Submitted to- Topic: Date:

Submitted by- Tarun:2028320 Chirag:2028325 Aishwarya:2028349

Sustainable Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.

Introduction:

Objectives of the study:

Research questions:

Significance of study:

Scope of study:

Literature review:

Hypothesis:

Project Description:

 Design
 Target population, sampling and data collection
 Questionnare
 Analysis using statistical Data-mean median
 Interpretation
 conclusion
 Expected learning outcomes

Ethical issues faced in the research

Strategies to overcome the ethical issues

Research Question: To investigate how human health and social well-being are impacted by the water
stress and sanitation.

Introduction: Today the biggest concern for the whole world is accessibility to clean water and
proper sanitation. Roughly 40% of people all around the globe are affected due the scarcity of
water. According to UNDP 844 million people lack access to clean drinking water and 892 million
people are still practicing open defecation whereas the globe has lost its 70% of natural wetland.
Many developing countries are facing severe health issues due to the lack of proper sanitation
and unsafe drinking water because they are using unsanitary toilet facilities and they drink,
cook, bath with contaminated water. Health crisis are mainly due to water crisis. The young age
and the old age are mostly affected by the diarrhea and cholera due to the spread of water
borne pathogens and infections via the contaminated water. Proper education plays an essential
role to improve the overall health. By educating the community regarding the implementation
of safe water sanitation and clean drinking water tanks can result into reduced illness like
diarrhea and cholera, reduced spread of water borne pathogens and parasites like whipworm,
roundworm, and decentary which will lead to the happier and healthier community. To mitigate
these issues in 2015 united nation members state have adopted 17 sustainable development
goals which are to be accomplished by the year 2030. Out of the 17 goals water and clean
sanitation goal is set to achieve the following objectives by the year 2030 i.e.

 Universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all,
 Access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open
defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations.
 Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing
release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated
wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.
 substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable
withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce
the number of people suffering from water scarcity
 Implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through
Trans boundary cooperation as appropriate.
 Protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands,
rivers, aquifers and lakes.

Above are the objectives set to be accomplished by year 2030. These goals can be achieved
when both the people and government has equal contributions. The main aim of sustainable
development goal is to provide access to clean, safe and healthy environment.

Objectives of the study: The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of water
used by the households on their health and the access to the sanitary toilet facilities.

 To determine the households main source of drinking water.

 To determine if the round-trip water carrying time between the household and the
water source takes more than 20-30 minutes.
 To determine the health crisis of women due to the stress of water haulage.
 To determine the significance of household water treatment.
 To determine the approximate number of people sharing sanitation facility within the
house or shared public sanitation facility.
 To determine the ways of children faeces disposal.

Research Question: The central question is to investigate how human health and social well-
being are impacted by the water stress and sanitation.
Sub questions:

 What are the different sources of drinking water?

 How much time is required to collect the drinking water?
 Which family member usually collects the water from the source?
 What are the different types of household water treatments are done to make the
water safe for drinking and using for common purposes?
 What are the different types of accessible toilet facility and different disposal ways of
children faeces?

Significance of the study: Water is a fundamental need and a significant asset for supporting life.
The decrease in water quality jeopardizes the health of people just as the biological system.
Clean drinking water, cleanliness, and disinfection have a significant influence on the wellbeing.
Disinfection makes a strong commitment to family proficiency. As indicated by a UNICEF study,
for each 10% expansion in female proficiency, a nation's economy can develop by 0.3 percent.
Hence, sterilization adds to the social and monetary improvement of the general public.
Improved disinfection likewise helps the climate. The significance of this study is to determine
the adverse effects of impure water and unhygienic sanitation facilities on the human health.
This study will be useful. The significance of this study focuses on clean drinking water,
peculiarly for rural communities in developing countries. It describes various water disinfection
methods that are economically viable and energy effective and employs manageable
methodologies that efficiently reduce the physical, chemical, and biological pollutants detected
in drinking water to admissible goals.

Scope of the study:

Literature review:

Chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, are essential for well-being, agriculture, food production,
manufacturing production, financial welfare, and many other aspects of modern life. However,
their extensive use has commenced to many numerous chemicals in the water cycle through
which they may invade the food chain. The use of chemicals will considerably progress with the
human population's growth, health, age, and lifestyle. Concurrently, the demand for clean water
will also enhance, including treated wastewater for food production and high-purity water for
manufacturing electronics and pharmaceuticals. According to Kümmerer et al (2018) Climate,
reform is predicted to further diminish water availability in adequate quantity and quality,
whereas acknowledging the limits of effluent treatment, there is an immediate need for input
restriction at the source and the advancement of chemicals that diminish wholly and rapidly the
environment.

Accessibility to safe drinking water, an essential natural resource, is still a far-flung desire
worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Progressing human activity and industrialization
have directed various physical, chemical, and biological pollutants to invade water bodies and
influence human lives. Efforts to generate useful, cost-effective, and technologically sound
practices to produce clean water for developing countries have progressed worldwide.

A considerable symmetry of the World's population–around 1.1 billion people–does not have
access to enriched water sources, and water contamination during transportation and in house
storage of water contributes to a significant health risk. According to Thompson et al.,
(2003)this division of the World's population, the use of effective technologies for household
water processing and storage is likely to have direct beneficial effects in the form of decreased
contagious diseases and contribute to greater potency and other allied advantages from
improved health where, Household treatment can usually provide these benefits to underserved
populations more promptly as compared to designing, installing, and delivering piped
community water supplies. Recognizing the most convenient and effective techniques for
household water storage and treatment are matters of considerable importance.

According to Mara et al.,(2010) recent research, approximately 2.6 billion people lack access to
developed sanitation, two-thirds of who reside in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Out of 1.2 billion
people, half of them reside in India, lack even an ordinary sanitation facility, and defecate in the
open. Geographical variations in sanitation coverage are huge. 99% of people living in
developed countries have access to improved sanitation, but only 53% of people have access to
an improved sanitation facility in developing countries. Urban cities in developing countries have
71% sanitation coverage, whereas the rural towns in the developing countries have 39%
sanitation coverage; this perspective will change quickly as urbanization increases. Over the
prior two decades, the prerequisite of improved sanitation has just kept pace with growing
populations.

According to Langergraber & Muellegger, (2005) 90% of sewage in developing countries is

discharged untreated, which pollutes rivers, lakes, and waterfront areas. Based on plentiful
toilets, a water-wasting technology traditional sanitation idea is neither an eco-friendly nor cost-
effective solution in both developed and developing countries. The water-based residue systems
are invented and developed because human excreta is a waste and is only meant for disposal
and that the environment can assimilate the waste. A sanitation system that provides Ecological
Sanitation (EcoSan) as a sustainable cycle and a closed-loop system fill the gap between
sanitation and agriculture. The EcoSan approach describes a holistic idea towards eco-friendly
and economically stable sanitation. The main objective of the EcoSan method is to close nutrient
and water cycles with as little expense on material and energy, which contributes to
sustainability.
Kümmerer, K., Dionysiou, D. D., Olsson, O., & Fatta-Kassinos, D. (2018). A path to clean water. In Science.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2405

Langergraber, G., & Muellegger, E. (2005). Ecological Sanitation - A way to solve global sanitation
problems? Environment International, 31(3), 433–444.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.08.006

Mara, D., Lane, J., Scott, B., & Trouba, D. (2010). Sanitation and health. PLoS Medicine, 7(11).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000363

Thompson, T., Sobsey, M., & Bartram, J. (2003). Providing clean water, keeping water clean: An
integrated approach. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 13(SUPPL. 1), 89–95.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0960312031000102840