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21 March 2011
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Edward Carson was an MP and a barrister. In the folklore of Northern Ireland, he is often

referred to as the uncrowned king of Ulster for the role he played in keeping the unionists of

Ulster within the United Kingdom at a time when the government was looking to impose

home-rule on the whole of Ireland.

He was a man of paradoxes. A loyal Irishman whose career was mostly in England and a

Dubliner who focused on Belfast, he was a mediocre student who nevertheless outwitted the

most brilliant of his contemporaries. Although happiest at home he risked war with Britain

to remain in union with her; though a sickly man he could rouse crowds of hundreds of

thousands and saw as his biggest that which many revere him for still today.

The only person ever to have been solicitor-general for both Ireland and Britain, one of only a

handful to sit on the government front bench upon their first entry to parliament and one of

only eleven non-royals in history to be given a full state-funeral; his honours speak for

themselves yet he never sought power or status and often refused it.

In discussing his leadership styles it is sometimes necessary to understand the background of

various situations. Where this is the case, such background is included in footnotes.

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/)=&'&0$/&$120),-(;$5&,+&5$+21$'&03:+2;$3,5$k<&&,1C&00;$=31$300&12&5B$2<0,+,-$

2)$ .301),$ 2)$ 3:2$ 31$ 5&A&,:&?$ $ .301),$ 0&A<1&5X$ +2$ =31$ 3,$ <,*(&313,2$ :31&$

:),:&0,+,-$3$<,+'&01+2;$:),2&8*)030;$C31&5$),$1:3,2$&'+5&,:&?"T$$\.301),$:)<(5$

),(;$ A+-/2$ +A$ /&$ :)<(5$ *&01<35&$ /+81&(A$ )A$ 2/&$ 8)03($ Z<12+:&$ )A$ /+1$ :31&$ 3,5$ /31$

A0&`<&,2(;$0&A<1&5$C0+&A1$=/+:/$:)<(5$,)2$30)<1&$2/+1$:),'+:2+),$+,$/+1$/&302]?"N$$

.301),$ =31$ 0&6)AA&0&5$ 2/&$ C0+&A$ =+2/$ &'+5&,:&$ :)((&:2&5$ 2/0)<-/$ 1<C123,2+3($

5&2&:2+'&$ =)0>B$ 3,5$ =31$ A+,3((;$ *&01<35&5$ C;$ 2/&$ &D64)05$ ./3,:&(()0$ 2)$ 3::&*2B$

\L/&$ -0&32$ 2/+,-$ +1$ 2)$ 300+'&$ 32$ Z<12+:&B]$ 4)05$ M3(1C<0;$ 13+5B$ \3,5$ +2$ +1$ ;)<B$ _$

C&(+&'&B$=/)$:3,$C&12$5)$+2]?"U$

L/&0&$+1$1<--&12+),$2/32$^+(5&$/35$322&8*2&5$2)$:(3+8$.301),$A)0$2/&$*(3+,2+AAB"[$

/)=&'&0B$ J30Z)0+C3,>1W1$ 311&118&,2B$ 2/32$ ^+(5&$ i0&8&8C&0+,-$ 2/&+0$ <,+'&01+2;$

53;1j$13=$,)$C0+((+3,:&$+,$.301),$2)$832:/$/+1$)=,B$1&&81$8)0&$(+>&(;?$$L/&$138&$
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"!$L/&$A<(($5&23+(1$)A$2/&$C3:>-0)<,5$2)$2/+1$30&$=&(($5):<8&,2&5$3,5$A):<1$<*),$3$A38)<1$3AA3+0$

C&2=&&,$ k<&&,1C<0;W1$ 1),B$ 4)05$ 7(A0&5$ %)<-(31$ 3,5$ ^+(5&?$ $ L/&$ 0&(32+),1/+*$ C&2=&&,$
k<&&,1C&00;$ 3,5$ 2/&$ 0&12$ )A$ /+1$ A38+(;$ =31$ ,)2$ *(&313,2$ 3,5$ 1)8&$ 3<2/)01$ 13=$ k<&&,1C&00;W1$
3:2+),$31$3,)2/&0$C322(&$+,$2/&$=30$3-3+,12$/+1$A38+(;?$
"T$ .301),$ 3,5$ ^+(5&$ =&0&$ C)2/$ 32$ L0+,+2;B$ %<C(+,$ 2)-&2/&0$ 32$ 2/&$ 138&$ 2+8&?$ $ L/&;$ =&0&$ ,)2$

A0+&,51B$ ^+(5&$ 5+1(+>&5$ 8)12$ )A$ /+1$ <,+'&01+2;$ :),2&8*)030+&1$ 3,5$ /+1$ *)(+2+:1$ A3')<0&5$ 2/&$
,32+),3(+121?$\.301),W1$A312+5+)<1$3,5$G*3023,$,32<0&$=31$0&*&((&5B$,)2$38<1&5B$C;$2/&$*&0A<8&1$
3,5$ &D203'3-3,2$ 03+8&,2$ 2/32$ /35$ 3(0&35;$ 12302&5$ 2)$ /3,-$ 3C)<2$ ^+(5&]$ J30Z)0+C3,>1B$ %&'#$ ('$
+,)-(.$<B$"H$
"N$J30Z)0+C3,>1B$%&'#$('$+,)-(.$:(6;5B$"PP?$
"U$M;5&B$+,)-(.B$"Hd?$
"[$4&=+1B$+,)-(.0$3&4&*#*$5)#6,.*B$!"?$

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300)-3,:&$ 2/32$ 3(()=&5$ ^+(5&$ 2)$ A(3<,2$ /+1$ 3AA3+0$ =+2/$ 3,)2/&0$ 83,"P$ 3,5$ 2)$

*0)1&:<2&$ 3$ 20<2/$ 31$ 3$ (+&$ ,)=$ 3AA)05&5$ /+8$ 3$ :)8A)02+,-B$ +A$ <,0&3(+12+:B$

:)8*(3:&,:;$+,$'+&=$)A$2/&$:)8+,-$20+3(?$$$

_,+2+3((;$ 2/+1$ :),A+5&,:&$ 1&&8&5$ =&((6A)<,5&5X$ .301),$ :)88&,:&5$ /+1$ :0)116

&D38+,32+),$ )A$ 2/+1$ `<+:>6=+22&5$ 3,5$ C0+((+3,2$ (+22&032&<0$ +,$ 3$ 5+1:<11+),$ )A$ /+1$

)=,$ =)0>1?$ ^+(5&$ 835&$ A<(($ <1&$ )A$ /+1$ >&&,,&11$ )A$ 8+,5$ 3,5$ A(+**3,2$ /<8)<0B$

8<:/$2)$2/&$5&(+-/2$)A$2/&$:0)=5?$$^/&,$`<&12+),&5$),$2/&$8&3,+,-$)A$/+1$=)0>1B$

/&$ 30-<&5$ 2/32B$ A)0$ /+8B$ +2$ =31$ +8*)11+C(&$ 2)$ <,5&0123,5$ 8&3,+,-$ \3*302$ A0)8$

302]B$ C&3<2;$ =31$ &'&0;2/+,-$ 3,5$ 2/&$ '+&=1$ )A$ 2/&$ )05+,30;$ +,5+'+5<3($ 8&3,2$

,)2/+,-?$$L/&$53;$:()1&5$'&0;$8<:/$+,$^+(5&W1$A3')<0?$

V,$ 53;$ 2=)B$ .301),$ 5+1:<11&5$ ^+(5&W1$ 83(&$ 3:`<3+,23,:&1B$ ),$ =/)8$ /&$ /35$

/&3*&5$-+A21$3,5$(<D<0+&1?$$M&$5+1:<11&5$,38&$3A2&0$,38&$3,5$&'&,2<3((;B$`<+2&$

1<55&,(;$3,5$A)0:&A<((;B$31>&5$+A$^+(5&$/35$>+11&5$3$*302+:<(30$"N6)(56C);B$^+(5&$

3,1=&0&5$*&0&8*2)0+(;B$\V/B$5&30$,)l$/&$=31$&D20&8&(;$<-(;]?#d$L/&$203,1:0+*2$

A0)8$ 2/&0&),$ 83>&1$ <,:)8A)023C(&$ 0&35+,-$ 31$ .301),$ *0&11&1$ /)8&$ 2/&$

35'3,23-&$ 3,5$ ^+(5&$ +1$ (&A2$ +,302+:<(32&$ 3,5$ 1*(<22&0+,-B$ 3AA)05&5$ ,)$ 0))8$ A)0$

83,)&<'0&?$$V,$53;$2/0&&B$3A2&0$.301),$3,,)<,:&5$2/&$*+8*1$3,5$0&,26C);1$/&$

=31$:3((+,-B$^+(5&$50)**&5$3(($:/30-&1?$

L/&0&$ =&0&$ 2=)$ A<02/&0$ 20+3(1B$ ,)=$ *0)1&:<2+,-$ ^+(5&?$ $ .301),$ =31$ 31>&5$ 2)$

*0)1&:<2&$ C<2$ /35$ ,)$ 2312&$ A)0$ '+,5+:2+'&,&11$ 3,5$ &'&,$ 20+&5$ 2)$ +,2&0'&,&$ ),$

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C&&,$ *<,+1/3C(&$ C;$ 5&32/B$ 3(2/)<-/$ C;$ 2/32$ 2+8&$ 2/&$ 1&,2&,:&$ /35$ C&&,$ 0&5<:&5$ 2)$ 2=)$ ;&301$
/305$(3C)<0?$
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0&*<232+),$ C<2$ /35$ :)88+22&5$ /+81&(A$ 2)$ 2/&$ :31&?$ \M&$ 5+5$ ,)2$ (+>&$ +,20+-<&$ )0$

1<C2(&2;]B$ C<2$ 13=$ 2/+,-1$ 31$ C(3:>$ 3,5$ =/+2&$ 3,5$ =31$ ,)2$ 3$ 83,$ A)0$ /3(A$

8&31<0&1?##$

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^/+(12$^+(5&W1$1(+*$)A$2/&$2),-<&$=31$2/&$1&3($+,$2/&$=3DB$2/&$A&&(+,-B$),:&$+,$/+1$

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2/&$Z<12+:&$)A$/+1$:3<1&$:)8C+,&5$=+2/$/+1$0&:)-,+1&5$3C+(+2;$2)$*&,&2032&$2)$2/&$

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/<8)<0B$=31$3C(&$2)$:(&30(;$:),20312$2/&$(+2&030;$&(+2+18$)A$53;$),&$=+2/$2/&$83,$

=/)$0&:)-,+1&5$\h)$1):+3($5+12+,:2+),1$)A$3,;$>+,5]#H$3,5$/3**+(;$:3')02&5$=+2/$

-0))81$3,5$'3(&21B$83,;$(+22(&$8)0&$2/3,$C);1B$),$53;$2=)?$$^+2/)<2$,&&5+,-$2)$

-&2$ +,2)$ 2/&$ :)301&0$ 5&23+(1$ )A$ 2/&$ :31&B$ .301),$ =31$ 3C(&$ 2)$ 5&8),12032&$ 2/32$

k<&&,1C&00;$=31$:)00&:2$+,$/+1$:30&A<((;$:/)1&,$'&0C$)A$Y*)1+,-W$31$3$1)5)8+2&?#!$$$

K*&2*"56#7)I)J%%*7$#0;)R5)L**/#0;)

^)0>+,-$/305$32$2/&$C30B$.301),$=31$3(1)$/&3'+(;$:)88+22&5$2)$/+1$g,+),+12$=)0>$

+,$ *30(+38&,2?$ $ L/&$ 5&C32&1$ ),$ /)8&$ 0<(&$ 1=&((&5B$ :)8+,-$ 2)$ 3$ /&35$ =+2/$ 2/&$

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=&0&$>,)=,$2)$C&$8&,2+),&5$+,$k<&&,1C&00;W1$&'+5&,:&$3,5$+2$=31$A&30&5$2/32$2)$50)*$2/&$:31&$
=)<(5$C&$2)$+,'+2&$+,2&0,32+),3($3::<132+),1$)A$:)00<*2+),$
##$M;5&$e3*&01B$%RHd[!RMR#"[B$4)05$f+0>&,/&35$2)$M;5&B$Hd$K<,&$"PTdB$`<)2&5$+,$4&=+1B$+,)-(.0$

3&4&*#*$5)#6,.*B$!T?$
#H$g,+'&01+2;$)A$J+11)<0+6a3,131$.+2;$G:/))($)A$43=B$H=&6*#$!)&,6-I;$
#!$ ^+(5&$ +1$ )A2&,$ :),1+5&0&5$ 1)8&2/+,-$ )A$ 3$ -3;$ 8302;0$ +,$ 8)5&0,$ 2+8&1?$ $ _,$ 2/+1$ 20+3(B$ ^+(5&W1$

3AA3+0$ =+2/$ %)<-(31$ =31$ C30&(;$ 835&$ 3,$ +11<&$ )A?$ $ ^/32$ 0&'+(&5$ .301),$ 3,5$ 1):+&2;$ 8)0&$ =31$
^+(5&W1$ 3C<1&$ )A$ /+1$ +,A(<&,:&$ 3,5$ +,')('&8&,2$ +,$ 2/&$ 8<:/$ 1&&5+&0$ =)0(5$ )A$ i83(&j$ 2&&,3-&$
*0)12+2<2+),?$
#T$ _,$ "PdP$ 4();56b&)0-&$ 31$ 4+C&03($ ./3,:&(()0$ )A$ 2/&$ ED:/&`<&0$ /35$ 20+&5$ 2)$ +,20)5<:&$ /+1$

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P$ $
0<(&W1$:),12+2<2+),3($C<(=30>$31$:)8*(&2&(;$+((&-3(B$A)0$/+8$2/&$-()'&1$=&0&$=&(($

3,5$20<(;$)AA$3,5$/&$3::&*2&5$3,$+,'+232+),$A0)8$2/&$g(12&0$g,+),+12B$K38&1$.03+-$

2)$'+1+2$f&(A312?$$.03+-$=31$3$C0+((+3,2$)0-3,+1&0$3,5$358+,+12032)0$C<2$g(12&0B$C;$

A30$ 3,5$ 3=3;$ 2/&$ 8)12$ *0)A+23C(&$ *302$ )A$ _0&(3,5$ 3,5$ *)11&11+,-$ 120),-&12$

<,+),+12$')+:&B$=31$32$2/+1$2+8&$=31$:0;+,-$)<2$A)0$3,$3<2/)0+232+'&$3,5$311&02+'&$

(&35&0?$ $ 7(2/)<-/$ 3$ %<C(+,&0B$ +2$ 1&&8&5$ .301),$ 3,5$ g(12&0$ =&0&$ 835&$ A)0$ &3:/$

)2/&0?$.03+-$/35$)0-3,+1&5$3$8311+'&$03((;$2/32$.301),$=31$2)$3550&11B#N$\_$,)=$

&,2&0$+,2)$3$:)8*3:2$=+2/$;)<l$-+'+,-$;)<$2/&$C&12$_$:3,$3,5$;)<$-+'+,-$8&$3(($

;)<0$120&,-2/$C&/+,5$8&$F$=&$=+(($;&2$5&A&32$2/&$8)12$,&A30+)<1$:),1*+03:;$2/32$

/31$ &'&0$ C&&,$ /32:/&5$ 3-3+,12$ 3$ A0&&$ *&)*(&]?#U$ L/&$ 03((;$ =31$ 2/&$ A+012$ )A$ 83,;$

3,5$>+:>612302&5$2/&$g(12&0$:38*3+-,$)A$<,+),+18?$$$

L/&;$ 12302&5$ =)0>$ ),$ 3,$ +,2&0+8$ :),12+2<2+),$ 1<:/$ 2/32$ 2/&$ *0)'+,:&$ )A$ g(12&0$

:)<(5$+,5&*&,5&,2(;$-)'&0,$2/&81&('&1$2/&$8)8&,2$/)8&$0<(&$C&:38&$(3=$<,2+($

1<:/$ 2+8&$ 31$ 2/&$ f0+2+1/$ b)'&0,8&,2$ Y13=$ 1&,1&W?$ $ _2$ =31$ :&023+,(;$ ,)2$ .301),W1$

+5&3$2)$*302+2+),$_0&(3,5?$$M&$=31$3$g,+),+12$C<2$3(1)$3,$_0+1/83,$3,5$/&$()'&5$/+1$

:)<,20;?$$_,$/+1$:/303:2&0+12+:$=3;$)A$-&22+,-$2)$2/&$/&302$)A$2/&$8322&0$2/)<-/B$/&$

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<,*0&:&5&,2&5$ 12&*$ )A$ '&2)+,-$ 2/+1$ C<5-&2B$ 2/&$ -)'&0,8&,2$ =&,2$ ),$ 2/&$ )AA&,1+'&?$ $ L/&+0$ 2=)$
)*2+),1$=&0&$2)$A())5$2/&$4)051$A<(($)A$,&=$*&&01$=/)$=)<(5$')2&$=+2/$2/&8$+,$3$C+(($*0)0)-<+,-$
2/&$4)051W$0+-/2$)A$'&2)B$)0$1)8&/)=$A)0:&$2/&$C+(($2/0)<-/$C)2/$/)<1&1?$$h&+2/&0$1&&8&5$*)11+C(&B$
31$E5=305$O__$=)<(5$,)2$3(()=$1<:/$83:/+,32+),1?$$M&$5+&5$+,$"P"d$3,5$A)(()=+,-$2=)$&(&:2+),1$
3,5$3$/<,-$*30(+38&,2$+,$2/&$138&$;&30B$b&)0-&$O$*0)'&5$8)0&$38&,3C(&?$$L/&$2/0&32$)A$(30-&6
1:3(&$ *&&0$ :0&32+),$ <,5&08+,+,-$ 2/&$ 3<2/)0+2;$ )A$ 2/&$ M)<1&$ )A$ 4)051$ *&01<35&5$ 83,;$ 2)$
0&:),1+5&0?$$_,$2/&$&,5B$2/&$4)051$')2&5$+,$A3')<0$)A$2/&$e30(+38&,2$3:2$C;$3$83Z)0+2;$)A$"U$')2&1?$$
L/+1$ +,:(<5&5$ 2/&$ <,<1<3($ ,),63C12+,&,:&$ )A$ "H$ )A$ 2/&$ 4)051$ G*+0+2<3(?$ $ L/+1$ *)=&0$ )A$ '&2)$ /35$
2/<1$ A30$ &,5&5$ &'&0;$ M)8&$ 0<(&$ 3:2$ 3,5$ 2/&$ *311+,-$ )A$ 2/&$ e30(+38&,2$ 7:2$ )*&,(;$ 1*(+2$ 2/&$
g,+),+12$ *302;$ +,2)$ 2/)1&B$ (+>&$ .301),B$ =3,2+,-$ 2)$ A+-/2$ ),$ C03'&(;$ i2/&$ %+&/3051j$ 3,5$ 2/)1&$
0&(<:23,2(;$3::&*2+,-$2/&$+,&'+23C(&$i2/&$M&5-&01j$3,5$2/&;$)AA+:+3((;$8&0-&5$2/&$,&D2$;&30$=+2/$
2/&$.),1&0'32+'&1$iL/&$8)5&0,$:),1&0'32+'&1$30&$12+(($)AA+:+3((;$>,)=,$31$L/&$.),1&0'32+'&$3,5$
g,+),+12$ e302;j$ .301),$ =31$ +,:&,1&5$ C;$ 2/&$ 0&:3(:+203,:&$ )A$ /+1$ /&5-&0$ :)((&3-<&1$ 3,5$ C&:38&$
3:<2&(;$ 3=30&$ 2/32$ &D2036*30(+38&,230;$ +,+2+32+'&1$ =)<(5$ C&$ ,)=$ 0&`<+0&5$ +A$ /)8&$ 0<(&$ =&0&$ 2)$
C&$3'&02&5?$$$
#N$L/&$f&(A312$h&=164&22&0$&12+832&5$2/&$,<8C&01$)A$2/+1$-32/&0+,-$2)$C&$+,$&D:&11$)A$3$/<,50&5$

2/)<13,5$
#U$e)11+C(;$L/&$f&(A312$h&=1(&22&0B$`<)2&5$+,$4&=+1B$+,)-(.0$3&4&*#*$5)#6,.*B$UP$

$ "d$
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32$2/+1$123-&B#[$$

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=31$ (+>&(;$ 2)$ 1*(+2$ 2/&$ *302;$ A<02/&0$ 3,5$ 83,;$ =&0&$ ())>+,-$ &(1&=/&0&?$ $ .301),$

=31$ :),1<(2&5$ C<2$ 0&A<1&5?$ $ E'&,2<3((;$ 7,50&=$ f),30$ 43=$ =31$ <,3,+8)<1(;$

&(&:2&5$C<2$,)2$<,2+($/&$/35$-+'&,$.301),$),&$8)0&$)**)02<,+2;B$3,,)<,:+,-$/&$

=)<(5$,)2$123,5$+A$.301),$=3,2&5$2)?$$$

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2/&+0$ *0+,:+*(&1$ A)0$ 38C+2+),$ 3,5$ +2$ 5+5$ 8<:/$ A)0$ /+1$ 3<2/)0+2;$ 2/32$ /&$ <*/&(5$

2/)1&$ C&(+&A1$ +,$ *<C(+:?$ $ M+1$ (&35&01/+*$ +,$ g(12&0$ =31$ 1)8&2/+,-$ 2/32$ 5&'&()*&5$

,32<03((;B$ 3(2/)<-/$ /+1$ 8)12$ )C'+)<1$ 0)(&$ =31$ 31$ 3$ 1*)>&183,$ 3,5$ A+-<0&/&35B$

(&3'+,-$ 8)12$ )A$ 2/&$ 358+,+12032+),$ 3,5$ +8*(&8&,232+),$ 2)$ .03+-$ 3,5$ 2/&$ g(12&0$

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“We used to say that we could not trust an Irish parliament in Dublin to do justice to a
Protestant minority. Let us take care that that reproach can no longer be made against
your parliament, and from the outset let them see that the Catholic minority have
nothing to fear from a Protestant majority… while maintaining to the last your own
traditions… take care that similar rights are preserved for those that differ from us”. 48

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