PROJECT: BATTERY CHARGING CIRCUIT USING SCR

Submitted by

Md. Nayem Moral ID: 19202208060

Md. Khirul Hasan ID: 19202208049

Sheikh Juthy Kabik ID: 19202208065

Md. Tarik Aziz ID: 19202208066

Amit Das ID: 19202208076

Al Amin Hosen ID: 19202208081

A Project submitted to the

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the program of

B. Sc. EEE (evening)

Date of Submission: 28-03-2021

Bangladesh University of Business and Technology

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge our Project guides, Rashed Sarder, Lecturer in EEE, Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering for the guidance and valuable suggestions during the
entire course of the Mini Project titled “Battery Charger Circuit Using SCR”.

We record our thanks to our friends in our class for interaction and help during the course of
the Mini Project.

Md. Nayem Moral

Md. Khirul Hasan

Sheikh Juthy Kabik

Md. Tarik Aziz

Amit Das

Al Amin Hosen

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 7

ABSTRACT

A circuit for battery charging includes an SCR that is periodically gated on for a duration
corresponding to the state of charge of the battery, being gated on for a duration
corresponding to the state of charge on the battery being the gated for only a short interval
when the battery is essentially fully charged to keep it charged. The conduction angle is
determined from the open circuited battery potential and the previous charging history of the
battery obtained from potential sensing circuits. Circuitry prevents the unipolar junction
transistor in the latter circuit from remaining latched on.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ................................................................................ 4
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 4
1.1 Block Diagram of Battery Charger Using SCR ........................................... 4

Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 5
2.1 Related Technologies: .............................................................................................. 5
Chapter 3 ................................................................................ 6
3. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES ......................................................................... 6
3.1 Hardware & software ........................................................................................................ 6

Chapter 4 .............................................................................. 12
4. METHODOLOGIES ................................................................................... 12
4.1 Design of the investigation/Algorithms/ Hardware .............................. 12
Chapter 5 .............................................................................. 13
5. RESULT AND ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 13
5.1Software results................................................................................................................ 13
Chapter 6 .............................................................................. 15
6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 15

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The battery is charged with small amount of AC voltage or DC voltage. So if you want to
charge your battery with AC source then should follow these steps, we need first limit the
large AC voltage, need to rectify AC voltage to pulsating DC voltage the SCR and give the
resulting voltage to the battery for charging. Once charging is completed the circuit should
automatically turned off.

1.1. Block Diagram of Battery Charger Using SCR:

Fig 1.1(a): Block Diagram of Battery Charger Using SCR

The AC source is given to the step down transformer which converts the large AC source into
limited AC source, rectify the AC voltage to pulsating DC and zener voltage trigged the SCR
and give the resulting voltage to the battery for charging.

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 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Related Technologies:

2.2 Implementation of Wind Turbine Controller Design for Smart Campus

2.3 ABSTRACT
This paper resents the design and construction of charge controller for wind energy source.
The charge controller is a small prototype that is suitable to charge small battery. The
maximum charging current of the charge controller is about 7 A. The charge
Controller is designed using silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), rectifier diodes and other
electronic components.
The SCR and rectifier diodes in conjunction with other components are used to charge the
battery.

Fig 3.2: Block diagram of wind power system

2.4 INTRODUCTION
As the importance of environmental protection and sustainable growth increases, wind
energy, a clean and renewable attracts increasing attention. Wind energy is one of the most
economical forms of alternative energy available today. It can save the environment and
make it cleaner for generations to come. This thesis is intended to appear the charge
controller for wind energy source. A charge controller is an essential part for nearly all power
systems that charge battery, whether the power source is solar, wind, hydro, fuel, or utility
grid.

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The charge controller can control the voltage and regulates the charging of the batteries. Its
purpose is to keep the batteries properly fed and safe for the long term. The basic functions of
a controller are quite simple. Charge controllers block the reverse current and prevent battery
overcharge. Some charge controllers also prevent battery over discharge and protect from
electrical overload. The controllers also display the status of the battery .The main
components of the wind energy system are the wind turbine, the mechanical drive train, the
generator, the power grid, and the controller. The wind turbine converts the kinetic energy of
the wind into mechanical energy. The generator converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The controller is the “brain” of the system. It ensures that the whole system
works as expected. The controller consists of two parts. The first part is the master controller.
The second part is the generator controller. During the power optimization stage, the master
controller adjusts the system rotation speed to keep the optimal tip speed ratio. The speed
regulation works by controlling the power of the generator. During the wind power limitation
range, the master controller regulates the pitch angle to limit the wind power utilization. The
generator controller is in charge of accurately controlling the active power of the system. The
generator controller adopts the stator flux oriented vector control strategy. This thesis intends
to propose and construct the charge controller portion of wind power system. The block
diagram of the wind power system is shown in fig 3.2.

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 Chapter 3

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

3.1 Hardware & software used with technical specifications:
 AC Voltage source
 Transformer
 Diode (D1N4007)
 Resistor(100 Ohm and 1k Ohm)
 SCR(2N1595)
 Zener Diode(D1N4742)
 Battery
 Wires
 Ground
 Software Orcad 9.2 Family

3.1.1: AC Voltage source

The AC Voltage Source block represents an ideal voltage source that maintains sinusoidal
voltage across its output terminals, independent of the current flowing through the source.

3.1.2 TRANSFORMER

Fig 4.3.1 Transformer

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A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction.

A step down transformer: is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage. It
is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This
kind of transformer “steps down” the voltage applied to it.

As a step-down unit, the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-
voltage, high-current power.

3.1.3: Diode

A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It
allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in
the opposite direction. In this project we are using ideal diode (D1N4007).

3.1.4 SCR:
3.1.4(a) Introduction to SCR:
SCR is short form for Silicon Controlled Rectifier. SCR has three terminal anode, cathode
and gate as shown in the below figure. It is made up of three PN junctions and four
semiconductor layers. SCR can conduct the current in a single direction or we can say SCR’s
are unidirectional. The SCR can be triggered only at the gate through the current. SCR will
combine the features of rectifier and transistor. They are mainly used in switching
applications. They can also be triggered with the break over voltage (if the forward voltage is
more than the break down voltage of the component). They are mainly used in the high
voltage and high power for controlling purpose. They are also used in the light dimming,
voltage regulators, motor control etc.

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 Fig 2.2(a) SCR Symbol

3.1.4 (b) SCR Operating Modes:

 To turn on the SCR the small amount of voltage or voltage equal to break over voltage is
required to the gate which will trigger the SCR and when the SCR is turned on, it will
have very low resistance and allow the power to conduct and also increase the anode
current. Even if we remove the gate voltage also it will be in conduction. The only way to
make the SCR to turn off is to make the voltage to zero or make the current less than the
handling current between the anode and cathode.
 There are two ways to turn on the SCR is the first way is to turn on by opening the gate
and compensate the power supply to the break over voltage. And second way is to
supplying the voltage to operate the SCR with less than break over voltage and applying
the small amount of about 1.5V applied to the gate which will trigger the SCR.
 When the SCR is turned off it will have high resistance and restrict the current to the
leakage current. To turn off the SCR from on state also have only one ways normally
people think that if we stop the gate current the SCR will become turn off, but it will not
this state is called “loss of control”, the only way is turnoff the SCR is reducing the supply
voltage to zero.

3.1.4(c) SCR in Forward and Reverse Characteristics:

In Forward bias the anode will be at positive terminal and cathode will be at negative
terminal. The supply voltage will increased from initial value zero when it reached to A as
shown in the graph below and start conduction from this point also it there will be the voltage
drop due to the load resistance and fall down to point B. to turn on the SCR completely or for
heavy condition small current is required to the gate. This current triggers the gate and switch
on SCR and decreases the resistance and start conduction and goes to point C.

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In Reverse bias that is cathode will be at positive terminal and anode will be at negative
terminal at this point there will be very small leakage current at anode. PEAK REVERSE
VOLTAGE play the key role, when the voltage exceeded the peak reverse voltage the at
some point SCR will go to the avalanche break down and starts conduction in reverse
direction fashion. This voltage is called “reverse break down voltage”.

Fig 4.2(c) SCR Forward and Reverse Characteristics

3.1.5 ZENER DIODE:

Zener diodes are diodes that make effective use of the Zener breakdown potential of an
ordinary p – n junction characteristic to provide a device of wide importance and application.
For Zener conduction, the direction of conventional flow is opposite to the arrow in the
symbol. The polarity under conduction is also opposite to that of the conventional diode.

3.1.6: Resistor

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The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of electric
current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The
resistance is measured in ohms. We are using 1k resistor in this project.

3.1.7: Wires:

To connect all the components we are using wires.

3.1.8: Ground (Earthling):

We are used grounding the circuit.

3.1.9 Software:
Orcad 9.2 Family Relies.

3.2 Summary:

The details of tools used in this project explained in this chapter. The tools are able to make
this project perfect and the specific value was also given in this chapter that was used in
project. These tools help for output of the circuit. The oscilloscope was used on which the
waveform has display.

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 Chapter 4

METHODOLOGIES
4.1 Design of the investigation/Algorithms/ Hardware:

4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit diagram of the Battery Charger Circuit using SCR can be seen below:

4.3 WORKING PROCEDURE:

1. A 12 volt discharge battery is connected in the circuit as shown.

2. The single-phase 16.4 volt supply is connected to input terminal.
3. Diode D1, D2, D3 and D4 forms full-wave rectifier. Due to this, the pulsating DC
supply appears across the terminals P and Q.
4. The maximum voltage at point “O” is 12 volt due to zener diode.
5. During each positive half-cycle when the potential of point O rises to sufficient level
so as to forward bias diode D3 and gate-cathode junction of SCR-1. Therefor after a
gate pulse is provided to SCR-1 and it bias turned on.
6. When SCR-1 is turned on the charging current flows battery and starts charging.
7. When the battery is fully charged. SCR-1 is held at 12 volt. So, diode D3 and gate-
cathode junction of SCR-1 cannot be forward biased.
8. Hence, no gate-current is supplied and SCR-1 is not triggered.
9. In this way, after full charging further charging is automatically stopped.

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 Chapter 5

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

This chapter was explained the following result and the analysis of the circuit.

 Software Results.

5.1Software results:

5.2 Summary:
This chapter is about the results and analysis of the circuit. As the main overcome of the
circuit and its output on the software and explanation about its result on hardware and our
recommendation to other about the battery charging circuit and also telling about the initial
goal, comparison of theory and software results.

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 Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
Battery is a device which we can use in our daily life in multiple circuits like a torch lights,
toys, mobile and laptop, automobile starter etc. Rechargeable batteries are unlimited,
pollution free and environmental friendly. So we have chosen “Battery Charger Circuit Using
SCR” as a mini project topic. Thus we conclude that the circuit works as per is design and
requirements.

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