On-line dynamic-security c ntingency scr
ranking
K.W. Chan
R.W. Dunn
A.R. Daniels
J.A. Padget
A.O.Ekwue
EH. Buxton
M.J.Rawlins
Indexing terms: Dynamic security, Power systems, Stability assessment, Contingency ranking
Abstract: An on-line dynamic-security contin-
gency screening and ranking system for large
complex power systems, online algorithms for
system-instability studies (OASIS), has been
developed which is intended to provide a list of
ranked contingencies for the current operational
state of the power system every 15 min. A high-
speed power-system simulator is used to predict,
in real time, transient and dynamic stability from
any initial power-system state together with an
appropriate contingency list. OASIS uses a client/
server model and is designed to run on a
heterogeneous computer network to avoid any
limit to system size. The prototype of the assessor
was completed in mid 1994 and field trials were
carried out within an operational power-system-
control centre using real online data taken from
the system energy-management system. Imple-
mentation of OASIS and the results of the field
trials are described.
1 Introduction
In response to increasing economic and environmental
pressure, many operators of large and complex power
systems are seeking to extract greater efficiencies from
their existing assets. One possible means of increasing
efficiency is to operate assets closer to their thermal
and stability limits. In addition to traditional offline
day-ahead planning, this calls for use of online secu-
0IEE, 1997
IEE Proceedings online no. 19970864
Paper first received 25th October 1995 and in revised form 20th August
1996
K.W. Chan, R.W. Dunn and A.R. Daniels are with the School of
Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY
J.A. Padget is with School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath.
Bath BA2 7AY
O.A. Ekwue is with the Technology and Science Division, National Grid
Company plc, Kelvin Avenue, Leatherhead KT22 7ST, UK
P.H. Buxton is with Grid System Management, National Grid Company
plc, National Grid House, Kirby Comer Road, Coventry CV4 8 J Y , UK
M.J. Rawlins is with the Control Technology Centre, National Grid
Company Control Centre, St. Catherine’s Lodge, Beanvood Road,
Berkshire RGl 1 5BN, UK
132
rity-assessment tools which provide guidance to power-
system operators to ensure the safety of the system
against unexpected conditions.
Online security-assessment systems can be classified
into two categories: static and dynamic. Static security
assessors (SSA) are usually based on fast decoupled-
load-flow analysis and deal with steady-state-limit vio-
lations. They are in common use with modern energy-
management systems (EMS). On the other hand, a
dynamic security assessor (DSA) requires the analysis
of the system electromechanical dynamics from a snap-
shot taken from the power system. Either time-domain-
simulation or direct-stability-assessment methods can
be used for this purpose.
Compared with the static counterpart, dynamic secu-
rity assessment is more computationally intensive.
Attempts to incorporate an industrial-scale DSA within
an EMS would impose a very significant increase in
computing burden on the utilities’ online computing
resources and, as a consequence, the provision of a full
DSA facility is rare [l].
The online algorithms for system-instability studies
(OASIS) is a distributed interactive oiiline dynamic-
security contingency screening and ranking system run-
ning across a heterogeneous computer network. OASIS
has been under development since 1992 in a collabora-
tive venture between the University of Bath and the
National Grid CO in the UK. The OASIS project is not
only aimed at providing transient-stability assessment
but also includes a detailed analysis of the system’s
dynamic performance with a target cycle time of 15
min.
In this paper, the security-analysis methods adopted
by OASIS are described with an explanation and justi-
fication of why they are selected or developed. Rather
than describing each component of the OASIS pack-
age, emphasis is placed on the details of its infrastruc-
ture and critical core components. Results and
discussions of the trials carried at the National Grid
Control Centre (NGCC) are also presented.
2 Dynamic-security assessment
The security of a power system can be defined as its
ability to withstand a set of severe but credible contin-
gencies and to survive transition to an acceptable new
steady-state condition. In practice, this is assessed by
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distuib., Vol. 144, No. 2,March 1997
detection of operating-limit violation and contingency
analysis.
Depending on the time scale, security monitoring is
carried out on the basis of three models: the steady-
state, post-transient and transient stability models.
Fig. 1 is an overall flow diagram showing the opera-
tion of the security-assessment system. At every sam-
pling time, real-time SCADA measurements are
retrieved and then processed by the state estimator to
construct a real-time power-network model in which
the best estimates of the current state of the system can
be evaluated. The measured values of various elements
are checked against the preset operating limits and any
violation will produce an alarm.
I contingency list
I I real-time
SCADAdata .
transient and dynamic stability analysis
1 alarm pracessing I I contingenty ranking
I man-machine interface (MMI )
Fig. 1 D y n a m i c - s e c u r i t y - a e a t system
The contingency list used is based on the operational
experience of the utility involved and is stored in the
online database. To reduce the total assessment time,
screening tools are commonly employed to select only a
small subset of the full contingency list for evaluation.
As a spinoff exercise, a neural-network-based transient
and dynamics-screening filter has also been developed
to use with OASIS. A paper on transient and dynamics
screening is still in preparation; preliminary results on
transient screening alone have been published in [2].
Any possible overloads and instability problems will
become an alarm and the contingencies will be pre-
sented to the operator in an order ranked according to
their severity.
3 The national grid system
The national grid system [3] is the high-voltage trans-
mission system covering England and Wales operated
by the National Grid CO (NGC) plc which has an
installed capacity of 57GW. In 1993-94, a maximum
actual demand of 47.74GW was reached on 4 January
1994. This system is linked to two major power
systems: 275kV and 400kV AC links to the Scottish
power system and a 2000MW DC link with France.
The system is at present controlled through four area
control centres and the National Grid Control Centre
(NGCC). This was commissioned in 1993 together with
a new EMS supplied by the Empros power system con-
trol division of Siemens Energy and Automation Inc.
This EMS provides a set of real-time network-analysis
(RTNA) applications running on Cyber 960 computers
for power-system state estimation and static-security
analysis.
4 Security-analysis application
Within the EMS, the high-voltage transmission system
is modelled in full detail while the low-voltage trans-
IEE Proc -Gener Transm Distrib , Vol 144, No 2, March 1997
mission system and the Scottish power system are rep-
resented by equivalents and simplified models,
respectively. Every 5 min, an equivalent-network model
of the complete system is built from the updated telem-
etry readings and switch status. Two sequences of anal-
ysis tools are then triggered, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
NGC security-analysis outline fyJ;;;L 1
I) I
DC-state DC externa
estimator estimator assessment
t H
-- - _DC- -sequence -- -5-min)
--- -(every - - -- - -
AC sequence (every 15 min 1
I
OASIS extension YI
dynami c-securi ty
assessment I
1
I Fig.2 Security-analysis application
I The DC and AC security assessors are based on DC
load flow and fast-decoupled load flow, respectively
with 5 min cycle time for the DC sequence and 15 min
for the AC sequence. Security is assessed against poten-
tial thermal violations and voltage/reactive violations.
OASIS is designed to work alongside the existing
tools available from the RTNA application. At every
AC sequence cycle, a consistent real-time power-system
snapshot is obtained from the AC external estimator
and fed to OASIS for detail dynamic evaluation, as
shown in Fig. 2. Being a complementary extension to
the main AC-security assessor, OASIS is designed to
deal with transient and dynamic-stability analysis while
leaving the task of static-security assessment to the
RTNA application.
5 Time-domain simulation
A large amount of previous research effort [4] has been
spent on developing a set of power-system models
which are suitable for real-time simulation, using mini-
mum computation resources while being sufficiently
accurate to represent the electromechanical dynamic
and transient modes of operation of a large power sys-
tem. The overall accuracy achieved from the those
models is consistent with that obtained using conven-
tional offline software packages.
Each machine group is represented by a fifth-order-
voltage-behind-subtransient-reactance model with a
second-order excitation model and a fourth-order
prime-mover-and-governor model. Several nonlineari-
ties are modelled such as control limits, nonlinear
steam flows and magnetic saturation. The network
equations model balanced three-phase conditions using
nodal-admittance analysis.
6 Stability assessment
In OASIS, system stability is assessed by using a com-
posite severity index which consists of both transient
and dynamic components as described below.
133
6. I Transient stability
Electromechanical transient-stability analysis concerns
the transient behaviour of the power system when mov-
ing from the pre- to post-contingency operating point.
For the reason of computational economics, both
direct methods [5, 61 and artificial-intelligence methods
[7] have often been proposed for use in online tran-
sient-stability assessment. However, it is not easy to
apply these methods to larger power systems involving
more complex models of plant and contingencies.
At present, time-domain simulation appears to be the
preferred method for reliable transient-stability assess-
ment, since its online use is well within the capabilities
provided by current modern workstations. The effects
of cascaded tripping can also be included in the contin-
gency evaluation if protection models are incorporated
within the simulation.
For simplicity, transient instability is defined, within
the context of OASIS, as any pole slipping detected
within the simulation period. The time taken for the
system to pole-slip is used as an indication of the con-
tingency severity. If Ts!mand Tpsare the maximum sim-
ulation time and the time to pole-slip, respectively, the
severity index SI,, of the contingency belonging to the
class of transient unstable cases is formulated as
where wtu is a constant scaling factor defaulted to be
10 000.
If no pole-slipping is detected within the simulation
period, OASIS uses the maximum magnitude of the
rotor swing among all generators as an approximation
to the degree of transient instabilities. An alarm is be
given in OASIS if swings greater than 100" are
detected, and this somewhat arbitrary limit can be fixed
using operator experience as a guideline.
In addition to the maximum swing, frequency devia-
tions and generator active power output are used as
supplementary measurements for assessing the transient
effects of the contingency. As a result, the contribution
of the transient assessment SI, to the system severity
index becomes
SI,= W s w ~ s , + W f S I , + %"SJmva
(2)
where as, is the maximum rotor swing in degrees
among all generators and
2
= cc ( F )
all all
gens steps
f - fo
(3)
SI,,, = -&.& ( active power
rated active power
gens step
are the severity-index contributions of machine fre-
quency deviations normalised to 0.4% system frequency
and active-power generation normalised to machine
rating, respectively. The weighting factors wsw, wf and
w,, are set to 1 as a default.
6.2 Dynamic stability
Dynamic-stability analysis concentrates on the stability
of the power system when subject to small perturba-
tions about its operating point. Long-term oscillations
and limit cycles are of particular interest as these may
impair power-system security and lead to islanding.
134
Such oscillations have been the subject of some discus-
sion in the recent past [8].
Although offline dynamic-stability assessment has
traditionally been carried out by eigenvalue analysis, an
alternative technique which is more amenable to a real-
time environment has been adopted in OASIS. Con-
sider that the power-system dynamic conditions during
a disturbance are described by a set of differential
equations:
li: = F(z,u) + EW (5)
where x is the system state vector, U is the control input
vector, F is a vector valued nonlinear function, E is dis-
tribution matrix and w is the system disturbance.
The modal or free response due to the initial condi-
tion xo is given by
where xj is the jth element of vector x and A,pi and qiT
are the eigenvalues, right eigenvectors and left eigen-
vectors of F.
A linear combination of the states xj(t) forms the sig-
nal s(t) which can be measured as the frequency devia-
tion, rotor-angle swing etc., and expressed as
(7)
where J; are the weightings. The signal s(t) is, in gen-
eral, a sum of damped or growing sinusoids, damped
or growing exponentials and a constant. If sophisti-
cated signal-processing techniques are used, the modes
of oscillations (eigenvalues) can be 'reverse engineered'
from a given measured signal [9].
This idea of assessing the system behaviour by exam-
ining the observable signals is adopted in OASIS. As a
result of the time-domain simulation, the time history
of the machine-rotor swings or accelerations is readily
available for examination. However, because the main
concern of interest is the dominant slow electromechan-
ical-oscillation mode only, full Fourier analysis is not
required. Instead, the following simple but effective
method was developed for this purpose.
For every machine, the envelopes of the rotor swing-
curve for all machines are extracted by identifying the
swing amplitudes. With the assumption that subsequent
oscillations are dominated by a single mode of oscilla-
tion, the swing envelope xe(t) can be approximated by
an exponential function as follows:
s e @ )= Aebt
A best-fit exponential function can then be found by
applying a logarithmic transformation and the linear-
(8)
regression method on the extracted data set. The result-
ing value of b can be used as a quantitative measure of
the post-contingency dynamic stability of this particu-
lar machine. In the present implementation, an alarm is
generated whenever the appropriate decay-time con-
stant is greater than the recommended value. For the
purpose of this study, this time was chosen to be 12s.
The time history shown in Fig. 3 is a typical response
of a machine rotor following a large disturbance. The
corresponding extracted rotor-swing amplitudes and
their best-fitted exponential are shown in Fig. 4 to
illustrate how well the fitting can be made. In fact, the
quality of fit achieved by the regression can be meas-
ured with the regression coefficient of determination y2.
By using the fit :Y of generator i as the weighting of
the approximated decay rates b, of generator i, the sys-
IEE Proc -Gener Transm Distrib I Vol 144 No 2,March I997
temwide dynamic-severity index can be formulated as Within each class, contingencies are ranked with a
descending system-severity index. The system-severity
(9) index SI is calculated as
where wd is the weighting of the dynamic-severity index
in the context of system-severity index and is set to
S I == { SI, + SId
srtu
if transient unstable
otherwise
2000 as a default in OASIS to emphasise it against the Fig. 5 gives the overall flow chart of the contingency-
transient-severity index. ranking algorithm. The resulting ranked list of contin-
I gencies is obtained by combining all classes together as
110- shown in the flow chart. Since this algorithm is purely
numerically based, it is very efficient but may make the
p 100- ranking prone to masking effects. As a remedy, a
-0
fuzzy-rule-based version of this algorithm is currently
a,-
GI 90- under development.
c
0
I
8 80 time-domain
e simulation

70- ranked list

1
ransientl)
/
pole -sli pped unstable
class

oscillatory unstable - iscillatory

uns table
25-, class

;table-but
poorly-
damped
class

I I I ita ble- and

time, s
L
I well damped
SI = SIt + s&j t well-
damped
class

Fig.4 Rotor decay-rate curves

0 rotor-swing amplitude Fig.5 Contingency-ranking algorithm
-best-fitted exponential

As this index is calculated based on extraction of the 8 Implementation

swing envelope from the time-simulation results rather
than linearised system approximation, it is capable of
dealing reliably with multiple-mode oscillations or limit
cycling.
7 Contingency ranking
Numerous contingency-ranking algorithms have been
developed and, to a large extent, the algorithms which
are used depend on the operating policy of the utility.
Currently, OASIS adopts the following numerical rank-
ing algorithm primarily because of (a) its simplicity and
(b) the fact that it classifies contingencies into different
operational categories.
First, contingencies are classified into one of the fol-
lowing four classes:
(i) transiently unstable: if pole slipping is detected dur-
ing the simulation;
(ii) oscillatory unstable: if growing or sustained oscilla-
tions occur;
(iii) stable but poorly damped if the oscillation-decay-
time constant is greater than 12s; and
(iv) stable and well damped: if the oscillation-decay-time
constant is less than 12s.
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 144, No. 2, March 1997
8. I computing environment
It would be highly desirable for OASIS to be able to
support a wide variety of computers, either general-
purpose single-processor workstations or dedicated
multiprocessor computing servers, which are available
now or which will appear in the future.
However, the main design goal of OASIS is the abil-
ity to work in an online mode where a ranked contin-
gency list must be provided in a time scale that would
allow an operator to take useful actions. Obviously, the
size of the power system and its contingency list govern
the required processing power needed for this purpose.
Equally, the scalability of the assessor as the size of
power system changes is as important as its portability.
It is the authors' view that distributed processing would
probably be the only viable option and the software
architecture of OASIS should be founded on the use of
open-systems standards. ANSI C was used to provide
portability for all pieces of code with POSIX (UNIX)
compatibility and X Window for all graphical displays.
Portable heterogeneous distributed processing environ-
ment was introduced using the Parallel Virtual
Machine (PVM) system [lo].
135
8.2 ClienVserver model
On top of the POSIX and PVM environment, OASIS
is structured following the client/server model. Contin-
gency evaluations are carried out by workers (evalua-
tion servers) distributed across the network. Online
study and database inputs, contingency ranking and
presentation are handled by an X Window-based front
end which also acts as the controller for job allocation
and scheduling, as illustrated in Fig. 6.
online power-system snapshots database
windows and was developed in conjunction with
power-system engineers at the National Grid Control
Centre. The top section of both windows displays
information on the total system load, the percentage of
contingency processing which has been completed and
provides various buttons to control the processing. The
main window is shown in Fig. 7 and displays a ranked
list of contingencies. The condition of each contingency
is highlighted with a red, green and blue colour scheme
to represent transient unstable, oscillatory unstable and
poorly damped, respectively. Poke points are provided
whose activation changes the display to show the more
detailed information about a particular contingency, as
shown in Fig. 8.

contingency graphical
interface

+ DPAX4J-KEAD4T4 1 DRAX4K-THOM41
I ll
+l

d
PVM controlLer with X-windows interface

PVM worker PVM worker PVM worker

transient transient
dynamic dynamic
evaluation evaluation
U Fig.8 Detailed contingency display
Fig.6 Functional structure of the OASIS system
Contingency allocation to the workers follows the
first-come/first-served flood-fill policy. Experimental
results showed that close to 100% utilisation was
achievable if contingencies were allocated in groups
and the controller task was allowed to run on the most
powerful processing host in the network. Duplicated
contingency allocation was implemented to support
automatic recovery from host/worker failure and to
ensure the shortest cycle time since the need to wait for
the last contingency result from the slower computer is
eliminated.
transient
evaluation
dynamic
evaluation
The detailed display of a single contingency is split
into two areas. The upper area is for the information
such as affected plant, breaker-operation times and
fault location while the lower is for detailed visual dis-
play of up to four generators. Facilities are provided
for automatic selection of those four with the largest
rotor swings in the system. Care has been taken to
ensure that only one machine is selected among those
connected to the same busbar and having same or sim-
ilar responses in order to allow other machines else-
where in the system to be selected. Precontingency
power and reactive-power loadings, rotor angle and
terminal voltage are also given in this display.

9 Field trials
9. I Trial setup
Rank No Type Contingency Name
OASIS was installed on a Silicon Graphics Indy with
1 fl b L O S B A 4 1 NORT4-THT04K 1
access to the operational ethernet networks at the
2 r;?
U-
I G IIHARK4-STHA4 1 WFKZJ-ELVAZ 1 ELVAZ-LINMZ 1 IWI NGCC.
3
Fl1
x
1 KINO+GW\i41 KIN04-TILBW 1 RAYL4-TILB4KI SJOWK-SJOWZJ 1 S
Fig. 9 shows the EMS hardware configuration. The
4
KEADK-WWR4 I KEADQI-WAlP4 I
0 main EMS computers are Cyber 9600; NC1 and NC2
are the operational and standby computers with NC3
6 IKEADQI-COTT42KEAD4J-COTT41 being used as the engineering backup computer, where
7 1
7 IFECKCWALH4 1 F E C K L M I T Y K I MELK4-MITV4K 1 software modifications are first implemented. The
remote-telemetry units (RTUs) provide the SCADA
interface to the power system. System reliability is
enhanced by having two independent operational EMS
computers each with dual communication, data-acqui-
Fig. 7 Contingency-ranking display sition and man-machine-interface buses.
The Indy was connected to one of the main commu-
8.3 Man-machine interface nication ethernet networks allowing the latest state-esti-
The man-machine interface provided through an X- mated power-network solution to be downloaded from
Window interface based on MOTIF comprises two NC3 every 15 min. System snapshots were built by
136 IEE Proc.-Gener. Tuansm. Distrih., Vol. 144, No. 2,March 1997
 data acquisition bus ~2

man-machine-interface bus =2

EMS workstations-running X-windows wall diogram

Fig.9 Setup for OASIS trials

combining the EMS data with a static database of period between 0O:OO and 06:OO am. This is because at
machine, governor and AVR parameters and then this period the demands was low and the generation
stored in the snapshots database. was concentrated at only a few of large economical
remote sites.
9.2 Results
The equivalent power-system networks generated by well poorly oscillatory ~ tronsiently
damped domped uns ta ble unstable
the state estimator comprised about 900 busbars and
Contingency 1
the number of generators varied from 120 to 160 I
depending the system-loading conditions. Y
For evaluation purposes, a small set of contingencies e
was selected for the trials to demonstrate how the con- 10
tingency ranking may vary with the system conditions. 0: 00 6:OO l2:OO 18:OO
This was chosen by experienced power-system engi- contingency 2
neers to provide a number located throughout the sys-
tem which could result in stability problems. Those Y
L

contingencies were made artificially severe in order to e

ensure that stability problems were generated during 10
the trials. 0.00 6:OO 12:oo 18.00
Typical cycle times for OASIS were of the order of continaencv 3
2.5 min for ten contingencies. Each contingency was 1
Y
examined with up to 30s of time-domain simulation. C
P
Individual cycle times may be shorter than the typical
10
one as automatic termination on the detection of a
transient-instability case has been built into OASIS. contingency 1
Note that the figure given above was taken without I J 1
any help of any sort of screening tools. If a neural-net- Y
work-based screening filter [2] was used, roughly about e
25 times speed-up would be expected. 10
Figs. 10 and 11 shows the ranking of ten artificially 0:oo 6: 00 12100 18:OO
severe contingencies at various time of day with their contingency 5
stability highlighted by the darker shade pattern. I j I
Except for contingency 3 which is so severe as to cause
pole slipping under any operating condition, both the
ranking and stability class of the contingencies changed
as the generation and load patterns were varied gradu- 0:oo 6(00 12100 laloo
ally throughout the day. It was found that the system time
was relatively prone to stability problems during the Fig. 10 Contingency-ranking chart: contingencies 1-5

IEE ProcGener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 144, No. 2, March 1997 137
 well poorly osci llatoryo transiently free from thermal overloads after the fault. A possible
damped damped unstable unstable application of the OASIS facility is in the evaluation of
contingency 6 system stability against all possible tripping combina-
I
I
tions so as to determine the most effective tripping con-
c
Y
figuration to any given security problem.
2
10 11 Conclusions
0:oo 6:OO 12:oo I8:OO
contingency 7
This paper has described an implementation of an
Y I I
online dynamic-security contingency and ranking facil-
c - ity and the results on field tests on the NGC data. The
e : main objectives of the work being described were:
10 I I I ’

0:oo 600 l2:OO 18’:OO (i) to determine the requirements for interfacing the
contingency 8 DSA to the EMS;
(ii) to assess the performance of the DSA within the
L NGC’s online environment; and
e (iii) to assist in defining the MMI requirements.
10 I I I,H I I
0:oo 6:00 12:oo 18:OO The associated algorithms can be implemented on a
contingency 9 heterogeneous parallel-processing computer network
1 which allows the size of the system to be changed eas-
Y
C ily. The output from the software is presented to the
2 operator as a ranked list of contingencies. This indi-
10 cates both the worst contingency and the nature of
0:OO 6.00 12:oo 18:OO those contingencies allowing the operator to take
contingency 10 appropriate action. Field trials have shown that it is
I

Y
I
C cies in the NGC system within a 2.5 min cycle time.
e
10
0:oo 6:00 l2:OO
time
Fig. 11 Contingency-ranking chart: contingencies 6-10
10 Discussion
The snapshots recorded during the trials were used to
evaluate the performance of OASIS run on a labora-
tory virtual machine which consists of two DEC Alpha,
four SGI Indigo and four PC-486 computers with a
total SPECmark of about 600 and is about 10 times as
powerful as the trial machine Indy which was rated as
60 SPECmark. The evaluation speed achieved in the
laboratory was 38 contingencies per minute compared
with four contingencies per minute obtained in the
trial. As expected, efficiency was lost in interhost com-
munications as encoding is needed under a heterogene-
ous environment.
From another point of view, if the target cycle time
was fixed to 15 min, the required computing power per
contingency would be about 1 SPECmark. To cover all
the single- and double-circuit-outage cases, approxi-
mately 5000 contingencies are needed to be examined
and hence without any screening a 5000 SPECmark
virtual machine would be needed to accomplish this
task. It is expected that ongoing studies into the use of
ANN methods as filtering techniques will reduce this
SPECmark by a factor of over 20.
Following initial development of OASIS, the next
step was to develop it into an operational prototype.
The National Grid CO plc has identified a particular
need for tools to help in the management of opera-
tional-tripping schemes [ 111. The schemes are applied at
several places on the the NGC system, and involve
tripping of generators in the event of fault trips of cir-
cuits in order to ensure that the system is stable and
able to provide an analysis of the important contingen-
12 Acknowledgment
18100
The authors thank the Engineering & Physical Science
Research Council (UK) and the National Grid CO plc
for supporting this research project.
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