PHILIPPINE ELECTRONICS CODE: BOOK 4

THE DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1: DISTRIBUTED ATENNA SYSTEM

1.1 INDIVIDUAL DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM

Individual Distributed Antenna System (IDAS) is a type of DAS in which services to one
service provider or operator only.

1.2 COMMON DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM

Common Distributed Antenna System (CDAS) is a type of DAS in which several

wireless providers or operators utilize a shared or common system.

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2: THE RF MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 THE RF ANTENNA
2.1.1 Pico Omni-directional Antenna is a type of antenna that emits radio wave power
evenly in all direction (360° Beam width).

2.1.2 Directional Antenna is a type of antenna that emits radio wave in one or two
direction only (60°-65° Beam width and have more gain due to larger RF source).

2.1.3 Directional Antenna for Microcell is a kind of antenna that is used to provide
coverage in lift and elevators. Has higher gain than normal directional antenna to
penetrate the roof walls if the elevator can also be used in Stadiums and Arena)

2.1
2.2 THE RF CABLES
2.2
2.2.1 Feeder or Coaxial Cable is a cable in which radio EM wave is propagated until
reaches the antenna. It is basically connecting line from BTS to DAS in their planned
location. It is usually composed of copper or aluminum hollow tube and coated with
insulation to avoid corrosion and exposing the conductor.

2.2.1
2.2.2 Jumper Cable is also a feeder-type cable to connect Feeders to Splitters,
Couplers, and Combiners and in connection port of BTS itself. Used because of its
flexibility.

2.2.2
2.2.3 Radiating Cables or Leaky Cables are most applicable for use in executive rooms,
elevator shafts, and tunnels where signal propagation is difficult.

electromagnetic interference (EMI).

2.2.3
2.2.4 Fiber Optics Cable it is a cable medium in which light wave propagates. This cable
is usually composed of one or more optical fibers. Optical fibers are silicon hair strand
like string that enables light to travel. They come in (a) Single Mode and (b) Multi-mode
fiber optic system.

2.2.4
2.2.5 Twisted Pair Cables are used to connect transport equipment to BTS. It is a type
of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purpose
of cancelling

2.2.5
2.1.5.1 Category 5 Cable (CAT 5) is a twisted pair for carrying signals. This type of
cable is used for computer networks such as Ethernet. The cable standard provides up
to 100 MHz and it is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-
TX (GIGABIT Ethernet). CAT 5 is also used to carry telephony and video signals.

2.2.5.1
2.2.5.2 Category 6 Cable (CAT 6) is a standardized cable for Gigabit Ethernet and
another network by physical layers that is backward compatible with CAT 5/5e and CAT
3 cable standards. CAT 6 features more stringent specifications for crosstalk and
system noise. The cable provides performance of up to 250 MHz an is suitable for
10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-TX (GIGABIT Ethernet), and
10GBASE-T (10-Gigabit Ethernet).

2.2.5.2
2.3 COMBINERS, COUPLERS, SPLITTERS
Combiners are passive components that combine different frequency into distributed
antenna system.

2.3
A. Combiner Types

• Diplexer

• Triplexer

• 4-way Combiner

• 6-way combiner

• 7-way combiner, etc.

A
B. Directional Couplers are unbalanced couplers that distributes power unevenly with
low loss on the first output port while high loss on the second port.

B
C. Splitters are balanced couplers that split two cable systems and distribute power
evenly.

C
D. Hybrid coupler is a passive device used in radio and telecommunication. It is a type
of directional coupler where the input power is equally divided between two output ports.
Typically it can combine two frequency bands and divide the power output in ports.

D
E. Dummy load is a device used to simulate an electrical load.

E
2.4 TYPE APPROVAL
• Mechanical Test

• Thermal Expansion and Temperature Test

• Corrosion Test

• Electromagnetic Discharge

2.4
2.5 CODE OF RF DAS IMPLEMENTATION
• Bending of Cable must not exceed to the maximum allowable bend of the cable based
on the material specification sheets.

• Fire Retardant RF materials can be mandated or optional based on the

telecommunication operator requirements. It is just to be ensured all the RF materials
are not flammable.

• Cable Tray installation and standards should comply with NEMA Cable tray standards.

• Cable Route should be installed based on the installation plan based on carefully
engineers the based possible routes, which consider infrastructures.

• Cable Brace can be installed every 1 to 1.5 meters of cable

2.5
Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3: THE RF DESIGN CRITERIA

3.1 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT
3.1.1 Services Offered – DAS at minimum should provide voice and data services. This
system should be future proof in order to accommodate emerging technologies that will
come along the way.
3.1.2 Wireless Access Technology – DAS at minimum should support both 2G and 3G
Technologies operating in the following spectrum band of GSM900MHz and
GSM1800MHz in 2g while UMT900MHz and UMT2100Mz for 3G technology.

3.1
3.2 COVERAGE AND CAPACITY DESIGN
3.2.1 Coverage Distance Consideration – The Coverage Distance Consideration should
consider at minimum the following key performance indicators but still based on the
service provider inputs.

3.2.2 Capacity Design Consideration – the capacity of the site is calculated based on
the foot traffic or total number of seating capacity of the building.

3.2
3.3 TARGET COVERAGE OBJECTIVE
3.3
3.3.1 TARGET COVERAGE AREAS
• All public access areas (lobbies and hallways)

• Bars, restaurants, food courts

• Basement and covered parking

• Boutiques and salon

• Bowling alleys and other covered recreational facilities

• Business centers

• Cinema lobbies and major hallways

• Drivers’ waiting lounges

• Fitness clubs, gyms, and locker rooms

• Galleries and trade halls

• Guest lifts and lift lobbies

• Offices

• Stores, specialty shops

• Supermarkets

• Clinics

• Comfort rooms

3.3.1
INCIDENTAL COVERAGE
• Fire exit

• Storage room

• Areas restricted by owners like banks, BPO, tenant’s units electrical, mechanical
rooms, AHU

IC
3.3.2 OF BUILDINGS
3.3.2
3.3.3 Type of Building (Vertical)
3.3.3
3.3.4 Type of Building (horizontal)
Low Rise Expanded are usually big malls with expanded land area or wider land area.

An Arena is a large venue and an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped,

designed to showcase theatre, musical performances, or sports event.

A Stadium is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and
consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a structure
designed to all spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
3.3.4
3.4 TYPES OF DAS DESIGN
3.4.1 Passive DAS Solution – it is a type of DAS design in which it uses purely passive
components and no line amplifier used on the system components.

3.4.2 Pure Active DAS Solution – it is a type of design in which every antenna has a
dedicated radio unit. Every radio unit has a Master unit which fed them through fiber
optics.

3.4
Each master and remote units shall be monitored od any alarm or faulty. The DAS shall
have a network management system (NMS) capable of alarm, monitor, configuration,
and control of all active components

3.4.2.1
SNMP Integration. The DAS network management system shall be capable of
integration with third party SNMP based NMS products for alarm purpose provide alarm
information.

3.4.2.2
Chapter 4

Chapter 4: The DAS Installation

4.1 INDOOR ANTENNA INSTALLATION OVERVIEW
This section is concerned with the general details in the installation and deployment of
indoor picocell antennas. They are to be installed and distributed on the ceiling of a
building in such a way that the building must be 99% covered by bindoor RF signals
such that it overpowers any stray outdoor RF signal in some part of the building.

4.1
Omni Antenna Installation
-Omnidirectional antennas are used.

-Installation must not be concealed or covered to reduce penetration loss.

-Antennas are to be positioned on areas where people can be found usually

frequenting.

-Full coverage is provided unless restricted by Building Admin.

4.1.1
1. Conventional Antenna System Deployment – Antennas are installed either

below the false ceiling or inside the building. It focuses more on convenience.

2. Aesthetic Antenna System Deployment – Antennas are to be designed to

look like other devices such as CCTV cameras, smoke detectors, etc.

Panel Antenna Installation

-Panel directional antennas are used.

-Installed on building corners, long hallways and places in which it will help fill the
shadow area which the Omni antenna failed to cover.

4.1.2
Omni Antenna with Pipe Extender
-Installation should be reinforced with Pipe Extender bolted on concrete beam in the
ceiling.

-Max allowable bending radius of coaxial cable is 90 degrees.

4.1.3
INDOOR ANTENNA INSTALLATION DETAILS& GUIDE
This section shows the proper way to install RF Omni and Panel Antennas in the ceiling
of a building. It also states the Wall Mounted Panel is the best in the

installation of Panel Antenna because of optimization is made easier and flexible.

4.2
COMPONENT DETAILED INFORMATION
For ease of installation and maintenance of all components during upgrades and
retrofits, this sections details the following:

-All passive components should be placed on strategic locations.

-Splitter, combiners and couplers should be braced using component bracket.

*The rest of the section then talks about the proper installation of wall/roof feed thru
plates:

Wall/Roof Feed-Thru Plates - seal rigid line access entry points on buildings. They are
split matched halves with a total of eight mounting holes using

hardware.

4.3
-Accurately determine the entry point where the rigid line penetrates the structure. Cut
out the designated area to the dimension D at the point of entry. Insert a single rigid line
section thru the entry opening. Complete both exterior and interior installation of
horizontal rigid line run. Ensure that the rigid line is suspended at the point of entry and
not resting on either top or bottom of the entry opening.

-Place the feed-thru flange halves around the rigid line and against the wall/roof and use
as a template to mark eight mounting holes and positions and feed-thru clearance
opening. Drill mounting holes through the roof or wall. For mounting flange to concrete,
drill clear holes through concrete or insert bolt anchors at mounting hole positions.

-Place the flange halves into position and add mounting hardware. For metal
installation, use bolts, lock washers, flat washers and nuts obtained locally. Flat
washers must be placed against the inside of the building. For concrete installation, use
anchor bolts. Securely tighten mounting bolts.

4.4 THE RADIO REMOTE UNITS (RRU)

-The RRU is to be placed on a wall mount or a 19” Rack. Mounting bracket
should be included in installation package if wall mounted.

-Power source is either DC/AC at -48VDC or 240 VAC, respectively. AC/DC

converter is used accordingly.

-Maximum length of DC power cable is 150 meters. Cables greater than this

length shall require an AC power source tapped provided by building

authorized personnel or building electrical enginee

-RRUs are basically link to the Baseband Unit (BBU) via fiber optics cable.

4.4
-Fiber optics cable uses Multimode system if it is less than 2 kilometers. Else,

single mode will be deployed.

-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe, rigid steel conduit (RSC) and intermediate

metal conduit (IMC) shall be used to provide protection on the fiber optics

cable. Electro Metallic Conduit (EMC) and Electro Metallic Tubing (EMT) can

also be used for more efficiency.

-Conduits are used only on Fiber Optics Cables, Ethernet Cables and IF

Transport Cables.

-Grounding cable shall be tapped either from the equipment room or from the building
ground whichever is nearer.

-RRUs are to be deployed in riser areas, EE rooms, telecom rooms and/or wall mounted
in space provided by building admin such that it is sufficient andsecure.

-Installation procedures are as follows:

- Typical preparation for RRU is shown via diagrams.

- Steps in installing RRU on the metal pole is listed and shown via diagrams. Important
details are also listed.

- Steps in installing RRU in a wall mount is listed and shown via diagrams.

Important details are also listed.

4.5 FEEDER INSTALLATION AT THE RISER

A riser is the path for Water Pipe, Electrical, Cable and other IT services. This section
states that Vertical feeder cables, fiber and DC cables should be routed to the Vertical
Riser. It also provides typical pipe sleeve installation details because pipe sleeves are
necessary for protection and management of cables. For Coaxial Cables, routes shall
have allocated holes throughout the building to support its route based on the approved
DAS design.

4.5
Chapter 5

Chapter 5: The DAS Technical Standards

THE EQUIPMENT ROOM STANDARDS
The General Equipment Room Considerations (Room Sizes & related accessories) as
defined.

- The Minimum Equipment Room Size is 2.5x2.5x3.5 meters.

- Sizes of Equipment Room depends on no. of cabinets needed to provide

capacity in a particular building.

- Equipment Room shape may vary as long as it can cater all the equipment

needed and provide standard of 1 meter working space.

- Minimum Combiner Room Size for CDAS projects is: 2.0x2.0x3.5

- The equipment room should be near the vertical riser or electrical access areas.

- The equipment room should be near the electrical room.

- The equipment room should have no major overhead water piping (except fire

sprinkler).

- The equipment room should be in a permanent room.

- The Combiner Room should be available for Combined Distributed Antenna

System (CDAS) application.

- The CDAS should be of equal distance from individual mobile operator. Typical

distance is 10 meters for lesser cable loss.

- The equipment room should be free from hazardous chemical fumes, garbage

disposal, or other unwanted disposal area etc.

- The equipment room should be properly ventilated to avoid heat concentration

inside the room.

- The equipment room grounding should be connected to the building grounding

system.

- The equipment room main AC power should be connected to the building backup

generator.

- The overhead C-Channel flanged cable ladders are required. (refer to NEMA

Standards Publication VE 2-2000 for Cable Tray Installation Guidelines)

- The main AC PDB circuit breaker should have a minimum rating of 125A for
individual DAS Equipment room.

- The equipment room should have a grounding bar for telecom equipment and

AC equipment,

- The air-conditioning are required to maintain room temp. of 20 degree Celsius.

- Air-condition must have a redundancy cycling for cooling and nonsimultaneous rest.

- Adequate lighting should be provided for work environment and maintenance

activities.

Typical RF equipment found inside the equipment room:

The Rectifier
The Rectifiers is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one

direction. This process is known as rectification. This is the main power source of all

the major

The Base Transceiver Station

BTS-2G Technology – a base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece of equipment that
facilities wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network.

NodeB-3G Technology – Node B is a term used in UMTS equivalent to BTS description

used in GSM

eNodeB-4G Technology – E-UTRAN Node B, also known as Evolved Node B, is the

element in E-UTRA of LTE that is the evolution of the element Node B in the URTA of
UTMS. It is the hardware that is connected to the mobile phone network that
communicates directly with mobile handsets (UEs), like a BTS in GSM networks.

Base Transceiver Station Repeater

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a

higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of the obstruction, sothat it can

travel long distances.

The Air Condition Unit

Air Conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air to more favorable

conditions.

Installation Instructions:

(a) The Air Conditioner must be applied by authorized persons only.

(b) The Air conditioner should be installed with a firm foundation preferably

concrete to avoid noise and vibration being amplified.

(c) The recommended wall opening is 432mm high by 664mm wide.

(d) Make sure that no objects within 500mm will block the inlet and outlet air of the

unit as this would affect the performance of the unit.

(e) It is highly recommended to install the air conditioner horizontally as slightly

tilted outward approximately 10mm to prevent possible water leakage in the room.

A drip pan is provided with your unit to catch excess moisture in the unit.

(f) The power supply must be connected from an independent electrical circuit. All

electrical installation must be made in accordance to local wiring and safety

regulations.

(g) It is suggested to have an Individual Branch Circuit and Fuse Size

(h) In case of power failure, set room air conditioner to OFF position.

The Transmission Rack

The Microwave Transmission Rack – Microwave transmission refers to the

technology of transmitting information or energy by the use of radio waves whose

wavelengths are conveniently measured small numbers of centimeter; these are

called microwaves. This is used for wireless Backhaul.

Fiber Optics (FOC) Rack - Fiber Optic Transmission is a method of transmitting

information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical

fiber. This is used for Wired Backhaul.

Battery Cabinet + Battery

Battery backup provides power to a system when primary source of power is

unavailable. Backup batteries range from small single cells retain clock time and

date in computers, up to large battery room facilities that power uninterruptible

power supply systems for large data centers. Small backup batteries may be

primary cells; rechargeable backup batteries are kept charged by the prime power
supply.

THE ELECTRICAL STANDARDS

AC Supply and Surge Protectors
TVSS (Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor) is an appliance designed to protect
electrical devices voltage spikes. A surge protector to voltage supplied to an electric

device by either blocking or by shorting to ground any unwanted voltages above a safe
threshold.
ACPDB (Alternating Current Panel Distribution Board) is a component electricity supply
system which divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a
protective fuse or circuit breaker enclosure.

The Grounding System

Grounding system circuitry which connects parts of the electric circuit with the, thus
defining the electric potential of the conductors relative to the Earth’s surface.

The BUSBAR is a strip or a bar of copper, brass or aluminum that conducts

electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery bank or any other
electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to conduct a substantial current of electricity,
not to function as a structural member.

The Grounding PI TIS the final grounding in which the end of the wire is grounded

or connected to Earth for Lightning and Surge Protection. Acceptable Ground

Resistance Value is .5 ohms and below.

The Lightning Arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and

telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning.

THE TRANSPORT STANDARDS

Deployment of Microwave (IP PDH) as Transport Solution
Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information or

energy the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small
numbers of centimeter; these are called microwaves. This part of the radio

spectrum ranges frequencies of roughly 1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 30 GHz. These

correspond to wavelengths 30 centimeters down to 1.0 cm.

Microwave Antenna -- To direct microwaves in narrow beams for communication links

or radio location (radar), a parabolic antenna is usually used. This is an antenna that
uses a parabolic reflector to direct the microwaves. To achieve narrow bandwidths, the
reflector must be larger than the wavelength of the radio waves.

The relatively short wavelength of microwaves allows reasonably sized dishes to the
desired highly directional response for both receiving and transmitting.

The ODU (Outdoor Unit) – It is the outdoor radio unit which feed the Antenna to produce
electromagnetic wave.

The IDU (Indoor Unit) – It is radio connected with the ODU via RF cable.

Deployment of IP RAN as Transport Solution (via Fiber Optics or Copper)

The IP RAN Transport Equipment is the Interface of the Mobile Station connected

to SONET (Fiber) or SDH (Copper) – equipment.

IP RAN Installation Guide

1. Common Cables for the Chassis

2. Installing the Protection Grounding Cable

3. Installing the Power Cable (Mandatory)

4. Installing the E1 Cable

5. Installing the Ethernet Service Network Cable

6. Installing the Fiber Jumper

Notes:

• When routing fibers outside the cabinet, use a bellow or wound tube. The

bellow should be routed to the cabinet about 10 cm and should also be bound.

• Cut the below and proper length according to cabling distance from the
chassis to the ODF.

• After routing fibers onto the bellow, use a strap to bind the cut of the bellow .

• When routing fibers through the cable-guiding frame, make sure the fibers

are not pressed by other cables. Otherwise, the fibers may be damaged.

The Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

(SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical
fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low
transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface.

The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
system for transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same
fiber without synchronization problems. SONE T Generic criteria are detailed in
Telcordia Technologies Generic Requirements document GR- 253-CORE. Generic
criteria applicable to SONE T and other transmission systems (e.g., asynchronous

fiber optic systems or digital radio systems) are found Telcordia GR-499 CORE.

Chapter 6: The DAS Physical And Logical Installations Quality And Acceptance
Chapter 6

This chapter provides the different acceptance guidelines prescribed in each domain.
The vendor/contractor shall provide an acceptance report to the service provider /
operator.

DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM ACCEPTANCE

Quality Assurance is secured through DAS acceptance.

Checklist Standards differs per mobile operator since they have the leverage to be more
conservative regarding their Antenna System.

The most important part is the VS WR reading, in which in international standard,

you should get 1.5 or lower in value.

The other one is the Distance to Fault Ratio.

FACILITY / EQUIPMENT ROOM ACCEPTANCE

Civil Works and Electrical Works are the basic topic in Facility Acceptance.

This includes the comfort in equipment room due to space.

WIRELESS TRANSPORT ACCEPTANCE

WIRELINE TRANSPORT ACCEPTANCE
RF ACCEPTANCE
Coverage
Quality
Handover

Proper neighboring identification must be programmed to smoothly process soft and

hard hand over. KPI is set depending on the telecom operators.

Spillage and Overshoot

This is the excess power which serves the outdoor coverage which may introduce

noise to the service outdoor BTS.