/kkj ij efgykvks adh

Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf’pr dj nh gS rFkk efgyk ljiapks]a iapks a,oa vU;
izfrfuf/k;ks adks iq:"k iz/kku jktuhfrd O;oLFkk es aviuh Hkwfedk
fuHkkus ds fy, [kMk dj fn;k gSA ysfdu bl Hkwfedk dh lQyrk
iowZd vnk;xh ds fy, egRoi.wkZ vk/kkj iznku ugha fd;k x;kA
,lsk ugha gS fd lHkh efgyk,s avui< rFkk iz’kklfud n`f"V l
sxSj tkudkj gks aexj mUgs aHkh muds ifjokj tu ÞMehÞ cukdj
muds vf/kdkj dk nq:i;ksx djrs gSA efgyk usr`Ro dks iq"V
djus ds fy, ljdkjh iz’kklu ds vykok LFkkuh; yksxks avkSj xSj
ljdkjh lLaFkkvks aes a vkRe fo’okl dk lpakj djasxs vkSj lfØ;
:i l slg;ksxh dh Hkwfedk xzke lHkk es aHkh fuHkk;saxs rkfd
;kstuk cukus ls ysdj fu.kZ; rd esa efgyk Hkkxhnkjh dks txg
feysA
fiNMh tkfr;ks ads xzke iz/kku ljipa lRrk dh ekU;rk izkIr ugha
dj ikr sgS tk smPp tkfr;ks ads xzke iz/kku vkSj ljipaksa dks gSA
fuokZfpr ljiapks arFkk ipaks ads lkFk vR;kpkj dh ?kVuk,as vkt
Hkh luqkbZ iMrh gSA vLi`’; oxZ dk sloxZ ds le{k i.wkZ ekU;rk
ugha feyh gSA bl O;kogkfjd vlQyrk ds eq[; dkj.k gSa
/kkfeZd fo’okl] :f<;ka vkfnA

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

;g lgh gS fd vHkh xzkeh.k efgykvks adks izHkko’kkyh Hkwfedk
fuHkkus yk;d cuus esa le; yxsxk fdUrq fpUrk dh ckr ;g gS
fd iq:"kka sdk n`f"Vdks.k ldkjkRed ugaha gSA blls efgykvks ads
l’kDrhdj.k dh izfØ;k dh jkg vklku u gksdj iFkjhyh vkSj
yEch lkfcr gksxhA etnwjh djds isV ikyus okys ifjokjks a dh
xjhc] efgykvks a l s dke NksMdj ipak;rksa esa izHkko’kkyh
Hkwfedk dh vis{kk djuk ceskuh gksxhA vr% muds vkfFkZd fodkl
gsrq Hkh fo’ks"k iz;kl djus gksxasA

Efgykvks adh lekt es aorZeku fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, ;g js[kkafdr

djuk lgh gS fd dsoy lfao/kku esa vf/kdkjks adh O;oLFkk ek= l
so svf/kdkj lEiUu gks xbZ gS] ;g eku ysuk Bhd ugha gSA
efgykvks ads fo’ks"k lUnHkZ es alekt vkSj lfao/kku ds e/;
xR;kRed lEcU/k gSA lfao/kku dh Hkkoukvkas dks O;kogkfjd cukus
ds fy, iqu% lkekftd lq/kkj dks vkUnksyu dk :i nsuk gksxkA
efgyk izfrfuf/kRo ;k mudh LFkfr dh tc ge ckr djrs gS rks
[kjk&[kjk fy[kus okyh fooknkLin ysf[kdk fleksu n cksoqvkj dk
dguk gSA fd L=h iSnk ugha gksrh cuk nh tkrh gSA
izLrqr v/;;u esa ipak;rhjkt ds ifjp; ij izdk’k Mkyk x;k
gSA izkphu Hkkjr es a ipak;r ’kCn dks laLd`r Hkk"kk ds
^^iapk;ru** ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ftudk vFkZ gksrk gS
^^ikWap O;fDr;ksa dk lewg**A lH;rk ds fodkl ds vk/kkj ij
vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr ds yksdrkf=d
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
fodsUnzhdj.k dh izfØ;k dh 'kq:vkr bZ-iw 2000 o"kZ igys gks
pqdh FkhA flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk es aeksgutksnMksa es ayksdrkaf=d
fodsUnzhdj.k O;oLFkk dk vuqeku ogka dh uxjh; O;oLFkk ls
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA oSfnd lkfgR; esa xzkeh.k LFkkuh; Lo’kklu
dh lxafBr O;oLFkk ds dqN lnaHkZ ;= r= feyrs gaSA ml le;
iz’kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ xzke FkhA ftldk eqf[k;k xzkfe.kh
dgykrk FkkA xzkeh.kh xzke ds Js"B ,o acqtqxksZ ls lykg dj
viuk dk;Z djrk FkkA _Xosn esa lHkk] lfefr ,o afonFk uked
lLaFkkvks adk mYys[k gS] ftues avketu dh izHkkoh Hkkxhnkjh gksrh
FkhA bu lLaFkkvks adks fu.kZ; fuekZ.k es aegRoi.wkZ vf/kdkj izkIr
FksA _Xons ds lDwr ¼9@92@6½ es a,d lHkk dk mYys[k feyrk
gSA
jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr esa lHkk@NksVs jkT;ks adk mYy[sk feyrk
gSA jkek;.k es atuinksa dks xzkeh.k x.kjkT;ks ads l?akks ads :Ik es
atkuk tkrk FkkA Le`fr dky euqLe`fr es amYys[k gS fd jk"Vª esa
jktk iztk ij 'kklu djrk gSA xzkfed xzkeh.k 'kklu ds fy,
mRrjnk;h gksrk FkkA bldk izeq[k dk;Z xzkeokfl;ks al sdj ,df=r
djuk rFkk xzke es a'kkfUr ,o a O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk FkkA euq ds
iz’kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ xzke gS ,o aØe’k% 1 xzke]20
xzke]100xzke]1000xzke ds mÙkjksÙkj laxBuks]a ds vf/kdkjh dks
mPp lxaBu ds vf/kdkjh ds izfr mRrjnk;h Bgjk;k x;k gSA
egktu in dky ds x.kjkT;ks aes axzke ipak;rs aHkh gksrh Fkh] tks
jktr=akRed jkT;ksa dh xzke ipak;rks ads leku gh viuk dk;Z
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
djrh FkhA ;s d`f"k O;kikj m|ksx vkfn ds fodkl dk dk;Z djrh
FkhA ckS) dky es a xzke dh lHkk ds iz/kku dks xzkeh.kh] xzkfed
;k xzke Hkkstd ds uke ls iqdkjrs FksA

ipak;r jkt dks l’kDr cukus ds fy, 1977 es av’kksd esgrk

dh v/;{krk es alfefr xfBr dh xbZA 25 ekpZ 1985 dks Jh
th-oh-ds- jko dh v/;{krk es axzkeh.k fodkl dh iz’kklfud
O;OkLFkk ,oa xjhch mUewyu dk;ZØe dh leh{kk gsrq ,d lfefr
dk xBu fd;k x;kA MkW0 ,y-,e- fla?koh lfefr] 1988 es
axfBr ih-ds- Fkqxau lfefr ,oa 64 oka lfao/kku la’kks/ku fo/ks;d
vkSj 23 fnlEcj 1992 dk 73 oka lafo/kku la’kks/ku fo/ks;d
egRoi.wkZ gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k esa efgyk l’kDrhdj.k ij /;ku fn;k x;k gSaA
lokbZ ek/kksiqj ,o adjkSyh dh iapk;rh jkt lLaFkkvks adh efgyk
tuizfrfuf/k;ks adh lgHkkfxrk dk mYy[sk fd;k x;k gSaA
'kks/k ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dh leh{kk dj fu"d"kZ fudkyuk
fun’kZu v/;;u i)fr dks izLrqr 'kks/k es aviuk;k x;k gSA
bl v/;k; esa ipak;rh jkt dks loas/kkfud ntkZ fn; stkus ds
izko/kkuks adk lS)kfUrd mYys[k gSA 1959&1993 ds e/; cyoUr
jk; esgrk lfefr ds vk/kkj ij LFkkfir ipak;r jkt dk <kaWpk
fofo/k jkT;ksa es afHkUu&fHkUu l`ftr fd;k x;kA tEew ,o ad’ehj
es aipak;rh jkt dh ,d Lrjh; iz.kkyh dks viuk;k x;k A ;g
Lrj xzke ipak;rks adk FkkA gfj;k.kk jkT; es aipak;rh jkt
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
O;oLFkk dh f}Lrjh; iz.kkyh dks viuk;k x;k A xzke Lrj ij
xzke ipak;r ,oa [k.M Lrj ij fodkl lfefr dk xBu fd;k
x;k A f=&Lrjh; O;oLFkk xzke ipak;r] ipak;r lfefr ,o aftyk
ifj"kn~ FkhA 1953 ds ckn dsUnz ljdkj }kjk fn;s x;s
funsZ’kks a ds vk/kkj ij vf/kdka’k jkT;ks aes aiapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk
dks fofo/k izdkj ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA 73 o slfao/kku la’kks/ku l
siwoZ ipak;krh jkt lLaFkkvks ads dk;Zdky es a vyx&vyx O;OkLFkk
FkhA ikz ;% ;g 3 l s 5 o"kZ ds chp gksrk FkkA dk;Zdky dh
fofo/krk ds vfrfjDr lLaFkkvks ads fu;fer fuokZpu Hkh ugha gksrs
FksAjkT; ljdkjks adh bPNk ij fuHkZj Fkk fd dc fuokZpu djk;s
tk;sA jktLFkku eas 1965 ds ckn 1978 rd dksbZ pquko ugha
djk;s x;s A ftlls turk dk bu laLFkkvks als fo’okl mB x;kA
1984 es at;iqj es aipak;rhjkt dk lEesyu gqvk ipak;r
O;oLFkk dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, eq[;ea=h f’kopj.k ekFkqj us
iapk;rh jkt ds 25 o"kZ i.wkZ gksus ds miy{; esa vDVwcj 1984
es at;iqj lEesyu cqykdj ipak;rh jkt dh t;arh eukbZ xbZA
bld s lekiu lekjkgs esa iz/kkuea=h bfUnjk xkW/kh dks cqyk;k x;k
FkkA
73 oka lfao/kku la’kks/ku fo/ks;d 22 fnlEcj 1992 dk syksdlHkk
us rFkk 23 fnlEcj 1992 dks jkT; lHkk us ikfjr dj fn;k]
bl s 17 jkT;ksa dh fo/kku lHkkvks a }kjk vuqeksfnr fd;s tkus
ij jk"Vªifr dh Lohd`fr ds fy, Hkstk x;k A jk"Vªifr }kjk 20
vizsy 1993 dks bl fo/ks;d ij viuh Lohd`fr iznku dh rFkk
Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar
25 vizsy 1993 dks ykxw fd;k x;k A bl l’akks/ku }kjk
lfao/kku ds iwoZorhZ Hkkx 8 ds Ik’pkr~ 9 tksM+k x;k gSA ftldk
'kh"kZd ipak;r gSAlfao/kku ds Hkkx 9 es aipak;r 'kh"kZd l stksM+k
x;k rFkk vuqPNsn 243 tksM+rs gq, ipak;rh jkt laLFkkvks adks
laoS/kkfud ntkZ iznku fd;k x;k A

 i=& if=dk,sa

1- ;kstuk] if=dk ds fofHkUu vad] ¼;kstuk vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyh½

2 jkT; dh efgyk uhfr]efgyk ,o acky fodkl foHkkx]

3 nSfud HkkLdj
4 vej mtkyk] lekpkj i=
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onliene portal.

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar

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1996

Guided by Mamta s chandrashekhar