ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

ENGINEERING
(CE 364)

Prof. Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko

Dr. Eugene Appiah-Effah
Outline
 Definitions
 Estimating Waste water flows
 Sewage Flows
 Storm water flows
 Hydraulic design of sewers
 Design of sewers
 Sewer appurtenances
 Definitions
Wastewater: The term wastewater includes both organic and
inorganic constituents, in soluble or suspended form, and
mineral content of liquid waste carried through liquid
media.

Industrial wastewater: It is the wastewater generated from the

industrial and commercial areas.

Sanitary sewage: Sewage originated from the residential

buildings comes under this category. It is the wastewater
generated from the lavatory basins, urinals and water closets
of residential buildings, office building, theatre and other
institutions. It is also referred as domestic wastewater.
Night Soil: It is a term used to indicate the human and animal
excreta.
 Definitions
Sewer- Underground conduit used for the collection and
transport of sewage

Sewage-Waste water from a community (kitchen, bath, etc)

Storm water: It indicates the rain water of the locality.

Sullage: This refers to the wastewater generated from

bathrooms, kitchens, washing place and wash basins,

Sewerage-The conveyance, treatment and safe disposal of

wastewater and stormwater
 Definitions
Components of sewerage system include house
connection, pumping stations, street sewers, wastewater
treatment plants, effluent main etc

Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive

the waste from domestic, commercial and industrial
sources and to remove materials that damage water
quality and compromise public health and safety when
discharged into water receiving systems or land. It is
combination of unit operations and unit processes
developed to treat the sewage to desirable standards to
suit effluent norms defined by regulating authority.
 Types of sewer systems

 Separate System
 Sanitary sewer/Separate-Collects or remove
domestic wastes from residential areas
 Storm sewer-Solely for collection of stormwater.
Usually larger than sanitary sewers

 Combined-Domestic wastewater and stormwater

collected together
Combined Sewers
Combined Sewers
Advantages and disadvantages of combined
system
Advantages
 In an area where rainfall is spread throughout a year, there
is no need of flushing of sewers, as self cleansing velocity
will be developed due to more quantity because of addition
of storm water.

 Only one set of pipe will be required for house plumbing.

 In congested areas it is easy to lay only one pipe rather than

two pipes as required in other systems.
Advantages and disadvantages of combined
system contd
Disadvantages
 Not suitable for the area with small period of rainfall in a
year, because dry weather flow will be small due to which
self cleansing velocity may not develop in sewers, resulting
in silting.

 Large flow is required to be treated at sewage treatment

plant before disposal, hence resulting in higher capital and
operating cost of the treatment plant

 When pumping is required this system is uneconomical

 During rains overflowing of sewers will spoil public

hygiene.
Advantages and disadvantages of separate
system
Advantages
 As sewage flows in separate pipe, hence the quantity to be
treated at sewage treatment plant is small, resulting in
economy of treatment.

 This system may be less costly as only sanitary sewage is

transported in closed conduit and storm water can be
collected and conveyed through open drains

 When pumping is required during disposal, this system is

economical due to less flow.
Advantages and disadvantages of separate
system contd…
Disadvantages
 Self cleansing velocity may not developed at certain
locations in sewers and hence flushing of sewers may
be required. This system requires laying two sets of
pipe, which may be difficult in congested area

 This system will require maintenance of two sets of

pipelines and hence maintenance cost is more.
 Sewer Appurtenances
May vary depending on local topography and
special features

 Manholes-Used to interconnect two or more sewers

 Drop Inlets to manholes-Used where there is difference

in elevation between the incoming and outgoing sewer
exceeds 0.5m

 Building connections-Sewers leading from individual

houses or buildings to municipal collection systems

 Junction chambers- Used when diameter of intersecting

sewers increases.
SEWER DESIGN
Basic considerations in the design of
sewers
 Estimation of wastewater design flow

 Selection of design parameters

 Hydraulic design equation
 Alternative sewer pipe materials
 Minimum sizes
 Minimum and maximum velocities

 Selection of appropriate sewer appurtenances

 Estimation of wastewater design
flow
 Waster water consist of 2 categories

1. Sanitary Sewage or Dry weather flow

 Domestic or sanitary sewage
 Industrial waste
 Infiltration

2. Storm water
Dry weather flow
Is the flow that occurs in sewers in separate sewerage system or
the flow that occurs during dry seasons in combined system.

This flow indicates the flow of sanitary sewage.

Depends upon
 the rate of water supply,
 type of area served,
 economic conditions of the people
 weather conditions and
 infiltration of groundwater in the sewers, if sewers are laid
below groundwater table.
Dry Weather flow

Domestic waste water also called municipal waste water

 Sewage from residential, commercial, institutional and
public buildings as well as from small industries
scattered through residential areas
Industrial waste water
 Waste water from industrial areas or from single
industrial heavy waste water producers
 Small scale industries located in the residential or
commercial areas are included in the domestic waste
water production, but special attention should be given
to the heavy sewage producers
Possible water sources and losses are:
 Sources: Public water supply (drinking water), own
ground water extraction and own sea-water extraction
 Water-use: consumption for product, evaporation
losses and recirculation of water
Infiltration of ground water
 When the ground-water table is above the sewer.
 The amount of infiltration water may even exceed the
waste water production when water leaking through
broken pipes and old caulked joints.
 There is usually no exfiltration (leakage) of waste water
from sewers, because of the little pressure that is
available for leakage and the clogging of cracks in joints
by sewage sludge.
Variation in Sewage Flow
•Variation occurs in the flow of sewage over annual average
daily flow.
•Fluctuation in flow occurs from hour to hour and from
season to season
Determination of the peak factors
 Max daily flow = 2 times the average daily flow
 Maxi hourly flow = 1.5 times the maximum daily
= 3 times the average daily.

Some investigators have come up with the following:

Q max = (18 + √P) * Qave

(4 + √P)
Where P= population in thousands
Determination of the peak factors
Type of sewer Ratio of maximum flow to average
flow
Trunk mains above 1250mm 1.5
diameter
Main up to 1000mm diameter 2,0
Branches up to 500mm 3.0
Laterals and small diameters up 4.0
to 250mm
Design Period
The future period for which the provision is made in
designing the capacities of the various components of
the sewerage scheme is known as the design period

Design period depends on the following:

 Useful life of components structures
 Ease and difficulty likely to be faced for expansion
 Amount and availability of investment
 Interest rate on borrowing
 Anticipated rate of population growth
Design Period
 Treatment plant 15-20 years
 Pumping plants 5-10 years
 Branches, main and trunk sewers: 40-50 years
 Lateral sewers less than 150mm – full development
Design Discharge of Sanitary Sewage
 The total quantity of sewage generated per day is estimated as
product of forecasted population at the end of design period
considering per capita sewage generation and appropriate
peak Factor

 The per capita sewage generation can be considered as 60 to

80% of the per capita water supplied per day

 The increase in population also result in increase in per capita

water demand and hence, per capita production of sewage

 This increase in water demand occurs due to increase in living

standards, betterment in economical condition, changes in
habit of people, and enhanced demand for public utilities
 Estimation of wastewater design flow

Domestic wastewater directly relates to water consumption

Specific rates
• High income areas=120l/c/d
• Middle income areas=90l/c/d
• Low income areas=60l/c/d

 Per capita waste water production = 60-80% of water

consumption
 Estimation of wastewater design flow

 Quantity of DWF waste water production is

 Infiltration and exfiltration determined from the (paid for)
 Nature of industries water consumption (metered at
the house connections) and by
 Population
estimating the water losses.
 Rate of water supply
 Intensity of pressure
 Use of water/flow
variations
Required capacity of sanitary sewer
 Storm water may infiltrate into sanitary sewers
through illegal connections of storm water to the
sewers or through ventilation covers of inspection
chambers.
 When designing sanitary sewers, sewer capacity must
be provided for unexpected and uncontrolled entrance
of storm water.
 Therefore sanitary sewers are designed for only 40% or
50% flowing full.
Example
A city has a projected population of 60,000 spread over
area of 50 hectare. Find the design discharge for the
separate sewer line by assuming rate of water supply of
250 l/c/d and out of this total supply only 75 % reaches
in sewer as wastewater. Make necessary assumption
whenever necessary.
Solution
Given data
 Q = 250 lit/capita/day
 Sewage flow = 75% of water supply
= 0.75* 250 = 187.5 l/c/d

Total sewage generated = 187.5*60000/(24*3600)

 = 130.21 lit/sec
 = 0.13 m3/s

Assume peak factor = 2

 Total design discharge = 0.26 m3/s.
Design frequency of rainfalls
 Storm drains are designed on rainfalls of short duration (15-180 minutes).The
intensity of rainfall is determined by the occurrence of rainfalls. A design
occurrence will be selected in relation to the importance of the area concerned
(business, residential) and the amount of damage that will be caused by
flooding. Water on streets causes inconvenience to traffic. The amount of
damage to property will be considerable when rivers are overflowing and the
urban areas are inundated.
 The design occurrence related to the number of years is the inverse of the
design frequency which is the number of times per year:
 Once per year, occurrence: T= 1 year
 Frequency: n=1 (1 time per year)
 Once per 10 years: occurrence T=10 years
 Frequency n= 0.1(1 time per 10 years)
 The design occurrence for drains, watercourses and rivers in urban areas may
be taken at:
 Sewers in residential areas: T=1, T= 2 years
 Sewers in business areas: T=2, T=5 years
 Flooding caused by rivers: T=10, 25, 50, 100, 500 years
Rational Method
 Runoff from an area can be determined by the Rational Method. The
method gives a reasonable estimate up to a maximum area of 50 ha (0.5
Km2). The rational method makes the following assumptions:
 Precipitation is uniform over the entire basin.
 Precipitation does not vary with time or space.
 Storm duration is equal to the time of concentration.
 A design storm of a specified frequency produces a design flood of the
same frequency.
 The time of concentration is relatively short and independent of storm
intensity.
 The runoff coefficient does not vary with storm intensity or antecedent
soil moisture.
 Runoff is dominated by overland flow.
 Basin storage effects are negligible.
 If rainfall is applied to an impervious surface at a
constant rate, the resultant runoff from the surface
would finally reach a rate equal to the rainfall. In the
beginning, only a certain amount of water will reach
the outlet but after sometime, the water will start
reaching the outlet from the entire area and in this
case the run off rate would become equal to the rate of
rainfall. The period after which the entire area will
start contributing to the runoff is called the time of
concentration.
The peak runoff is calculated
according to the following formula
Q = CIA/360

Where,
 Q = runoff [m3/s]
 C = runoff coefficient which can be given for a land use
or surface type
 i = design rainfall intensity [mm/hr]
 A = area [ha]
Type of surface Runoff coefficient
Water tight roof surfaces 0.7-0.95
Asphalt Pavement in good
order 0.85-0.9
unpaved roads and vacant
land 0.1 -0.3

Parks, Lawns, gardens etc 0.01-0.2

Time of concentration
Time of concentration is made up of inlet time (over land flow) and
channel flow time is made up of:
 Time of entry (inlet time or overland flow): is the time required for
water to reach a defined channel such as a street gutter, plus the gutter
flow time to the inlet.
 Channel flow time: is the time of flow through the sewers to the point
at which rate of flow is being assessed. The channel flow time can be
estimated with reasonable accuracy from the hydraulic characteristics
of the sewer. The channel flow time is then determined as the flow
length divided by the average velocity.

 The inlet time is affected by numerous factors, such as rainfall

intensity, surface slope, surface roughness, flow distance, infiltration
capacity, and depression storage. Because of this, accurate values are
difficult to obtain. Design inlet flow times of from 5 to 30 min are used
in practice.
Rainfall Intensity
The Intensity of rainfall is expressed as cm/hr or mm/hr
but this rate changes continuously throughout the
storm. Rainfall data collected over a long period (15-20
years) is used to generate rainfall intensity duration
curves. These curves can be used to work out the
intensity of rainfall having duration equal to the time of
concentration.
IDF
Question
 A storm sewer is proposed to drain a 12 hectares
drainage area shown in the figure below. With given
data in the table below determine the design discharge
needed to convey 5-year peak discharge. Assume travel
time from Manhole 1 to Manhole 2 is 10 mins.
 I (mm/hr) = 2700/(T+15) T in mins.

B Site Area C Inlet time

(ha) (min)
A A 4 0.8 10
B 8 0.5 30
1 2
Solution
 Flow into MH 1 (From Area A to MH 1)
C = 0.8
tc= 10 min
i = 2700/(10+15) = 108 mm/hr

Qp= CiA/360 = (0.8)(108)(4)/360 = 0.96 m3/sec

Downstream Area (Manhole 2):

 A = 4 +8 = 12 ha
 C = (0.8 x 4 + 0.5 x 8)/ 12 = 0.6
 Time from Area A to MH1to MH 2 = 10 + 10 = 20 min
 Time from Area B to 2 = 30 min (max)
 tc= 30 min
 i = 2700/(30+15) = 60 mm/hr
 Qp= CiA/360 = (0.6)(60)(12)/360 = 1.2 m3/sec

 Design Flow Rates
 Hydraulic design equation-Use Manning equation
 Q=VA
 V=(1/n) R2/3S1/2

 R=A/P=(cross-sectional area of flow)/(wetted perimeter)

 V= velocity, m/s
 n=roughness coefficient, 0.014
 S=slope of energy grade line, m/m
 Design Flow Rates contd.

 Minimum and Maximum Velocities

 Min=0.6m/s

 Max=3.0m/s

 Recommended design velocity is 0.75m/s

 Estimation of wastewater design
flow
 Quantity of Stormwater/WWF

 Intensity of rainfall

 Characteristics of catchment area

 Duration of storm

 Methods used to calculate storm water

 Rational

 Emperical methods
 Examples
1. Calculate the velocity of flow in a sewer of diameter 1.2m
which is laid at a gradient of 1 in 400. What will be the
discharge through the sewer when running one-half full.
Assume n=0.012

2. Calculate the velocity and discharge for a sewer running

full. The diameter of sewer is 150mm and it is laid at a
gradient of 1 in 60. Assume n=0.013
 Examples contd.
3. Design an outfall circular sewer of the separate system for
Ayeduase from the data:
• Population = 75000
• Rate of water supply = 250l/c/d
• Self-cleansing velocity = 0.75m/s
• Manning's coefficient = 0.012
• DWF = 1/3 of the maximum discharge
Hydraulic design equation

 Design Procedure
 Formation of zones

 Arrangement of sewers

 Quantity of sewage

 Velocity of flow

 Sewer section

 Gradient
 A town with a population of 20,000 is supplied by a water
company that delivers an average flow of 5000m3/day.
The information for the design of a waste water collection
system are as follows: Self cleansing velocity of 0.75m/s,
Infiltration is 0.75L/1000m/s, Length of main sewers is
2km , manning’s coefficient N is 0.012 and Gradient is 1
in 1200. The DWF is 1/3 of the maximum discharge.
Determine the following:
 Average waste water flow per day
 Maximum waste water flow
 The theoretical size of the outfall circular sanitary sewer
when running full
 The diameter of sanitary sewer you that should be
constructed.
 Design Exercise
1. A combined sewer of circular section is to be laid to serve
KNUST hospital. Calculate its size from the following
data.
 Area to be served = 100 hectares
 Rainfall intensity = 25.4 mm/hr
 Rate of water supply = 240l/head/day
 Impermeability factor = 0.50