Group No.

6
Current Focus On Information
Use

ATTA UR REHMAN
HAMMAD AHMAD SIDDIQUE
MUHAMMAD SHAYAN
SIDDIQUE
MUHAMMAD ALI
ZAID SHAFIQUE RANA
 INFORMATION SYSTEM

 Set of interrelated components that collect ,

manipulate, store, and disseminate data and
information and provide feedback mechanism to
meet an objective.
 Complementary networks of hardware and software
that people and organizations use to collect, filter
,process, create and distribute data.
 Example: (TPS) System that performs or records
daily routine transactions such as sales order entry,
employee record keeping.
 GLOBAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

 An information system which is developed and or

used in a global context.
 Information system which attempts to deliver the
totality of measurable data worldwide within a
defined context.
 System that serves organizations in multiple
countries
 Used by multinational corporations
 (CONTINUED…)

 Hardware - documentation
 Software – user interface
 Data – sharing
 People – language, relationships
 Procedures – values, expectations
 REASONS FOR GOING GLOBAL

 Allows organization to operate efficiently and effectively

in countries beyond where they started or are primarily
located
 Allows organization to take advantage of cheaper labour
where it is available
 Allows organization to take advantage of skilled labour
where it is available.
 The Internet and the Web make global interaction much
easier.
 The Web and Internet also offer the opportunity for large
cost reductions over more traditional ways of doing
business
 PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTING GIS

• Global information systems face challenges

 Technological barriers
 Regulations and tariffs
 Electronic payment mechanisms
 Different language and culture
 Economic and political considerations
 Different measurement standards
 Legal barriers
 TECHNICAL CHALLANGES

 Not all countries have adequate information

technology infrastructures
 Unable to build international IS
 Broadband communication lines needed
 Can offer two versions of Websites to compensate for
slower bandwidth
 REGULATIONS & TARRIF.

 Countries have different importing regulations

 Executives reluctant because of hassles
 Comply with laws of destination countries
 NextLinx help importers and exporters for Web
commerce by providing tariffs, customs delay
information, license requirements, etc.
 DIFFERENCES IN PAYMENT MECHANISM

• E-commerce allows easy payment for online

purchases
• Credit cards preferred payment method in North
America
• Not all countries adopt this preference
• Japanese avoid using credit cards
 LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES

 International parties must agree on common

language
 Data not transmittable internationally because
information must be translated
 English considered de facto international language
 Largest companies translate Web sites into local
languages
 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

 Different countries vary Tastes

 Gestures

 Treatment of people

 Ethical issues

 Conservative groups against “Americanization”

 Web designers must be sensitive to cultural
differences
 POLITICAL CHALLANGES

 Information is power
 Some countries oppose policy of free access to
information
 Gives other nations opportunity to control indigenous
resources
 Government may require software to be purchased
within borders
 Government may limit Internet
 STRATIGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING GIS

There are four main strategies for implementing

Global Information System, which are as follows:
 Multinational strategy
 Global strategy
 International strategy
 Transnational strategy
 MULTINATIONAL STRATEGY

 Production, sales, and marketing are decentralized

 Financial management remains the parent’s
responsibility
 Example: Tyco Corporation
 Focus on local responsiveness
 Reduces the need for communication between subsidiaries and
headquarters
 Each subsidiary operates on a different sites
 Highly costs
A MULTINATIONAL STRATEGY
STRUCTURE
 GLOBAL STRATEGY STRUCTURE

 Highly centralized information system

 Subsidiaries have little autonomy
 Sometimes called a “franchiser”
 Extensive communication network necessary
 Difficult and impractical
 Resistance from subsidiaries
 Heavy reliance on headquarters for new products and ideas
 Examples:
 McDonald’s, Mrs Fields’ Cookies, General Motors
GLOBAL STRATEGY STRUCTURE
 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY STRUCTURE

 Operates much like a multinational corporation

 But subsidiaries depend on headquarters more for process and
production decisions

 Information systems personnel are regularly

exchanged among locations
 Encourages a cooperative culture in geographically dispersed personnel

 Example: Caterpillar Corporation

A INTERNATIONAL STRUCTURE
 TRANSNATIONAL STRATEGY STRUCTURE

 Parent and all subsidiaries work together in

designing policies, procedures
 Usually focuses on optimizing supply sources and
using advantages available in subsidiary locations
 Architecture requires a higher level of
standardization and uniformity for global efficiency
 But must maintain local responsiveness
 Takes more time
 Examples: Citigroup, Sony, Ford
A TRANSNATIONAL STRATEGY STRUCTURE