LECTURER

ENGR. ALBERTO J. AZARCON,

JR.
Civil Engineer
Sanitary Engineer
Registered Master Plumber
Environmental Planner
Past President- PSPE 2007-2009
fnampap
PRINCIPLE OF
SEWAGE
TREATMENT
 I. CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE WATER:
 Waste water can be characterized based on
source, physical, biological and chemical.
 1. SOURCE OF WASTE WATER
The source of wastes that will be generated
are from the hospital wastewater and part
from the school discharges.
 Specific Sources of Wastewater are as
follows:
1. Washing in kitchen in preparing food
2. Wastewater from toilet and bath
3. Washing from viral and bacterial culture
4. Washing from plate and utensil
5. Infiltration and leak
 2. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The physical characteristics of wastewater include
temperature, color, odor, flow variability, and settle
ability. Plant operator can simply observe several of
these physical characteristics to botain a rapid
indication of unusual influent or plant operating
conditions.
a. Temperature
The temperature of the wastewater indicates the
amount of thermal energy it contains. Wastewater is
typically warmer than unheated tap water because
wastewater contains heated water from the
production and other sources.
In general, the rate of biological activity depends on
temperature. Thus up to a limit, as temperature
increases, microorganism accelerates consumption
of organic and use oxygen in the wastewater. The
reaction rates approximately doubles every 10°C
increase in temperature up to the level at which
higher temperature begin to inhibit biological
activity.

b. Color
The color of the wastewater depends on the amount
and types of dissolved, suspended and colloidal
matter present. Normal fresh wastewater from the
sources caries from clear, milky, brownish and
grayish depending on the main collection at the
plumbing system. In either condition, wastewater
becoming anaerobic will be darker, providing an
excellent indication of the need for further aeration.

c. Odor
The odor, a highly subjective parameter, can
nonetheless offer valuable information. The human
nose, a sensitive odor detecting system, can often
smell wastewater constituents.

d. Flow Variation
Wastewater flows typically vary consistently during
days, week, seasons and years. Daily (diurnal) flow
variation depends largely on the usage of water, the
collection system. In general, the smaller the
discharge collection system, the greater the diurnal
variation.
e. Settling
The solids in wastewater are classified as dissolved,
colloidal or finely divided, floatable and settle able.
The dissolved, colloidal and floatable solids are
included in a single group known as nonsettleable
solids.
Dissolved solids remain in liquid solution and are
defined as the solids that will pass through a 0.45
um membrane filter. Sugar and salts are example.
Colloidal solids – extremely fine particles – will not
settle from the liquid portion but can typically fe
filtered from the liquid with 0.45 um membrane filter.
Floatable solids are those materials that will float on
 the surface when wastewater stands quiescently.
Floatable, often containing a high proportion of oils
and greases, are generally associated with high
levels of pollution. Solids will settle from the liquid
portion under quiescent condition. Settle ability is
measured by a 30-minute procedure. (Please refer to
Settle ability Testing, Page 21).
3. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Bacteriological testing determines the presence of
pathogenic organisms or indicator bacterial for such
organism in the raw wastewater, process streams
and treated effluent.
a. Indicator Bacteria for Pathogens
Both total and fecal caliform bacteria, found in large
numbers throughout the environment, are also
present in large number in raw wastewater. Total and
fecal caliform bacteria are not themselves pathogen
but are used as indicator organism because they
tend to resist the effect of disinfection better than
most pathogen, they are much more numerous than
pathogens, and they are easily counted. Therefore, a
low caliform count suggest that few, if any,
pathogenic survive. Both total and fecal caliform
bacteria are reported in units of colonies per 100 ml
if the membrane filter technique is used, or as the
most probable (MPN) number per caliform limit,
some means of disinfection, such as chlorination, is
typically needed to meet the limit.
 b. Viruses
Viruses occur less frequently than bacteria and are
much more difficult to measure. A viruses resists
disinfection more than most bacteria, their presence
is sometimes used to assess the effectiveness of
disinfection technique.
4. CHEMICAL CHARACTERESTIC
Chemical analysis of wastewater and internal
process streams, provides a wide variety of
information concerning the characteristics of the
wastewater and the condition of the treatment
processes. Chemical testing provides information on
the concentration of the specific substances for
which the test are designated. This information,
especially when coupled with flow to calculate mass
loading, allows the operator to monitor and control
the treatment processes.
a. pH
The pH is a dimensionless number that indicate the
strength of an acidic and basic solution. Otherwise it
is measure of the concentration of hydrogen ion in a
solution. The normal pH scale ranges from 1 to 14,
with a neutral reading of 7 0. Readings below 7
indicate an acidic condition and those above 7 a
basic condition. The pH is extremely important in
biological wastewater treatment because the
microorganism remain sufficiently active only within
a narrow range between pH 6.5 and 8.5.
Outside this range, or above 8.5 indicate alkalinity
thus, pH can inhibit or completely stop biological
activity.

b. Acidity
Acidity is a measure of the concentration of
substance that increases hydrogen ion in an
aqueous solution.

c. Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the measure of the ability of the
wastewater to neutralize acid. For convenience,
alkalinity is reported as milligrams per liter of
calcium carbonate; many other compounds,
however, contribute to alkalinity.
d. Solids
From a chemical standpoint, solids are divided into
several different fractions. Determination of the
various forms of solids and their concentrations
provide useful data for the characterization of
wastewater and their control of treatment processes.
total solids can be divided into suspended solids
and dissolved solids. Each of these groups can be
further divided into their volatile and fixed fractions.
Control of the processes requires that the operator
know the solids contents of the influent, effluent and
treatment process streams plus the methods for
solids measurements.
Total solids represent the mass of material
remaining after the water is evaporated at a
temperature of 103°C. The actual drying time
depends on the mass of the solids being dried and
the type of the drying oven used.
Total volatile solids represent the weight of material
lost when burning the total solids components at
550°C. Burning time, like drying time for the total
solids depend on the mass of the sample. Ignition
continues until all carbon has been volatized. Then,
only fixed residue or ashes remain.
Suspended solids also referred to as no filterable
residues, represent the weight of the solids
remaining on a glass fiber filter following filtration
and drying at 103°C. The volatile suspended solids
represent the suspended solids portion that
volatizes when the dried filter is heated to 550°C. The
fixed residue or ash remains on the filter.
Dissolved solids, also called filterable residue, and
dissolved volatile solids can be determined either by
taking the difference between the total and
suspended solids analysis on the same sample or by
evaporating the filtrate from the suspended solids
test.

e. Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

The biochemical oxygen demand test measures the
amount of oxygen required by a wastewater during 5
days for biological stabilization. Because the rate of
biological stability depends on temperature, and
complete stabilization may require as long
as 20 days, the BOD5 test thas been standardized to
conditions of 20°C for 5 days. This test provides a
relative measure of the amount of food material
available to the biological system, the degree of
stabilization of the wastewater and the prospective
effect of the effluent on the receiving water.
The measurement of BOD5, a significant parameter,
provides an important basis for determining plant
loading and design considerations. As designed, the
BOD test normally measures the amount of oxygen
required to oxidize the organic matter in the sample.

f. Chemical Oxygen Demand

The chemical oxygen demand provides a means of
rapidly estimating the BOD of the sample.
This procedure, based on chemical oxidation of the
sample, provides data in 3 to 4 hours rather than 5
days. The COD results are typically higher than BOD
values.

The correlation between BOD and COD varies from

plant to plant. Thus, use of the COD test for process
control purposes requires that the COD and BOD
tests be run in parallel. This allows BOD to COD
ratios to be developed for each plant. These ratios
also vary across the plant from influent to effluent.
The BOD to COD ratio is typically 0.5:1 for raw
wastewater and drop to as low as 0.1:1 for well
stabilized secondary effluent.
g. Nitrogen
In wastewater, nitrogen occurs in four basic forms:
organic nitrogen, ammonia (both ionized and free
ammonia), nitrite, and nitrate. The forms of nitrogen
present in wastewater indicates the level of organic
stabilization.

h. Phosphorous
Phosphorus assumes different forms in wastewater
and serves as an essential element for biological
growth and reproduction. Phosphorus can be
present as orthophosphate, polyphosphate, and
organic phosphate.
i. Fats, Oil and Grease
Fats, oil and grease (FOG) in the plant effluent can
result in floating material in the receiving water. The
FOG can enter the plant as discrete floatable
particles, as emulsified material, or as a solution.
The FOG measurement upstream and downstream
from the treatment units provide data on the units
removal efficiencies. If excessive levels of FOG
enters a secondary system, the low density FOG
constituents merge with the biomass. This merge
can cause poor settle ability of the biological solids
with a resultant excessive solids loss to the effluent.
GENERAL:
Sewage treatment are employed to convert raw
sewage into an acceptable final effluent and to
dispose of the solids removed in the process. It is
fundamental, therefore, first to determine the
characteristics of the raw sewage and the
required characteristics of the final effluent as the
required treatment before deciding on the type of
treatment applicable.

Sewage treatment technology is changing rapidly

and theories on it have been continually reviewed
and updated in order to keep up with the
increasing and newly discovered pollution loads
on streams, rivers and other receiving waters.
CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION

Following are generalized definitions of classes of treatment

according to their functions:

1. Primary treatment – Waste water treatment that employ methods

which remove or reduce a high percentage of the suspended and
floating solids but little or no colloidal and dissolved matter.

2. Secondary treatment – Methods which remove or reduce fine

suspended colloidal, dissolved solids, and cause the reduction of
organic material by biological oxidation.

3. Advance waste treatment or tertiary treatment – Methods which

remove or reduce nutrients, residual organics, residual solids and
pathogens but not limited to sand filtration, chemical treatment,
carbon absorption, ammonia stripping, electro dialysis or reverse
osmosis.
COMMON PROCESSES AND OPERATIONAL UNITS
While every treatment plan can be considered unique, it is obvious
that most treatment plants will have many operations and process in
common. Below is a list of the most common units used in various
treatment modes.

Pretreatment – To remove or reduce floating solids and coarse

suspended solids, use:

1. Racks and screening devices – Racks and screens are designed

to remove floating matter and larger suspended solids (mainly

organic). Commonly used screening systems include racks,
medium or coarse, having either:

a). Fixed bars, either hand or mechanically cleaned, or

b). Movable racks, such as cage rack
2. Grit chambers – Installed prior to sedimentation and usually after bar
racks to remove dense mineral matter such as sand, gravel, egg
shells or cinders. Grit removal helps prevent problems in pumping
sludge. Grit chambers are also used to avoid the cementing effects on
the bottom of the sludge digester and in the sludge of the primary
settling tank. Removal mechanisms generally fall into one of four
types:

a.) Flow rate control which is maintained at 0.75 to 1.0 ft./sec. by

proportional weirs, by controlling the depth of flow.

b.) Clarifier – like mechanism, sized to cause grit to fall out. The grit is
then cleaned by washing and the organic are returned to the
wastewater flow.

c.) Injection of diffused air produces a spiral flow velocity causing

particles to settle out.
The average cleaning interval is every two weeks. In wet weather, and
particularly with combined wastewater flow, the accumulation of grit
may be enormously increased, necessitating rapid or continuous
cleaning to keep the unit operating efficiently.

Primary Treatment – To remove or reduce fine suspended solids,

use:

1. Cutters, shredders (comminutors) – usually located after grit

removal to prevent excessive wear on cutting edges and before the
sedimentation unit so the shredded particles can be added back to
the treatment stream and removed by sedimentation. Generally, fine
racks and fine screens have been replaced by the cutting screens of
comminutors.

2. Fine Screens – Used in old plants where cutters and comminutors

were not installed. They are usually located after the grit chamber
and before the sedimentation unit.
a.) Fine screens may be made up of a serious of disk
screens with a frustum of a cone superimposed upon it. It
rotates slowly, with brushes sweeping the screenings
from the part above the liquid to a convey or belt or
hopper.

b.) Drum screens are severally typies. Basically, screening

are accumulated on the outside of the drum as it rotates
or on the inside of a drum as the flow passes through.
Conveyors and collectors then handle the retained solids.

3. Sedimentation - Usually follows grit removal and

screening. It preceded final chlorination and/or discharge
to the receiving wastes. It reduces the suspended solids
and organic loading on subsequent secondary and
advanced waste treatment units.
Sedimentation tanks may be constructed with or without mechanical
devices for continuous removal of sludge.. Tanks are classified by:

a.) Primary – in which raw wastewater is settled

b.) secondary or Final – in which mixed liquors or activated sludge plants

or trickling filter effluents are classified

c.) Intermediate - When used between filters in a two-stage trickling filter

plant

d.) Septic tanks – combine sedimentation and sludge digestion in the

same compartment

e.) Imhoff tanks (two-storey tanks) – combine sedimentation and sludge

digestion but are so designed that the processes are carried on in
separate compartments arranged one above the other.
Description of activated-sludge processes and
process modification.
Conventional plug-flow – Settled wastewater and
recycled activated sludge enter the head end of the
aeration tank and are mixed by diffused or
mechanical aeration. Air application is generally
uniform throughout tank length. During the aeration
period, adsorption, flocculation, and oxidation of
organic matter occurs. Activated-sludge solids and
separated in a secondary settling tank.

Complete-mix – Process is an application of the flow

regime of a continuous flow stirred-tank reactor.
Settled wastewater and recycled activated sludge
are introduced typically at several points in the
aeration tank. The organic load on the aeration tank
and the oxygen demand are uniform throughout the
tank length.

Tapered aeration – Tapered aeration is a

modification of the conventional plug-flow process.
Varying aeration rates are applied over the tank
length depending on the oxygen demand. Greater
amounts of air are supplied to the head end of the
aeration tank, and the amounts diminish as the
mixed liquor approaches the effluent end. Tapered
aeration is usually achieved by using different
spacing of the air diffusers over the tank length.
Step-feed aeration – Step feed is a modification of
the conventional plug-flow process in which the
settled wastewater is introduced at several points in
the aeration tank to equalize the F/M radio, thus
lowering peak oxygen demand. Generally three or
more parallel channels are used. Flexibility of
operation is one of the important features of this
process.

Modified aeration – Modified aeration is similar to

the conventional plug-flow process except that
shorter aeration times and higher F/M radios are
used. BOD removal efficiency is lower than other
activated sludge processes.
Contact stabilization – Contact stabilization uses two
separate tanks or compartments for the treatment of
the wastewater and stabilization of the activated
sludge. The stabilized activated sludge is mixed with
the influent (either raw or settled) wastewater in a
contact tank. The mixed liquor is settled in a
secondary settling tank and return sludge is aerated
separately in a a reaeration basin to stabilize the
organic matter. Aeration volume requirements are
typically 50 percent less than conventional plug flow.

Extended aeration – Extended aeration process is

similar to the conventional plug-flow process except
that it operates in the endogenous respiration phase
of the growth curve, which requires a low organic
loading and long aeration time.
Process is used extensively for prefabricated
package PLANT for small communities.

High-rate aeration - High-rate aeration is a process

modification in which high MLSS concentrations are
combined with high volumetric loadings. This
combination allows high F/M radios and long mean
cell-residence times with relatively short hydraulic
detention times. Adequate mixing is very important.

Kraus process – Kraus process is a variation of the

step aeration process used to treat wastewater with
low nitrogen levels.
Digester supernatant is added to a nutrient source to
a portion of the return sludge in a separation
aeration tank designed to nitrify. The resulting mixed
liquor is then added to the main plug-flow aeration
system.

High- purity oxygen - High-purity oxygen is used

instead of air in the activated-sludge process.
Oxygen is diffused into covered aeration tanks and
is re circulated. A portion of the gas is wasted to
reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide. pH
adjustment may also be required. The amount of
oxygen added is about four times greater than the
amount that an be added by conventional aeration
systems.
Oxidation ditch – The oxidation ditch consist of a
ring-or oval-shaped channel and is equipped with
mechanical aeration devices. Screened wastewater
enters the ditch, is aerated, and circulates at about
0.8 to 1.2 ft/s (0.25 to 0.35 m/s). Oxidation ditches
typically operate in an extended aeration mode with
long detention and solids retention times. Secondary
sedimentation tanks are used for most applications.

Sequencing batch reactor – the sequencing batch

reactor is a fill-and-draw type reactor system
involving a single complete mix reactor in which all
steps of the activated-sludge process occur. Mixed
liquor remains in the reactor during all cycles.
thereby eliminating the need for separate
secondary sedimentation tanks.

Deep shaft reactor – The deep vertical shaft

reactor is a form of the activated-sludge
process. A vertical shaft about 400 to 500 ft
(120 to 150 m) deep replaces the primary
clarifiers and aeration basin. The shaft is
lined with a steel shell and fitted with a
concentric pipe to form an annular reactor.
Mixed liquor and air are forced down the
center of the shaft and allowed to rise
upward through the annulus.
Single-stage nitrification – in single-stage
nitrification, both BOD and ammonia
reduction occur in a single biological stage.
Reactor configurations can be either a series
of complete-mix reactors or plug-flow.

Separate stage nitrification – in separate

stage nitrification, a separate reactor is used
for nitrification, operating on a feed waste
from a preceding biological treatment unit.
The advantage of this system is that
operation can be optimized to conform to the
nitrification needs.
Sequencing Batch Reactor
A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a
fill-and-draw activated-sludge treatment
system. The unit processes involved in
the SBR and conventional activated-
sludge system are identical. Aeration and
sedimentation/clarification are carried
out in both system. However, there is
one important difference. In conventional
plants, the processes are carried out
simultaneously in separate tanks,
whereas in SBR operation the processes
are carried out sequentially in the same
tank.
 THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
The activated sludge process consists of the
oxidation of organic waste by bacteria followed by
the separation of the suspended solids from the
treated wastewater. Simply put, bacteria and other
microorganisms use oxygen to break down waste
components so that they can be used as food. This
result in maintenance of the cells life processes and
in production of the new cells that form sludge.
Activated sludge is a biological process.
Microorganisms are placed is a controlled
environment where they treat and thus purify the
wastewater before returning it to the receiving
stream. Without removal of the organic strength
waste or biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), the
same biological process would occur in the
receiving stream. This would cause a depletion of
oxygen and development of sludge deposits in the
receiving stream, killing other life forms such as
fish. The activated sludge process involves taking
natural processes and speedling them up while
controlling the inputs (oxygen) and the outputs
(excess microorganisms or sludge).

DESCRIPTION OF FLOW PATTERN

Waste water is directed into the treatment plant
through a building sewer; however flow through
the plant is by gravity. Influent from the force main
enters the plant in the holding tank channel and then
passes through a mechanical bar screen to remove
suspended and floating debris, such as twigs or
rags, which could clog or damage pumps or impede
the hydraulic flow in open pipes. Screenings
removed from the wastewater are deposited in
containers and ultimately hauled to a sanitary landfil
for burial.

1. Screening Unit
The raw sewage from the plumbing system will be
screened through the screening unit which include
rack and screen so that floating organs and/or
inorganic debris such as rags, plastic, papers and
others to be captured and disposed off site.
The purpose is to prevent solid from fouling
subsequent treatment facilities.

2. Holding Tank/Equalization Tank

From the bar screen chamber the sewage will flow
into the holding tank to collect the gradual flow from
the plumbing system and dissipate slugs and lift up
and transfer to he equalization tank for initial
aeration to neutralized alcohol and acid content of
the sewage and enhance growth of microorganisms.

3. Aeration Tank
From the Equalization tank the sewage enters the
aeration basin where organic matter in the sewage is
converted by microorganisms into cell tissue,
waster and carbon dioxide, air supplied into aeration
tank by means of positive displacement blowers and
serves as a source of oxygen needed by
microorganisms in the degradation of organic matter
in the sewage. The upward movement of the air
bubbles stirs up the contents of the tank and
prevents the deposition of organic matter at the
bottom of the tank and cause an aerobic
decomposition which would upset the aerobic
process. The aeration basin shall comprise complete
ascending of concrete basin, influent and effluent
pip, air diffusers hanger feed pipe and door feed
aeration equipment.
4. Settling Tank (Clarifier)
From the aeration basin, the sewage enters the
settling tank where the solids settle by gravity at the
bottom of the tank and have a good separation of the
biomass and clear water. The clear water will flow
equally to the weir of the tank and into the
chlorination tank, whereas a motorized airlift
continuously sweeps the bottom of the settling tank
where a portion of the settled sludge is to be
recycled back to the aeration basin to maintain high
population of microorganism and achieve rapid
breakdown of the organic materials. In the waste
water excess sludge is diverted into the aerobic
digester.
5. Chlorination Tank
From the settling tank, clear water enters the
chlorine contact tank where chlorine solution is
added to kill pathogenic organisms still present in
the water. Treated water then flows into the sump pit
and pumped out into storm drainage system.

6. Digester Tank
Excess sludge enters the aerobic digester since
there is no more organic matter present on which
microorganisms eat the smaller microorganisms.
Eventually the surviving microorganisms auto-
oxidized and what is left is an non-obnoxious inert
mass which can be used as landfill or solid
conditioner. Digested sludge is them pumped out or
truck out or truck out off site.
7. Dewatering of sludge (Optional)
The digested sludge will be pump into the belt
system for solidification and to be discharge or
dispose off site to the approve landfill area.

8. Sump Pit
The treated and chlorinated water will bedischarge
into the receiving body of water nearby or into the
storm drainage system.

9. Staffing
Proper operation and maintenance of the wastewater
treatment plant requires a qualified plant operator
and a properly trained staff. The plant operator
should have working knowledge and experience in
the operation of wastewater treatment plants. It is
recommended that the plant be attended for a
minimum of 8 hours per day.

10. Maintenance
Many variation of the activated-sludge process exist
and each can use as many types and styles of
equipment. Fortunately for plant maintenance
personnel, this equipment consists of the same
basis components that are commonly found in
wastewater treatment plant.
Equipment maintenance falls into two areas:
preventive and corrective. Preventive maintenance
tasks include inspecting, testing, cleaning,
lubricating, adjusting and routinely replacing worn
parts. Corrective maintenance involves repairing and
replacing equipment that has failed while in
operation. All maintenance procedures should follow
the instruction in the equipment supplier’s service
manual.

11. Mechanical Equipment

All items of equipment have some moving part that
requires lubrication and attention of one kind or
another. Instruction and operating bulletins on each
item of equipment must be reviewed for best
mechanical performance.
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
Hospital - 130 Beds
1. Headwork consists of static screen structure
2. Design flow Qs is based from estimate of hospital
waste as follows:
Hospital Waste = 130 bed x 946.3 liters/bed = 123,006 liter
Kitchen Waste = 130 bed x 94.6 liters/bed = 12,298 liter
Laundry Waste = 130 bed x 151.4 liters/bed= 19, 682liter
Hospital Staff = 130 bed/4 bed staff
33 x 75.7 liters = 2,498liter
Hospital Maintenance : 7 floor x 5 person
x 150 liters = 5,250liter
162,734liters
or 162,734 liters/day = 42, 994.5 Gallons
 or 42,994.5 gallons = 162,857 m3/day
264 gals/m3
Say 163 m3/day

3. Calculated BOD = 500 mg/L

4. Calculated COD = 350 mg/L
5. Design of Holding Tank
Flow Qs =163m3/day
Retention Time =2 Hours
Volume of Tank =163m3/day x 2 hrs.=13.58m3 say 14.00m3
24 Hrs.

Assumed D = 3.00m3
L = 2W; Volume = 2WxWx3.00m
 14 = 6W2
W= √14/6 = √ 2.33 = 1.53 Say 2.00
L = 2 x 2.00 = 4.00m
Adapt 4.00 x 2.00 x 3.00 m depth
6. Design of Equalization Tank
Sewage Flow = 165 m3
Retention time = 2 hrs.
Volume of Tank = 163m2/day x 2 hrs = 13.58m3 say14.00m3
24 hrs.
D = 3.00m
L = 4.00m not same as holding tank
W = 2.00m but at different elevation.
7. Design of Aeration Tank
Sewage Flow = 165 m3
Calculated BOD = 500mg/L
BOD in Sewage = 163 cu.m x 500 BOD = 81.50 kg/day
1000 liters/m3 say 82 kg/day
Estimated Loading Rate = .70 kg/m3
Retention Time = 6 hrs.
Sewage Volume = 82 kg/day = 117.14m3
.70 kg/m3

Assumed D = 3.50 m
L = 4W
Volume = L x W x D
117.14 = 4W x W x 3.50 m
14W2 = 117.14
W2 = 117.14 = 8.385
14
W = √ 8.385 = 2.89 say 3.00 m
Then L = 4 x 3.00 = 12.00
Use 2 tanks 3.00 x 6.00 x 3.50 m depth

8. Design of Clarifier/Settling Tank

Consider contingent Flow Qs peak = 2.00 x Qs
= 163 x 2.00 = 326 m3
Surface Settling Rate = 24m3/m2
Assume D = 3.50, L = 2.0W

Area = 326 = 13.58 m2 say 14 m2

24 m3/m2
 14 = 2.0W x W
W2= 14/2; W = √ 7 = 2.70 say 3.00
Then L = 2 x 3.00 = 6.00 m
Adapt 1 tank 3.00 x 6.00 x 3.50m

9. Design of Digester Tank

Qs to consider:
Wastewater Flow in kg = 82 kg/day
Wastewater Digester R = 60%
Alpha Factor = 50%
Sewage Concentration = 2%
Retention time = 30 days
Volume = 82 x 50 x .60 x 30 days = 36.90m3
1000 liters x .020

Assumed Depth D = 3.50 m

L = 1.5W; volume = L x W x D
36.90= 1.5W x W x3.50m
W2 = 36.90 = 7.02
5.25

W = √ 7.02 = 2.65 say 3.00

L = 1.50 x 3 = 4.50 m

Adapt 1 tank 4.50 x 3.00 x 3.50m

10. Computation of Air Requirement
Adapt the Ten State Standard Regional of 125 kg/m3
For extended allocation
Alpha Factor = 60%
Loaded Sewage Flow = 82 kg/m3
Sludge Reduction Rate= 50%
Specific Gravity of Sewage= 1.03

Aeration Tank = 125 x 82 kg/day = 7.12 m3/min.

24 hrs. x 60 min.

Equalization Tank = 1.03 x .50 x .60 x 7.12 = 2.20m3/min.

Digester Tank = 1.03 x .60 x .60 x 7.12 = 2.64m3/min.
Airlift ……………………………………………= .56
12.52m3/min.
 Use 2 units Blower Operating at 6.25 m3/min. v.s. 4.00m
1 unit standby at 6.25 m3/min. v.s 4.00m

11. Design of Transfer Pump

Q = 44.352 Gallons
TDH = 7.00m; Pump Efficiency = 60%
Specific Gravity = 1.03
Hp = QwH; But Q = 44.352 x 2 = 61.60 gals/m
3960x Eff. 24 hrs x 60 min.
Hp = 61.60 x 1.03 x (7.00+3.50)x3.28
3960 x .60

= 0.9 Say 2 Hp
12. Number of Diffuser
Equalization tank = 2.20 m3/min. = 5.89 Say 6 pcs.
.373
Aeration tank = 7.12 m3/min. = 19 pcs.
.373

Digester Tank = 2.64 m3/min. = 7 pcs.

.373 32 pcs.

13. Estimate of Chlorine Requirement

Vol of Sewage = 163 cu.m/day
Estimated Reading Rate = 7 mg/L
Available chlorine in HTH = 70%
 Solution concentration = 5%

Computation:
Weight of chlorine = 163m3 x 1 day x 7 mg/L = 1.41kg
1000 mg/kg

Weight of HTH = wt. of chlorine in kg. = 1.41 = 2.01

Available chlorine in HTH . 7

Vol. of chlorine Solution per Container:

= wt of HTH = 2.01 = 40 kgs/day
1.0x.05
or 40.25 = 1.67 per hour
24 hr./day
Thank you and
God Bless!