l : length

Square A=l2
of side

w :
width
Rectangle A=w×h
h :
height

b : base
Triangle A=b×h2 h :
height

D : large
diagonal
Rhombus A=D×d2
d : small
diagonal

B : large
side
Trapezoid A=B+b2×h b : small
side
h : height

P :
Regular perimeter
A=P2×a
polygon a :
apothem

r :
A=πr2 radius
Circle
P=2πr P :
perimeter

r :
Cone
radius
(lateral A=πr×s
s : slant
surface)
height

Sphere
(surface A=4πr2 r : radiu
area)
Volume

Cube V=s3 s : side

l:
length
w:
Parallelepiped V=l×w×h
width
h:
height

b:
base
Regular prism V=b×h
h:
height

r:
radius
Cylinder V=πr2×h
h:
height

b:
Cone (or base
V=13b×h
pyramid) h:
height

Volume
Sphere ⅓πr²h

Directly Proportional y=kx k=YX

K: Constant of Proportionality

Inversely Proportional y=kx K=yx

Ax2+bx+c=0 Quadratic formula x=-b±√B2-4ac/2a

Concavity Concave up: a>0

Concave down: a<0

Discriminant Δ=b2-4ac

Vertex of the parabola V(2a-b,4a-Δ)

Y=a(x-h)2+k Concavity Concave up: a>0

Concave down: a<0

Vertex of the parabola V(h,k)

Zero-product property A×B=0⇔A=0∨B=0 ex : (x+2)×(x-1)=0⇔

X+2=0∨x-1=0⇔x=-2∨x=1

Difference of two squares (a-b)(a+b)=a2-b2 ex : (x-2)(x+2)=x2-22=x2-4

Perfect square trinomial (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2 ex : (2x+3)2=(2x)2+2⋅2x⋅3+32=

4x2+12x+9

Binomial theorem (x+y)n= ∑N

K=0 nCkxn-kyk

Exponent

ex
am×an=am+n
: 35×32=35+2=37
Product
am×bm= ex : 35×25=
(a×b)m (3×2)5=65

ex : 37÷32=37-
am÷an=am-n
2=35

Quotient
ex : 65÷25=
am÷bm=
(6÷2)5=35
(a÷b)m
ex : 53÷23=(52)3

Power of ex
(am)p=am×p
Power : (52)3=52×3=56

Zero a0=1 ex : 80=1

Exponents
Negative ex : 3-2=(13)2
a-n=(1a)n
Exponents ex : (23)-4=(32)4

Fractional
apq=q√ap ex : 243=3√24
Exponents

Radical ex
n√x×n√y=n√x×y
Multiplication : 3√2×3√5=3√2×5 ⇔ 3√10

Division n√x÷n√y=n√xy ex : 4√8÷4√3=4√83

an√x±bn√x= ex : 43√5-23√5=(4-
Addition
(a±b)n√x 2)3√5 ⇔ 23√5

Exponents (n√x)p=n√xp ex : (√2)3=√23 ⇔ √8

Radicals n√p√x=n ⋅ p√x ex : 3√√5=3×2√5 ⇔ 6√5

Exponentiation n√am=amn ex : 3√45=453

(n√a)n=a ex : (√3)2=3
Simplifying
Radicals
(n√a)m=n√am ex : (√4)5=√45

Trigonometry

Trigonometry opp.: opposite

sinα=opp.hip.
Ratios hip.: hypotenuse
 cosα=adj.hip. adj.: adjacent
hip.: hypotenuse

opp.: opposite
tanα=opp.adj.
adj.: adjacent

Fundamental
sin2α+cos2α=1 tanα=sinαcosα tan2α+1=1cos2α
Identities

Law of Sines
sinAa=sinBb=sinCc
(aka sine rule)

Law of Cosines
a2=b2+c2-2bccosA
(aka cosine rule)

A=√s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
Heron's formula
s=a+b+c2

sin(π6)=12 cos(π6)=√32 tan(π6)=√33

Exact Values sin(π4)=√22 cos(π4)=√22 tan(π4)=1

sin(π3)=√32 cos(π3)=12 tan(π3)=√3

Angle sin(-α)=-sinα cos(-α)=cosα tan(-α)=-tanα

Relationships

sin(π-α)=sinα cos(π-α)=-cosα tan(π-α)=-tanα

sin(π+α)=-sinα cos(π+α)=-cosα tan(π+α)=tanα

sin(π2-α)=cosα cos(π2-α)=sinα tan(π2-α)=1tanα

sin(π2+α)=cosα cos(π2+α)=-sinα tan(π2+α)=-1tanα

cos(3π2-α)=-
sin(3π2-α)=-cosα tan(3π2-α)=1tanα
sinα
 sin(3π2+α)=-cosα cos(3π2+α)=sinα tan(3π2+α)=-1tanα

sinx=sinα ⇔ x=α+2kπ ∨ x=π-α+2kπ,k ∈ℤ

Trigonometric
cosx=cosα ⇔ x=α+2kπ ∨ x=-α+2kπ,k ∈ℤ
Equations

tanx=tanα ⇔ x=α+kπ,k ∈ℤ

sin(a+b)=sina×cosb+sinb×cosa

Sum
cos(a+b)=cosa×cosb-sina×sinb
Formulas

tan(a+b)=tana+tanb1-tana×tanb

sin(a-b)=sina×cosb-sinb×cosa

Difference
cos(a-b)=cosa×cosb+sina×sinb
Formulas

tan(a-b)=tana-tanb1+tana×tanb

sin(2a)=2×sina×cosa

cos(2a)=cos2a-sin2a

Double Angle tan(2a)=2×tana1-tan2a

Formulas

Geometry

Euler's F : Face
Polyhedral F+V=E+2 V : Vertex
Formula E : Edge
Sum of Si=(n-2)×180º n : Number of sides
interior
angles of a
polygon

Pythagorean Hypotenuse: H
H2=C21+C22
theorem Leg: C1 e C2

Distance ex: A(8,2) e B(4,-1)

between ¯AB=√(x1-x2)2+(y1-y2)2 ¯AB=√(8-4)2+(2+1)2 ⇔
two points ¯AB=√16+9 ⇔ ¯AB=5

ex: A(2,6) e B(4,-2)

Midpoints M(x1+x22,y1+y22)
M(2+42,6-22) ⇔ M(3,2)

Slope–intercept form
y=mx+b
Slope: m , Y intercept: b

Vector Form
Direction
(x,y,z)=(x0,y0,z0)+k(u1,u2,u3),k ∈ℝ
vector: →u(u1,u2,u3)
Point (x0,y0,z0)
Equation of
a straight Cartesian Form
line Direction
x-x0u1=y-y0u2=z-z0u3
vector: →u(u1,u2,u3)
Point (x0,y0,z0)

Parametric Form
Direction
{x=x0+Ku1y=y0+Ku2z=z0+Ku3,k ∈ℝ
vector: →u(u1,u2,u3)
Point (x0,y0,z0)

Equation of Cartesian Form

a plane Normal
n1(x-x0)+n2(y-y0)+n3(z-z0)=0
vector: →u(n1,n2,n3)
Point (x0,y0,z0)

Scalar Form n1x+n2y+n3z+d=0

 Normal
vector: →u(n1,n2,n3)

Equation of Center (x0,y0) and

(x-x0)2+(y-y0)2=r2
a circle radius r

Equation of Center (x0,y0,z0) and

(x-x0)2+(y-y0)2+(z-z0)2=r2
a Sphere radius r

Equation of
Center (h,k) Axis a and b (x-ha)2+(y-kb)2=1
an Ellipse

Logic

Conjunction Disjunction Implication

p p p
p q ^^ p q vv p q rArr
q q q

V V V V V V V V V

V F F V F V V F F

F V F F V V F V V

F F F F F F F F V

p ^^
~p
Law of noncontradiction
hArr
F

p vv
~p
Law of the excluded middle
hArr
V

Double Negation ~(~p)

hArr
 p

p ^^ q
Conjunction hArr
q ^^ p
Commutativity
p vv q
Disjunction hArr
q vv p

(p ^^
q) ^^
r hArr
Conjunction
p ^^
(q ^^
r)
Associativity
(p vv
q) vv
r hArr
Disjunction
p vv
(q vv
r)

p ^^
V
Conjunction
hArr
p
Neutral
Element
p vv
F
Disjunction
hArr
p

Absorbing p ^^ F
Element Conjunction hArr
F

Disjunction p vv
V
 hArr
V

p ^^ p
Conjunction hArr
p
Idempotence
p vv p
Disjunction hArr
p

p ^^
(q vv
r)
Conjunction
hArr
over
(p ^^
Disjunction
q) vv
(p ^^
r)
Distributive
Property
p vv
(q ^^
r)
Disjunction
hArr
over
(p vv
Conjunction
q) ^^
(p vv
r)

Properties of (p
Implication rArr
q) ^^
(q
rArr
Transitive
r)
rArr
(p
rArr
r)

Implication (p
 and rArr
Disjunction q)
hArr
~p vv
q

~(p
rArr
q)
Negation
hArr
p ^^
~q

(p
rArr
Contrapositive q)
of an hArr
Implication (~q
rArr
~p)

Properties of (p
Equivalence hArr
q)
hArr
Double [(p
implication rArr
q) ^^
(q
rArr
p)]

Transitive [(p
hArr
q) ^^
(q
hArr
r)]
rArr
(p
 hArr
r)

~(p
hArr
q)
hArr
Negation [(p ^^
~q)
vv (q
^^
~p)]

~(p
^^ q)
Negation of a
hArr
Conjunction
~p vv
~q
De Morgan's
laws
~(p
vv q)
Negation of a
hArr
Disjunction
~p ^^
~q

~
(AAx,
Negation of
p(x))
Universal
hArr
Quantifier
EEx:
~p(x)
De Morgan's
laws
~
(EEx:
Negation of
p(x))
Existential
hArr
Quantifier
AAx,
~p(x)

vector
Notation →AB=B-A=(b1-a1,b2-a2)

Magnitude ||→u||=√(u1)2+(u2)2

Square of
magnitude (→u)2=||→u||2
of a vector

A+→u=(a1+u1,a2+u2)

→u+→v=(u1+v1,u2+v2)

k×→u=(k×u1,k×u2)
Calculations

The Scalar or Dot Product

Angle Direction vector of lines: →u and →v

between angle: α
two lines
TIPS FOR TEACHERS AND CLASSROOM RESO
10 Ways to Do Fast Math: Tricks and Tips
10 tricks for doing fast math
Here are 10 fast math strategies students (and adults!) can use to do math in their heads. Once these str
problems that they once feared solving.

1. Adding large numbers

Adding large numbers just in your head can be difficult. This method shows how to simplify this proc

644 + 238

While these numbers are hard to contend with, rounding them up will make them more manageable. S

Now, add 650 and 240 together. The total is 890. To find the answer to the original equation, it must b

650 – 644 = 6 and 240 – 238 = 2

Now, add 6 and 2 together for a total of 8

To find the answer to the original equation, 8 must be subtracted from the 890.

890 – 8 = 882

So the answer to 644 +238 is 882.

2. Subtracting from 1,000

Here’s a basic rule to subtract a large number from 1,000: Subtract every number except the last from

For example:

1,000 – 556

Step 1: Subtract 5 from 9 = 4

Step 2: Subtract 5 from 9 = 4

Step 3: Subtract 6 from 10 = 4

The answer is 444.

3. Multiplying 5 times any number

When multiplying the number 5 by an even number, there is a quick way to find the answer.

For example, 5 x 4 =

Step 1: Take the number being multiplied by 5 and cut it in half, this makes the number 4
Step 2: Add a zero to the number to find the answer. In this case, the answer is 20.
5 x 4 = 20

When multiplying an odd number times 5, the formula is a bit different.

For instance, consider 5 x 3.

Step 1: Subtract one from the number being multiplied by 5, in this instance the number 3
Step 2: Now halve the number 2, which makes it the number 1. Make 5 the last digit. The
5 x 3 = 15

4. Division tricks
Here’s a quick way to know when a number can be evenly divided by these certain numbers:

10 if the number ends in 0

9 when the digits are added together and the total is evenly divisible by 9
8 if the last three digits are evenly divisible by 8 or are 000
6 if it is an even number and when the digits are added together the answer is evenly divi
5 if it ends in a 0 or 5
4 if it ends in 00 or a two digit number that is evenly divisible by 4
3 when the digits are added together and the result is evenly divisible by the number 3
2 if it ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8
5. Multiplying by 9
This is an easy method that is helpful for multiplying any number by 9. Here is how it works:

Let’s use the example of 9 x 3.

Step 1: Subtract 1 from the number that is being multiplied by 9.

3–1=2

The number 2 is the first number in the answer to the equation.

Step 2: Subtract that number from the number 9.

9–2=7

The number 7 is the second number in the answer to the equation.

So, 9 x 3 = 27

6. 10 and 11 times tricks

The trick to multiplying any number by 10 is to add a zero to the end of the number. For example, 62 x

There is also an easy trick for multiplying any two-digit number by 11. Here it is:

11 x 25

Take the original two-digit number and put a space between the digits. In this example, that number is

2_5

Now add those two numbers together and put the result in the center:

2_(2 + 5)_5

2_7_5

The answer to 11 x 25 is 275.

If the numbers in the center add up to a number with two digits, insert the second number and add 1 to

8_(8 +8)_8

(8 + 1)_6_8

9_6_8

There is the answer to 11 x 88: 968

7. Percentage
Finding a percentage of a number can be somewhat tricky, but thinking about it in the right terms mak
method:

Step 1: Move the decimal point over by one place, 235 becomes 23.5.
Step 2: Divide 23.5 by the number 2, the answer is 11.75. That is also the answer to the o
8. Quickly square a two-digit number that ends in 5
Let’s use the number 35 as an example.

Step 1: Multiply the first digit by itself plus 1.

Step 2: Put a 25 at the end.
35 squared = [3 x (3 + 1)] & 25

[3 x (3 + 1)] = 12

12 & 25 = 1225

35 squared = 1225

9. Tough multiplication
When multiplying large numbers, if one of the numbers is even, divide the first number in half, and th
consider

20 x 120

Step 1: Divide the 20 by 2, which equals 10. Double 120, which equals 240.

Then multiply your two answers together.

10 x 240 = 2400

The answer to 20 x 120 is 2,400.

10. Multiplying numbers that end in zero

Multiplying numbers that end in zero is actually quite simple. It involves multiplying the other numbe

200 x 400

Step 1: Multiply the 2 times the 4

2x4=8

Step 2: Put all four of the zeros after the 8

80,000

200 x 400= 80,000

Practicing these fast math tricks can help both students and teachers improve their math skills and bec
the future.
 Mathematics Quotes

In real life, I assure you, there is no such thing as algebra.

Fran Lebowitz

Tags: algebra, education, humor, mathematics

Like
Likes: 1146

[The Old Astronomer to His Pupil]

Reach me down my Tycho Brahe, I would know him when we meet,

When I share my later science, sitting humbly at his feet;
He may know the law of all things, yet be ignorant of how
We are working to completion, working on from then to now.

Pray remember that I leave you all my theory complete,

Lacking only certain data for your adding, as is meet,
And remember men will scorn it, 'tis original and true,
And the obloquy of newness may fall bitterly on you.

But, my pupil, as my pupil you have learned the worth of scorn,

 You have laughed with me at pity, we have joyed to be forlorn,
What for us are all distractions of men's fellowship and smiles;
What for us the Goddess Pleasure with her meretricious smiles.

You may tell that German College that their honor comes too late,
But they must not waste repentance on the grizzly savant's fate.
Though my soul may set in darkness, it will rise in perfect light;
I have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night.

What, my boy, you are not weeping? You should save your eyes for sight;
You will need them, mine observer, yet for many another night.
I leave none but you, my pupil, unto whom my plans are known.
You 'have none but me,' you murmur, and I 'leave you quite alone'?

Well then, kiss me, -- since my mother left her blessing on my brow,
There has been a something wanting in my nature until now;
I can dimly comprehend it, -- that I might have been more kind,
Might have cherished you more wisely, as the one I leave behind.

I 'have never failed in kindness'? No, we lived too high for strife,--
Calmest coldness was the error which has crept into our life;
But your spirit is untainted, I can dedicate you still
To the service of our science: you will further it? you will!

There are certain calculations I should like to make with you,

To be sure that your deductions will be logical and true;
And remember, 'Patience, Patience,' is the watchword of a sage,
Not to-day nor yet to-morrow can complete a perfect age.

I have sown, like Tycho Brahe, that a greater man may reap;
But if none should do my reaping, 'twill disturb me in my sleep
So be careful and be faithful, though, like me, you leave no name;
See, my boy, that nothing turn you to the mere pursuit of fame.

I must say Good-bye, my pupil, for I cannot longer speak;

Draw the curtain back for Venus, ere my vision grows too weak:
It is strange the pearly planet should look red as fiery Mars,--
God will mercifully guide me on my way amongst the stars.

Sarah Williams, Twilight Hours: A Legacy Of Verse

Tags: astronomy, awe, beauty, brahe, calculations, fame, goddess, humble, kindness, love, mars,
brahe, venus, weeping, wisdom
 Like
Likes: 371

Mathematics expresses values that reflect the cosmos, including orderliness, balance, harmony, logic,

Deepak Chopra

Tags: abstract, balance, beauty, cosmos, deepak-

chopra, energy, harmony, life, logic, math, mathematics, mind, mirrror, order, orderliness, peac

Like
Likes: 302

I had a polynomial once. My doctor removed it.

Michael Grant, Gone (Gone, #1)

Tags: gone-series, humor, mathematics

Like
Likes: 233

The difference between the poet and the mathematician is that the poet tries to get his head into the he

G.K. Chesterton

Tags: mathematics, poetry

Like
Likes: 201

My first feeling was that there was no way to continue. Writing isn't like math;in math, two plus two a
changes everything.

Stephenie Meyer, Midnight Sun [2008 Draft]

Tags: despair, mathematics, sadness, writing

Like
Likes: 163

I'm sorry to say that the subject I most disliked was mathematics. I have thought about it. I think the r
was all there was to it.

Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Tags: argument, mathematics, schooling

Like
Likes: 156

The ‘Muse’ is not an artistic mystery, but a mathematical equation. The gift are those ideas you think

Roman Payne
Tags: art, artistic, creativity, equations, gifts, ideas, inspiration, literature, math, mathematical, m

Like
Likes: 151

I know that two and two make four - and should be glad to prove it too if I could - though I must say i
pleasure.

Lord George Gordon Byron

Tags: logic, mathematics, miracles, mortality, probability

Like
Likes: 151

I couldn't claim that I was smarter than sixty-five other guys--but the average of sixty-five other guys,

Richard P. Feynman, Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character

Tags: education, humor, intelligence, mathematics, statistics

Like
Likes: 112

It is the story that matters not just the ending.

Paul Lockhart, A Mathematician's Lament: How School Cheats Us Out of Our Most Fascinating and I

Tags: journey, math, mathematics, story

Like
Likes: 106

Solving a problem for which you know there’s an answer is like climbing a mountain with a guide, alo
place no one knows, beyond all the beaten paths. And it’s not always at the top of the mountain. It

Yoko Ogawa, The Housekeeper and the Professor

Tags: housekeeper, mathematics, ogawa, problem-solving, professor

Like
Likes: 106

But in my opinion, all things in nature occur mathematically.

Rene Decartes

Tags: math, mathematics, nature, opinion, science

Like
Likes: 103

They shouldn't be allowed to teach math so early in the morning.

Kendare Blake, Anna Dressed in Blood (Anna, #1)

Tags: mathematics

Like
Likes: 63

Logic, n. The art of thinking and reasoning in strict accordance with the limitations and incapacities o
and a minor premise and a conclusion - thus:

Major Premise: Sixty men can do a piece of work sixty times as quickly as one man.
Minor Premise: One man can dig a post-hole in sixty seconds; Therefore-
Conclusion: Sixty men can dig a post-hole in one second.

This may be called syllogism arithmetical, in which, by combining logic and mathematics, we obta

Ambrose Bierce, The Unabridged Devil's Dictionary

Tags: humor, logic, mathematics