SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Colegio de Dagupan
Dagupan City

Electronic Systems and Design

Final Exam

2 Semester SY 2020-2021
nd

NAME: Kathleen Joy C. Cacho

OR# or PN#(with validity date): ____________
Course/Yr :BS-ECE V
Date of Exam: __________________________
Subject Code and Description: Electronic Systems and Design

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
 Turn off your cell phones.
 Use black or blue pen only.
 NO PERMIT, NO EXAM.
 Anyone caught cheating, shall have zero marks on the exam.
 Use the official test booklet. You may use the questionnaire as your scrap paper.

A research on Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

OBJECTIVES
After this research, you will be able to:
1. Contrast the software logic of a programmable logic controller to the logic of a
hard-wired circuit.
A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC) is an industrial computer
control system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes decisions
based upon a custom program to control the state of output devices.
hard wired circuit which has a plurality of integrators and a series of circuit components
for calculating the parameters indicative of the IBEST treatment process.
2. Name the three parts of a programmable logic controller and describe each part’s
function.
Programmable Logic Controllers have three components. These three PLC components
are: processor, power supply, and an input/output (I/O) section.

a. The Processor- The processor, or the brain of the PLC system, is a solid-state device
designed to perform a wide variety of production, machine tool, and process-control
functions. Conventional electromechanical devices, relays and their associated wiring
formerly performed these functions. Processors provide these same functions, in a wider
scope and variety of control functions, with minimal effort, making the PLC a much more
popular choice.
b. The Power Supply
The Power supply for a Programmable Logic Controller converts the input source power
into voltages required for internal circuitry. In some cases, it also provides an isolated
 VDC supply to power DC input circuits, switches and other indicators. The Power
Supply of the PLC is an essential component to running the PLC.
c. The PLC Input/Output (I/O)
Electrical noise, such as spikes in the power lines or load kick-back would have serious
impact on a PLC's internal circuits since its CPU operates at very low voltages levels.
This is where the Input/Output (I/O) portion of a PLC plays a critical role. The I/O, both
inputs and outputs, protects the CPU from electrical noise. The I/O section is where status
signals are filtered to remove noise, validate voltage levels, and CPU decisions are made
and put into operation. The PLC Inputs provide their status to a storage area within the
CPU and outputs are driven from similar stored status in the CPU.

3. Define the following terms associated with the input/output function of a program-
mable logic controller:
I/O rack- The rack-based I/O system consists of a central rack and one or two 19 inch
expansion racks intended for double size Euro boards. Each rack is equipped with a
power supply unit PSF.
I/O group- The pair of nodes within a single enclosure is known as an input/output (I/O)
group. When a write operation is performed to a volume, the node that processes the I/O
duplicates the data onto the partner node that is in the I/O group. After the data is
protected on the partner node, the write operation to the host application is completed.
The data is physically written to the disk later.
Slot- The slot number is the physical location of the I/O module. This may be a
combination of the rack number and the slot number when using expansion racks.
Module- The modules themselves receive their voltage and current for proper operation
from the backplane of the rack enclosure into which they are inserted.

4. List the sequence of events in a programmable logic controller’s scan cycle and cite
approximate time durations for each event.
5. Define the following terms associated with the processor function of a progamma-
ble logic controller:
user-program- is a program that must communicate with a resource manager for some or
all of its processing. A user program starts a conversation with a resource manager to
request a connection to a resource.
instruction-rung- It is a graphical programming language that evolved from electrical
relay circuits. Each program statement is represented with a line
input image file- A string specifying the URL of the image file to display to represent the
graphical submit button
output image file- as distinct from post-production, is the final stage in the delivery of
your images. Photos may be output as either digital, or physical products.
central processing unit- is the brain of a computer, containing all the circuitry needed to
process input, store data, and output results.

6. Give a detailed description of the procedure by which the central processing unit
executes one instruction-rung.
A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out
the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and
input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the
computer industry at least since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the term “CPU” refers to a
processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these
core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry.

The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but
their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged. Principal components of a CPU include
the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logic operations, processor registers
that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations, and a control unit that
fetches instructions from memory and “executes” them by directing the coordinated operations
of the ALU, registers and other components.

7. Explain the operation of the three basic relay-type instructions that are available
with a programmable logic controller, namely:

Examine-On:
Examines a bit for an On condition
 Use the XIC instruction in your ladder logic to determine if a bit is ON.
 0 = False
 1 = True
Devices:
 Start/Stop push buttons
 Selectors
 Limit switch
 Proximity switch
 Light
 Internal bit

Examine-Off:

 Examines a bit for an off condition.

 Use an XIO instruction in your ladder logic to determine if a bit if off.
 1 = True
 0 = False

Devices

 Start/Stop push buttons

 Selectors
 Limit switch
 Proximity switch
 Light
 Internal bit
Output-energize:

Definition

 Turns a bit on or off

 Use OTE instruction in your ladder logic to turn on a bit when rung condition is evaluated
as true.

Devices

 Light
 Motor run signal
 Internal bits

8. Discuss the difference between an output-energize instruction that affects a load de

vice and output-energize instruction that is used solely for internal logic.
9. Describe the following capabilities of a programmable logic controller: timing,
counting, value comparison, arithmetic.
Timing- PLC instruction measuring the amount of time elapsed following an event. Both
“on-delay” and “off-delay” timer instructions have single inputs triggering the timed
function.
Counting- is a function block that counts up or down until it reaches a limit
Value Comparison- instructions in PLC are used to test pairs of values to condition
the logical continuity of a rung.
Arithmetic- asic PLC math instructions include add, sub- tract, multiply and divide to
calculate the sum, difference, product, and quotient of the content of word registers.
10. Discuss each of the three operating modes of a programmable logic controller:
PROGRAM, TEST, and RUN.
PROGRAM Mode
In PROGRAM mode, the CPU Unit is stopped. User programming can be created or modified,
memory can be cleared, programs can be checked, programs can be debugged, and I/O memory
tables can be created or modified.
MONITOR Mode
In MONITOR mode the CPU Unit is running. I/O is processed in the same way as in RUN
mode. The operating status of the CPU Unit can be monitored, bits can be force-set/reset, the set
values and present values of timer and counter instructions can be modified, and the present
values of word data can be modified. MONITOR mode is used for system adjustments during
trial operation.
RUN Mode
RUN mode is used for normal system operation. The operating status of the CPU Unit can be
monitored, however bits cannot be force-set/reset, and present values and set values cannot be
modified using Programming Devices.

11. Given a ladder-logic representation of a user-program, enter that program into

memory by typing on the programming terminal’s keyboard.
12. Use the program-editing functions that are on the programming terminal’s
keyboard.
13. Given a memory map of the processor and the arrangement of the input/output sec-
tion, choose appropriate addresses for input devices, output devices, internal-logic
instructions, timers, counters, and data files.
 Input devices is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.
 Output devices is any piece of computer hardware equipment which
converts information into human readable form. It can be text, graphics,
tactile, audio, and video. Some of the output devices are Visual Display
Units (VDU) i.e. a Monitor, Printer graphic Output devices, Plotters,
Speakers etc.
 Internal-Logic Instructions- is where the device performs arithmetic and logic
instructions. ... on the bus shall be sent to the internal register and the command
shall be decoded.
 Timers- are used for timing and counting operations, allowing the processor to carry
on with some other process while the timer process runs.
 Counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a
particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock. The most
common type is a sequential digital logic circuit with an input line called the clock and
multiple output lines.
 Data files is a computer file which stores data to be used by a computer application
or system, including input and output data
14. Write the program instructions for bringing a measured analog value into the user-
program by reading an Analog Input Module.
15. Write the program instructions for performing calculations with a measured analog
value and for making program decisions based on the calculated results.