INTRODUCTION 5 Pars intermedia in Pituitary develops from ? b neural crest © Plas pla of dienaphalon 4 Endoderm Neuro GUrFats Eckodarr ectoderm = NEURAL TUBE, mesoderm Endederm = quT TUBE creed Sect OF EMBRYO > Any external opening oF Be body ig Lined by Surfau ectoderm + Stornodeum[ ora! opening] qt Proctoduum Lanal opening] Neural Plali Eckodarm Fors anterior S— PosTERIOR PLIUITARY e e (Neuro Hypophnysis) Pors tubuatis }— RArHKE’s FoueH eee ees Poss intermedia GuTTUBE (endoderm), Soleus Terminalis INFUNDTBULIM, Lumen ot Inypophysis ON Wate Set 'b 2 roo OF stormodirn COURT + PITUITARY GLAND develops from ECTODERM Surface Ectodum |rooF oF Stomodeum developg into RATHKE’S Pouch Ralike?S Pouch > Poss Anterior Pors tuberolig Pass intermedia Neural Ectodurm develops into Posterior Pitultary | Neurohypophysis | Pars nervosa.2 weeks 3 weeks ERE — [Onvaion [Feito] [mpieraton] ime tm day OBSIRESTITIAN FoLLOws _, Gestational Age 1 40 ws Menstrual Age CaB0 days] EMBRYOLDGIST | RADLOLOGICT FoLIoUs —-_,- WIAHON Age } 38 wes Postconeptional Age EMBRYONIC PERIOD «= S-B WKS, PRE EMBRYONIC PERIOD — Before 3 LOKS FETAL PERIOD F >Brins — 3B WKS a Fetal PERIOD Bias: AA td Oreornh_—v— ouR SWiK Bh 38H PRE-EMGRIO EMBRYO+ chromosomes ore present in the nucleus oF o cell > 23 poirs > aa pairs OF autosomes 2 poir OF Sex Chromosome HOMOLOGOUS CHROMESDMES i oar AA > [an] BA oe mvc | (FD We MY LAE settee | re > ne. OF chromogomes, N > amount of ONA ie > pwr Replicat™ done in “S Leynmetic] Phase’ “haenocyee Goal Oocytes! sooreaceres @ Blastoeyst cm =——_ ‘Mare Sperm Paternal nudes rem > Inner cell macs Pees > Primordial Germ cells Pac First Sex cell of the Body EPLGLASTS] ————> O Pac Can, an) migration | Game}roGeNescs [cell all Ridge | © Gamere [nn Choploid)] occurs) > Aberrant migra" oF Pac > GERM CELL TumORS Teratoma > have all 3 Germ Layers Ledoderm, endoderm , mesoderm] » as PEC ik a pleuripotent cell 7% During Garnetogenesis , Ceil division occurs mitosis CEquational division) (co) I Creduetion division] eaermcocageal Teratorna.> Oo Prac + murosts ¢ Gemetogoniom Spermakooyte, © rrr, spmasoyee Se ravens | 7 Primary conte enters meiosis quite early than Spermatouyte 7 Spermakoqenesis Occurs arte puberty 7 oogenesis begins before birth C in-utero] CELL DIvESEONS, Mrroses, Merosts smnees PROPHASE METAPHASE PNAPHASE, TELO PHASE, PROPHASE, condensak oF chromosomes occurs Nuclear envelop breaks down sister chromakids bound ot the centromere Spindle fibres grows from centrioles centrioles migrali to opposite poles oF cells eves METAPHASE F chromosome arrange at equator Cin midline] > Some spindle Fibres altach to kinekochores > Fibres oF aster attach to plasma membrane > centromere splits > Sister chromatids feperoce from each omer > cach pole hag an identical ser of genes TELOPHASE ) 3 7 2 daughter cella ore formed ay 7 chromosome! number are Similor to parent cells 7% doughter cells are similar be porent cellsMeiosis 1 9 © Separat” oF Pokernal & mokernal chromosomes Meiosis 1 + Separot’ oF sister dyromokids |MLTOSIS MELOSIS Takes place in somotic cella | Takes place in germ cells Completes in one Sequerce completes in & Sequences ; Meiosis I § Meiosis D crossing Over of Chromatids | Crossing Over oF chromatids doesn’t takes ploce Eokes ploce Daughter cells have Same | Daughter cells have half the Chromosomes Q& porent 9. OF Chromosomes os parent! cells celle Donghter cell, are identical Daughter cells are not identical to each offer and toparent) to eacthoter & to parent cell cell Equakional division Reductional division x mecosts “Cn Merosts 7 PROPHASE I Leptokene 2ygotene Pachytene Diplotene LEProrENE > clromotome condentat occurs, 2NGOTENE. > Homologous chromosomes oppear as BIVALENT Sister chromatids not evident yet PACHYTENE > chromosomes appear an TETRAD Sister Chromatidx are evident P > Pachytene T > Tetrod Cc > Chiagma [cross ~ over] [exchange oF genckic material] DIPLOTENE > maternal & paternal Chromosomes Seperated home \esorae cats |e lu ya Sreretes | omesce A INTERPHASE => DNA duplicat" ocursFEMALE & MALE rman ope “9 = o-— Cis 9 6 Oo= FO =o & ©)°o\ ©QOO Teen Femole male Epolar bodies +neJ 134 [No polor bodies] > Female ratio > Mole rotio > OOGENESIS Independent assortment ~~ oer PRIMARY OOCYTE % arrested in diplotene Stage oF Meiosis 1 7 after LH Surge, it wil) form Secondary oouyte 7% INOEPENDENT ASSORTMENT 7 Geporok™ oF matemal § pakernol chromosomes depending on proba- bility Factor [ Sox chances of having eifser paternal or maternal Chrompsome in daughter cells] SECONDARY OOCYTE F Secondory oocyte if arrested in mekophase 2 OF Mejosis 1 (SECONDARY OOCYTE + [MENSTRUATION [PERITLEZATEON)Which cell onderqoing Fertilizakion Primomy Oocyte in prophase arrest Primosy OOtYte in metaphase arrest coment oocyte iN prophase arrest Prter entering 1st meiotic division » primary oocyte remains arrested in ‘Biplotene > dic cocyte Maturak® Inhibitor Pachytene Metaphase Telophase anor O@@ @rnce OVARY AT BIRTH Primory oonyte > Primary oooyte > orrested in Prophase 1 ovary (ot Birt) oe > until Puberty achieved Arrested at or [Prophase 3] dit [GME] Cooute Moturot® Inhibitor ) 77 cAMP > LH surge ab puberty reduce CAMP rests ar retit ) permet, Tith puberty ion Lpteneilled Sette, 08 Spermakogenesis rakes 14 Days for completion Testis Cok Birt) ig takes years for Completion OOGENESIS Prior gmc dp bil, 20 its ogonia® Mirosts oats ® 00goNtUM Sister chromatids PRIMARY oocyTeE An, 4N] Merosts 1 Lt Surge Gas) @ fan) ast Polar Body Secondory couyte MELOSTS 0 OVULATION Sister chromatids seporotes Fertruizet [tin ay brs] Gx) and Polar Body Gs) * Mature oouyte 2 L ZYGOTE Metosre T 7 Redurtional division > Maternal & Paternal chremefomes are Separated and DNA DUPLICATION at ‘S Phase Cinterphase] polor Body releaged ofter fertilizar? 1st polar Body released after 1H Surge [before ovulat™] LH surge occtus 36 hrz before ovulat™ LH Peok occurs Ihre before Ovolakh Lact Polor Body released]MENSTRUAL CYCLE [Fertile Period J Ut Peak Utsoge, oe |e 7 omy WADE tay Coury 7 LW surge occurs 36 hre before ovulat™ 7 LH Peak occurs Ihre before ovulath Lact Polar Body released] 7 Fertilizor™ should occur Tin aghrs OF ovulation + degeneration occurs iF fertilization do not occur > MENSIROATION > WINDOW PERIOD FOR FERTILIZATION > for Female > 2h Hrs > For male > 48 Hrs — Sperms ore capable of Fertilizat” for 48 bra after ejaculation — Spems survival 2 in male * 5-20 pays 7 FERTILE PERIOD «=> «AR to IBM Day C5 days] INFERTILITY IN CASE OF NO ORGANIC CAUSE LH KIT Postrive ~~ indicates Ovulation 7 advise for copula” F have max. chance oF Rrtilizat” JIN CASE OF ORGANIC CAUSE LC Bit tubal blockages ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES are indicated IN VITRO FERTILTZATION > overy i hyperstimuloted [clomiphene citron. J > spiro the qroffion Follicle gust before ovulakD => retrieve Seenndary conte sperm © Secondary oocyte > TEST TUBE BABY 7 Trans vaginal ingert™ into oterus done af 6 ce stage [Natural Protocol] Some experts done it ak 3a cEU STAGE 4 Celt @® —conceptus reaches uterine cavity ak which stoqe a b 2 cell CONCEPTUS ENTERS UTERINE CAVITY ON THE 41% DAY IN [6-64 CELL STAGE> Advonced Moria enters uterine cavity on day 4 in I6-64y cell Stage > Implantation oF Blostowyst occurs on day 6 + Secondory oowyte undergoes ovulot” > Fetilizat™ occurs in ampulla of fallopian tube O} 79% (rertiok™) tone pellucida © + qiycoprotein > attracts sperm * also covers zygote & prevents a Poly spermy, 2 Implontar™ POST FERIELEZATION: DAY 4. > Single cell stage DAY 2 >a cell stage DAYS > Molticelluloy Stage —MOROLA ~ 12,16, 3A & > Ba Cell Stage (MoRULA is 16 cell Stage) — 8a cell > Pdvonced morulla T__ Advanced morula enters uterine cavity on Day 4 DAYS > puasroeysr C by me end oF Day 4] ~ Covered by 200 pellucida LE preventing implantat ] Day 5 Blastocyst harches Our oF zone Pellucida [implantot” beging] DAYS Implantation occors Implantok® 7 week tong process [Ds ~ Dig] Day > UTERINE PLACENTATION EStabliched +Choose the correct Sequence OF embryonic events cortical Renee” > zona Receeion Zona Reackion > Aerosome Reackion ln @c op ® Acresome Reaction % Zona _Reoerion SEQUENCE OF EMBRYOGENIC EVENTS &. Sperm attachment to zona pellucida Binding oF Sperm & 2P [BeRDSOrDE REACTION] > releace of emaymes Penetrak” oF sperm Fusion % Sperm membrane fuse T OOtyte membrane & releases cor* nano [CORTECAL REACTEON] * release oF cortical granules F [ZONA REACTION) > Permeability OF 2P changes Prevents polyspermy IMPLANTATION: > Advanced moruia entered uberine cowity on Day 4 7 PE the end oF Day 4 » advanced morula changed co BLASTOCYST > contains Blast cells & cyst like cavity > containg Ovter cell macs > Trophoblost Chelps in placental formation] Inner cell mass > Embryoblast | i 7% TROPHOBLAST divides into cyto trophoblast Syneytiol trophoblast > helps in implontot” + Forms 09 D¢-g EMeRYOBLAST form Hypoblast Coorcal] Epiblast C ventral] Dorsal amniotic cavity Venerol yolk Salk comitySint tent. “Germ tae cota terbonset fee ‘Amc cay sods obit baa Lote Emenee Or sta tte: vse inearoesséti Epiblast forms 3 Germ layers in Sri week > GASTRULATION WEEK 2 : WEEK oF QCS) puosiocys covey ( _ ostocystcavty "ect ‘oropnenast DOUBLE BLES STGN ON OSG, > die amniotic & yolk Sac covities > seen in normal Intra uterine pregnancy, in Ween aGASTRULATION 3 germ layers formed in Week 3 este tne ‘rer “ea DAY 1 PRIMITIVE STREAKes Fs 3 GERM LAYERS borsol ectoderm + forms Neural tube Middle mesoderm 7 forms cardio vascular tube ventral Endoderm > Forms Gur tube WEEK 4 G@ASTRULATLON Acie oie PRIMITIVE 6TRERK > Formed From Epitiast proliferat™ at end oF h and week Coay 143 > formed on the Floor of amniotic cavity 7 oppeors ot coudol end g migrates ies to cephalic end eegalie mgs cousIN@RESION 7% Ventral migration oF Epiblasts 7 replaces hypoblact & Forms endodore 7 some epiblasts Form mesoderm 7 Somme epiblasts Form ectodusm GAsTRULATION Epiblose Cdorsol] sonoma) og ‘toner call moss < Hypoblace Cventrat] x Primitive Seren Cored Epiblast sevoderm —. musodem Hypoblast: Endoderm e103 trophoblast; _¢ “4° dutex cell moss eae ARETE EPIGLAST DERLVATLVES 1 PRIMORDIAL GERM CEUS ok the end oF and week Q ENDODERM => First Layer to Form , Lining the yolk soe 3 MesopeRM = > and layer to Form & ECTODERM > Srd layer to form ok Floor oF Amniotic Cowity Neuro ectoderm > centro! portion ce jem pert it ectoderm Surface ettod: Peripheral portion pa Endoderrn 5 NEURAL CRESTCEUS = > gm germ layer Which OF the Following if not true reqarding qastrulation Q@ occurs at 3rd week b Epiblast cellx on inner cell macc form alll gerrn layers < establishes all the 3 germ layers 3 germ layers are First Formed at cephalic end, later af caudal end PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS isoloked From Epiblasts ot end of week a migrokes to endodermal wall of yolk sac a ar week ay they migrotes tworde qenitel ridge | (7 ) reach genital ridge ot the end oF week 5 Forme Gometes aberrant migrat® leads to reratomas > Sacro coccygeal teratoma, 7 orephoryngeo! teratoma t+uedseFOLDING OF EmBRYO LATERAL FOLDING CAUOOCEPHALTC FOLDING LATERAL FOLDING cross sock” ca ee. arnste ‘Sutice Son ce oxen turin ia eC a vues tnt or boris Daya er CAUDOCEPHALLC FOLDING Longitudinal sect comm) Amite regatta a Liver bd Mado volesae aioe Ender — Alaris vomee ay 14 Daya Dayat ay 28 BODY TUBES Newol tube > derived from neural pia ettodarm Gut tube > derived from endodurm yolk Sac cardiovescular tube > derived from Mesodarm ar isi wel sae coma a ert = eae orc poor ocr so tnProcharda plate CEPHALEC END ‘acon ea Netochord Buceo PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE ptm EpLeusts ( dorsal vein) Primitive groove Comin PRIMETEVE STREAK CLOACAL MEMBRANE CAUDAL END Primitive Streak > appear towards caudol end > migrating towards cephalic end Hansen's node > present ot the cepholic end OF primitive streak Primitive groove Primitive Pit cloacal Membrane hove no mesoderm dit Fusion oF dorsal Buccopharyngeal membrane ectoderm € ventral endoderm FORMATEON OF ECTODERM Fly logit soak tagea NEDRO _y_ [RepRAL PLATE Neuret] |, [cus > EcTODERM EcropeRm roBe + Brain, * Spinal cord, SURFACE ECTODERM NEORAL CREST CELLS ECTODERM INGTOCHORD: |__, mesonerm)mesoBiasr Caxial mesoderm] /__, enponerm NEURAL CREST CELL DERIVATIVES 1 Peripheral Nervous system [ includes ganqlial 2 Secondary mesenchyme | Mesodermn % most oF skull bones CHead & Neck ant. &lak. regions} most oF eye ball mesoderm —r ~Pharyngeal arch bones Crmalleus, incus, Stopes, mandible, hyotd bones) 3 Aorta pulmonary Septum 4 Demis of head & neck 5 odontoblasts DL GEORGE SYNDROME > Failure oF migration of neural erect cells towards head, neck region > presents & Skull derecks Eye boll derecks Phoryngeal ard) bone defects Aorto pulmonary Septum anomely [me couse oF Death] as a ¢ ee Primary mesenchyme derived from mesoderm | Mesoblast 7 posterior region oF Head & neck occipital bone) > Bye ball C Hed > Pharyngeal arch musclesSURFACE ECTODERM DERIVATIVES 41 EPETHELIUM & GLANS > Skin epitretium 7 sweat glands Sebaceous glands 2 MyYoEPITHELLOcYTES CMEc's] OF SKIN @LANDS 3 RNY EXTERNAL OPENING > oral opening > Ramke's pouch [most of pituitory] A SALIVARY GLANDS > Parotid glands > Sub mandibular qlond Sub lingual gland NEURAL PLATE ECTODERM DERIVATIVES 1 IRIS muscles Sphintker pupillos dilator pupillae 2 ens 3 NEOROMVPOPHYSIS — down word extens” of diencephalon Ail Ore derivotives oF Ectoderm except Epidermis Porotid gland Newo cs ARRECTOR PLLORIT seco muscle Skin derived from Mesenchyme @oceNotochord Mesoderm Endod —f COMPONENTS OF MESDDERM orpave NOTOCHORD | AXIAL MESODERM Somite LPARA axAL MESODERM Derivative] INTERMEDLATE MESODERM * Genito Urinary system LATERAL PLATE MESODERM pleura, peritoneum, pericardium INTRA EMBRYONIC COELOM > pleural, peritonedd, peri cordial caw:eDELomIc CAVETY INTERMEDIATE MESODERM PARA AXIAL MESODERM —+ ECTODERM Csomite) NNoTOCHORD Caxial mesoderm] L ig. —> mesonerm | mesomiast PAZ“AHG® i ENDODERM LATERAL PLATE MESODERM Dorsal Somatic mesodum ventral visceral mesoderm NUCLEUS PULPOSUS Canter vertebral disc] NUCLEUS PULPOSUS 7 Nestigial remnant oF notochord > Found in tnter vertebral Disc oo SOMATEC MESODERM LoorsalI VENTRAL VISCERAL MESODERM PERITAL LAYERS OF VISCERAL LAYERS OF pleura pleura peritoneum peritoneum pericardicun pericardium VISCERAL MUSCLES cordioe muscles cy Tobe Smoom mutcies Gut tube Resp. tube EXCEPTIONS mec [SFI Trig moscles CNPET Genito orinary sysem Detrusor Cimm] INTERMEDIATE MESODERM DERIVATIVES 1 GENTIO URINARY SYSTEM SMOOTH muscLES Coetrusor] 2 EPLTHELTAL COMPONENTS OF kidney Testis ovorySOMITE DERIVATIVES a, abe ComPONENTS, 1 Dermatome Clazeral pare] > skin Demis “DPe& xmecom) a Myotome Cmiddie port] ~~ Skeletal Muscles — 3 Eclerotome Cmedial port] > Bone vertebra] soma tone Sommre oor Sy 0 OEE Myotome — Magione ountbaind \ rea trade pr) Aronjotie covity 1+ mesonenm | mesoBLast | oematona (Semi an) Ssiairave | shal mace seed st Sire oredr SKELETON 2 ARIAL SKELETON 7 skull & vertebra 2 APPENDICULAR SKELETON > Upper limb & leuer Limi Skull Bones 7 Anterior & totercl * Neural crest cells 7 posterior Coccipital) } Somites vertebrox Leclerotome] upper Limb bones CHumerus] dorsal Somatic Lower Limb bones Cremur] Loreral ploti mesoderm DORSAL VIEW OF EMBRYO CePHALLC END BUcCO PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE = noTocHORD Laxial mesoderm] = Para axial mesoderrn, Ineermedial. mesoderm Lateral plofi. mesoderm ‘ae cr Spinal Cored coos > Vertebro, covers CLOACAL MEMBRANE CADAL END + 16t poir of somites peor in > occipital region[© pit oF me Following muscles ore derivekives OF para -axiol mesoderm exept O Mosseter b Diophragn © Biceps femoris © Muscles derived From visceral sphiancnic lateral plote mesoderm is Q Myo Epitheliocytes oF stin qlonds b& tris muscles [© which oF the Following dwelop form para axial mesoderm © adrenal cortex * derived from Intermedia mesoderm b Humerus > derived From Lateral Plate mesoderm e a Lesener answer J Adrenol Medulia derived from Neurol crest cellVaginal epithelium ig derived From Endoderm of genital rid Mesoderm OF genital ridge mesoderm OF vrogenital sinus Pharyngeal pouches Heat: bulge Viet. uct Alani: ‘duct Urinary bladderGor Tee CERCVATEVES FORE Gur > Respiratory tube MIDGUT > vitelline duck HIND GUT 7 Rilantoic duct COMPONENTS OF OMBILICAL CORD > Vitelline Duck 7 Pliontoie Duck RESPITORY TUBE FORMATION SEQUENCE > Trachea Bronchos Longs Epithelium derived from + fore qué endoderm Smeomh muscles derived from + ventral viscera! Laberal plait mesoderm GUT TUBE > derived From Endoderm OF yolk Sac Forming epitheliom > ventral visceral Lem forms muscles > ENDODERM OF HEND GUT lower port oF Genito orinary system > vrinory badder > vremra bower vagina Major post of Genito usinosy Sysiem derived from Intermediate mesoderm Phasyngeal pouches ose developing in lokeral wall OF pharynx > Forms Porathyroid gland Thymus 7% Tymos is derived From 7 Endoderm oF phoryngec! pouches 7 connective tissue OF Thymus derived From > Neural crest cells Lsec. mesoderm] Liver & Pancreas developing ok foregur & midguk Junction C mainly Contribuked by endoderm oF forequrI Buccopharynges! membrane rupture to form Orel opening cloocal membrane rupture to Form anal opening > Bom membranes do not have mesoderm dit fusion oF ectoderm & endodermEpitellum Lendoderm) A Thymes TERE GT OF? Phoryngeal pouches Para myroid qlonts rrachenesophageat [Meg Ligrerasy Sertrn Fictla g : pao gut vrinary Bladder <} uregertsil] Recium eee urerira, A | | een Lower vagina vagina “— Perineal Body TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA > dit deficiency in trokmoesophageal septum + ead co gastric acid aspiration Perineal Body im Adults Seperakes into vagina > anteriorly Anal canal > posteriorly urogenital sinus forms vrinary bladder vremhra, Epithelium Lower vagina Smoomh muscles OF Genito Urinary system derived From mainly from eMdedermor Fore gue = 1} cloaca + Urogenital ¢ Rectum > Intermediate mesodermut TWEE Epitfelium & @anos tamina propria [conn Tissue] MowsA | ~~ Musevlaris: mucosa SOB MUCOSA MOSCULARIS EXTERNA [senosa CPeritorevm), or. Cr = ebvenrereA, F MEISSNER'S PLEXUS > plexus in Sub mucosa > AVERBACH'S PLEXUS > Plexus in muscle layer > present blo inner cirawlor & outer longitudinal loyer BODY TUBES — OVERVIEW OESOPHAGUS mucosA + Strokified squamous 2pitelium 7 Lamina propria 7 moseularis mucosa. SoB mucosa 7 Gerongest loyer > sub mucosal glands present MUSCULARES EXTERNA + inner cireulor Muscle layer > Myenteric | Autrbach's plexus + ovter Longitudinal loyer AOVENTETEA @ surtace STOMACH mucous cells @asrarc LUMEN Macs GASTRIC PIT GASTRIC GLANDS Surface mucous cells mocous neck cells Parietal cell8 =? Forms Hel ChieF cells > Forms Pepsinoqey Endocrine cells * secretes Gastrin Supported by Lamina propria GASTRIC GLANDS ibys serosa @®SMALL INTESTINE > columnor epitelions € rarcroviuir C+ surface areal ee > PLICA circuLaRES worn — mveosal Folds coe — surface area for absorpt™ = > serosn © — ‘ee tern met) MESOTHELIUM LC cimple Serosa, Peritoneum, Pleura. Pericordiom RESPIRATORY TUBE % PSeupo STRATEFTED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELTUM mucosh Sup mucosA HYPLINE CARTILAGE > Rigid g Keep the lumen patent 7 Skops ar the level oF Bronchus 7 Bronchioles do not have hyaline Cartilage — more smoom muscles + nt tog 7 ADVENTITEA RENAL TUBE > Tronsitional Epimelium | > Smookh muscles ‘SKIN 7 stratiFied squamous kerotinized Epimelium C stratified cquamovs non keratinized Epitheliom > Esophaqus] 7 EPIDERMIS > DERMTS. — Popitiory layer - retiador Layer SWEAT GLANDS SEBACEOUS GLANDS weBooy TuBES do not have Keratin dit wet mocosa except hoard palo. Coral cavity] STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIOM —NON KERATENI ZED > Superficial celix have nucle > eq > VAatNA STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM — KERATINTZLED > superficiol cells donot hove nuclei > Eq > Skin on soleTYPE OF EPITHELIUM BSS F Single loyered (Simece EP ITHELTOM STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM > multiple layered A Seo squarous SIMPLE EPITHELTDM B Smpecubodal Flok cell C flak nucleus Squamous Height = Breadth & centro] Spherical nucleus > cuboidol fF) ||| | Height > Greodth © ovol basal nucleus > columnar © See courar Thyroid follicles are lined by which type oF Epimeliom Cecsr answer) Stratified cuboidal > Thyroid Follicle lining depends on amount OF Thyroxine Secret? a Sconty + Squamovs a Medium > cuboidal 3 High > columnar Gecreting active thyroid follicles are Lined by which epithelium Simple squamovs Sirnple cxboidal Folicdar calle 2 Ore + oval Basal nuclens. +e + Exdolatmie raves Basement membrane simple columnor (sca Resting Coutive follicle) Follicle?EPLIHELIOM — SITES SEMPLE SQUAMOUS EPLTHELTOM SIMPLE CUBOTOAL EPIMHELtuM, SEMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHEUUM RESTING THYROID POLLECLE MESOTHELLUM — Peritoneurn Serosa — Pleura = Pericardium THYROLD FOLLICLE KEONEY Lect, pet) PerEVE THYROED FOLLICLE SMALL INTESTINE, (striated border] ‘STomACH StMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Se = STRATIFIED EPLTHELLUM SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM — STMPLE CoLUMMNOR EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED SQUAMDUS EPLTHELLUM > Present ok plates where Protection needed SuperFictal layer middie Lowers Basol cells squamous Udecides the nomed 7 cuboidal > columnarSEEN IN 2 Openings in the body - oral covity Naso] cavity eyes, Bors Perineum > vremra , vagina, anal canal Epimelial lining oF Linqual Surfoce Epiqlottis i¢ Simple _columnor PseudostratiFied ciliated columnor cuboidal Epiglotiis hos a surfaces oral surroce Lined by > Strotifed columnar Epimeliom Laryngeal Surface Lined by Pseudo stratifred ciliated colurnnar PSEUDO STRATIFIED CELIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM 7 Psevdo strokified —* Each cell touching the Basement membrane > seen in Respiratory Epiteliom TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM a icmpeph te tra 288)TRANSLITONAL EPITHELTOM * cells towards the lumen are quite larger > UMBRELLA CELS > Gtretchable epimelium 7% each cell attaches to bosement membrane TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM LoRoTHEOM J => Globular cells towards the Surface STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPLTHELTUM > Flak cells towards the SurFace PSEUDO STRATLFLEO EPITHELIUM, € CILLA 7 Respiratory epitheliom STRATEFTED SQUAMOLS EPITHELLUM RULE Any externol opening oF body iz always lined by Stratified squamous Epiteliom EMBRYOLOGY RULE Ang extemal opening oF body ix altoays lined by SURPACE ECTODERM Strokitied Squamous Epitelivm can also be present on mesoderm & Endederm Eq. vaginal Epimeliom + stratified squamous epithelioen upper vagina derived from = > mesoderm 7 endoderm Strokified squamous epimelium con rarely Seen on internal opening q- VOCAL coros > protects From abrasions from cough & Sneeze Larynx Lined by Pseudostratified columnar] Respiratory Epimefiom STRATEFLED SQUAMOUS EPITHELLUM 3 + Openings 1 eves Aoorup é Anal canohOO} biddle ear cavity CID LAD external cor conal a Tyrmpanie. membrane OPENINGS IN FACE eves 7 26t loyer oF CcoRNER EARS —% ERTERNAL EAR CANAL + Outer Surface OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, a 5 3 NOSE % VESTEBULE Cekin thoir> 4 ORAL CAVITY TONGUE, HARD PALATE 7 ormo & PoraKerutin ized st.sq. Epithelium TONSIL, EPLGLOTTS Corel surface] > Non kerakinized st.sq. Epimeliom KERATINTZATLON > Skin > supereiciol dnyers have no nudei PARA KERATENIZATION > Geen in Tongue G hort palab. > superficial Layers have nuclei MEBDLE EAR CAVITY 4 Tm Cinner surface] > Strakiffed Cuboidel Epithelium CERUMENOUE GLAND 7% Wax gland — modified apocrine sweat qland OPENINGS IN PERINEUM 5 URETHRA er FEMALE URETHRA => acm, sp as MALE URETHRA > aoc Tip lined by 6. 6q. Epitelivm 6 VAGINA % ANAL CANAL Below dentai/ pectinola line > St. Sq. Epi SQVAMD COLUMNAR JUNCTIONS > prone to metoplasia > present ak v anol canal Dysplasia oesophagus 4 bern cervix concersBARRET'S OESOPHAGUS > Gastro Esophageal junction P Samo columnar gunction > Gorren's: metaplosia > intestinal muaplacia, 4 Gastric Metoplasia oe2 4 columnar Epimelivm Bosret's otsophaqus Ox bY columnar metoplosia ‘columnar dysplasia Normal epithelium — Squamous Replaced by > columnar ¢ goblet cells CanresteniaL mere PLaste) > % Rick OF ADENOCARCINOMA, 7 2 = LINE Biq — 20q Hine Squamo columnar Jn. at tower oesophaqus Lower a cr of oesophagus iz lined by columnar epitielion Prone to mekoplasio | dysplasia Z- LINE Locarep ar ®@ individvels + gam above Gea {e@astro ecophagea! Juncéion] Barrett's oesophagus * Scm above Ger > INTESTINAL METAPLASER -* Misnomer — not used for absorpth > GRAY'S ANATOMY Says > GacTRIC METAPLASTA = Parietal cells found in Bx = MISNOMER. too no qoblet cells in stomachSecret coming Cour lost oF cell membrone Eq - Salivory qionds Apical cell membrone fx lost & Covers the Seuretions eq - Mommoary gland [Modified Sweet gland] whole cell membrane lost & entire cell will breaks down Periphery Cellk ore inkott , cells towards ducts breake down Eq - Gebaceous gland Apical cm Lost covers: Seoret™ iy (a) MEROCRINE GLAND APOCRINE GLAND hich oF the following ig a holocrine qland sweok qlond Breast PonereasSWERT GLANDS MEROCRINE more common APOCRINE lec cormmon Seen in Axilla, perineum ceruminovt qlond 5 modified sweat qlonds mammary gland MEROCRINE PANCREAS GLANDS serous = Hin watery > parotid salivary gland Muctnous > Thick viscous cecretion * Sublingual Solivary qland Cmojor] MIXED > Both > Gab mandibular Salivary gland Sub Linquol salivary gland Serous demilunes ore present in Large number in Which gland Parotid SEROUS DEMILUNES > Feature of Gero mucous glands SUB MANDIBULAR SALLVARY GLAND 7 Seromucinous gland % MuctNous GLANDS — lightly Stained» columnay cells — Foamy appearance - cap oF serous gland over mucinous qlond =>) SEROUS DEMILUNE — Seen in mixed gland — cuboidal cells — Dark Stained eosinophilic cells 7 serovs ces > darkly StainedCONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER 1 Loose a DENSE @ areolar Tissve dence regular Tissue b adipose Trssue b pense trregulor Tresve © retioulor Tissue © Elostic Tissue LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTLVE TESSUE > 4 collagen Cerpres] COLLAGEN FLBRES > qroop oF tong length Fibres ELACTIC FIBRES % Short, min & branching Fibres Remculan cr Short, thin branching fibres Seen in LXMPHOED ORGANS Liver Spleen un Bone Marrow ‘Except? 9 Thymus DENSE REGULAR CT ——cataen ‘ere Rage > F collagen 7 collagen fibres runs parallelly in one direction SEEN IN Tendon Aponevrosis Ligaments DENSE IRREGULAR cT > Fibres run hophazardiy SEEN IN Deep reticolor loage OF DERMIS: ters por th ft in cn faeCONNECTIVE TISSUE CLASSIFICATION TENOON LOOSE AREOLAR | > LAMINA PROPRIA DENSE REGULAR —> PPONEOROSIS Sub Epithelial ct N\, LIGAMENTS DERMIS (deep reticulow layer] = PERLOSTEUM Dense & reqular arrangement oF collagen Fibres if Been in all ExcteT Tendon Ligamnene ian ear Osis. Dense & irrequior Connective tissue if Found in > deep retiuuor Lower Lamina propria Tendon d_Ligament TYPES OF COLLAGEN FIRES TrPe L_ Lrnc} TYPE IL @ Bones @ CARTILAGE @ LYTHPHOED ORGANS |" @ GASAL LAMINA] @ FrerocarrtAge Hyaline Spleen MEMBRANE Catypical Blackie Liver cortilage} LN @ ALPORT SYNDROME (problem in @ bermrs ( SktINI @ Heaung) Type VJ @ Ol Scar GRANULAT TISSUE]HYALANE CARTELAGE > HAs > Gloss ike collagen Fibres Ore not evident co eye Loptical itluston] Refractive index oF Collagen fibres = RI oF Matrix > seen in Articuloy cortflage > ISLANDS OF CHONDROCYTES - pet run in tines 7 consists oF ELASTIC FIBRES > > chonproevTes + nt & larger FEBRD CARTILAGE WOFKS AC SHOCK ABSORBER Seen in Intervertebral discs LINES OF CHONDRDCYTES CLong lines) alternating © collagen fibres + collagen fibres collagen Abres ave evidentHYALENE CARTILAGE 8 IESLANDS OF CHONDROCYTES. collagen Fibres are Mot ELASTIC CARTELAGE GV OfO LARGE CHONDROCYTES Short , Single & branching, ELASTEC FIBRES ows oF chondrocytes alternating Bundles of collagen, Fibres: Identifying characteristics Type collagen Perichondrium, Location Fetal cartilage © Costal cartilage Present (EXCEPT: at articular cartilage) ‘Most common type Ei “ypell collagen Present Rare (OTC) © External ea Eustachian Epialattis of nase eo ees 1 Thstechnlogeg 8 eS oresias = Cunelform, rm ‘Type collagen (predominantly) Absent Found near the bone/joint = Intervertebral dise = Articular disc (Se «7 = Knee meniscus * Glenoid/acetabular labrum ® Insertion of tendons ‘SHOCK ABSORBER, tube amTYPES PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS > have ster cells 1 BONE maARROW > produce & cells 4 Plagma Cells + Humoral Immunity 2 THYMUS > produce T cells > responsible For CELL MEDLATED IrnmuNITy — Kills backeriq. Protozog comocba> > DI GEORGE SYNDROME + mymus absent > 4 cmt > Severe bacterial Infections SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS > no stem ceils > L. NooES TONstLc SPLEEN, MALT (Payer's Pakches)LYMPH NODE, ‘COMPONENTS 2. CORTER PARA CORTEX 3. MEDULLA A. CAPSULE 5, LARGE SUB CAPSULAR siNUS [Filled ¢ IymphI CORTEX —% COntoins Lyrmphofd follices LYMPHOCYTES > hos lorge nucleus [Basophilic] © peripheral thin cytoplosm THYMUS, > mourtPLe LoeuLes > multiple cortex > or periphery 7% dark coloured > multiple medulia > ak centre > Light coloured > HASSAL'S CORPUSCLE LrHymrc CoRPUscte] degenerating cells @ Cepimeliogytes> ¢ aN SPLEEN WHITE PULP > to- Bor. 7 fr Wacs > LamPHoTO FOLLICLES — © Germinal centre CLight stoined] — Periphery > dork Stoined > 9m centre > T Lymphoaytes Periphery 8 LymphocytesRED PoP > 40 - gov > Central Arteriole > 4 Roce 7 Present in Lymphoid follicle > SPLEENIC SINUSoIOS Filled < blood > Eecentri¢ Cot in centred > coRbS oF BTLLAOTH % > Reticulo cytes 4 Retiusor fibres AE surrounded by T lymphocytes + CAPSULATED Tnymos Lymph Node Spleen Ril OF the Following are Components oF White Pulp oF spleen Except Peri arteriolor dymph sheath & celle a b e atin Presenting cells PERI ARTERLOLAR LYMPH SHEATH > contoing T lymphocytesTONSIL, PALATINE TONSIL LINGUAL ToNetL PHARYNGEAL Tonstl PALATINE TONSIL > Tonsilor crypt Lined by Non Kerokinized Strobified squamous Epitmelium > LymPHotb FoLLtcte MALT (Mucosa ASSOCIATED LYMPHOCYTE TISSUE) @Atr C Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue] present in }@ GRBMSNGSSAA Coenen answerd © Muscularts mucosa, d__ Adivenkitia | Serosa NERMIFORM APPENDIX > meLt present not only in LAMINA PROPRIYA bur also extending into Sue Mucosa [Rare]SKIN, EPLTHELLUM STRATUM CORNEUM + contains Kerotin Fibres STRATUM LUctDUM = «Sn polm & Soles. STRATUM GRANULOSUM > have —KeraD Hyoline Grancles STRATUM SPINOSUM]) PRICKLE CELL LAYER SATURN BASALE| SIRATOM GERMINATIVUM Stratum comeum Strabum granvlosyen Strakum spinosum Strobum basole.PRICKLE CELL LAYER t STRATUM MALPHIGIT BASAL CELL LAYER BASAL CELL LAYER - ces MERKEL cetL > Receptor for Light touch Sensation rem CELL adds more layers MELANOCYTE > Produce melanin. LANGERHAN CELLS > present in upper layer > ppc ~ monoayte derived Phaqotytic type oF cell 7 presenrs bacteria fo Lymphooyte ian Se ardancgee Merkel call sett O- Onna O re dermis Dising —Sensryrane Basel taal Spine appearance ig dit Desmosomes Pemphigus vulgaris > auto antibodies destroys Sesmosomes: > Blisters > ipvolverint oF Ss. Spinosum > Intercellulor Geparotion +t MELANOCNTES + produce melanin + derived from Neural crest cells Merkel cell derived From Surfoce Ectoderm Skin Epithelium derived fiom Surface ectoderm Tern investRECEPTORS, MERKEL'S CELL MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLE PACINIAN CORPUSCLE RUFFINE'S CORPUS CLE a + s > Free endings of ‘atterentn ber Terminal of afferent» fer Muliayeres capsule ermal papita— ‘Spiral terminals of ‘tlarentn fer Totorous = Schwann cel MELSSNER'S ‘CORPUSCLE MERKEL'S CELL > fer Light touch Sensat” + helps reoding BRATILE > Slowly adopting Receptor MELSSNER'S CORPUSCLE For light touch sensation for a point discrimination for pressure & Vibrak” For Dermal Stretch aflrontn fiber Danette branches. of atferentn. Noor Capsule a aftrent Aber curate BJ roreint's conpuscle C Merkel > Merssner] FREE NERVE ENDINGS MERKEL CELLS MELSSNER'S CORPUSCLE PACINIAN CORPUSCLE RUFFIN RECEPTOR, > present or demo epidermo! junction > rapidly adopting receptor > for a poine diseriminar? PACLNIAN CORPUSCLE > present in deep dermis 7 carries pressure § Vibration > ropidiy adopting receptorRUFFINI RECEPTOR. > present in deep receptor > slowly adopting receptor > for dermot Strekch Thermoreceptor PREE NERVE ENDINGS > non myelinated axons slow conducting > ¢ Fibres > conducts Pain & Temperokure2Onm Intercellular gop ig Found in a Zona occludens Nery narrow Intercellular qap (© ASNAABEERD / Fascia poHERENS © Macala adherens / pesmosomes. > asnm [Emax] d__Gop junctions > __very narrow _Intercetlolar gap. Apical surfoce Zona occludens | Tight Junction Gap auneckion |__ Hemi Desmosomes BasemenE membrone AP QUNCTLON > Tunnel like blu & Cells > for passage oF ions , molecules [ Glucose, AAI > CONNEXONS hexagonal Strutkures + nt > very narrow IC Gap > jons Cco™, Natt } + for impulse conduction Gimilar to Electric synapse in Smookh mouccle s > causes Peristalsis cordiac musdes * cavses Rhyiim + in cose of damage tte — Disturbed peristolsis = cardioe arrytrnias > Foster Conducting thon neural conduction Contain CONNExoNS > hexagonal 7 condvceg ions Cea, Not] emma .