CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEW

1st Semester 2020-2021

Atty. Ruben S. Ayson Jr.

Coverage
Political Law (Constitutional Law I)
Constitutional Law (Constitutional Law II)
Administrative Law
Public Officers and Election Law
Local Government/Municipal Corporations
Public International Law
Course objectives
1. To give a review of the topics covered under Political Law
2. Foster critical thinking on issues and current events related to the topics under the subject

Course methodology
1. Classes will be conducted using online methods
2. There will be graded recitation, quizzes, assignments, and examinations
3. Quizzes, assignments, and examinations will cover provisions of the Constitution, laws, and
jurisprudence
Class policies
1. The assigned cases must be read for recitation, quizzes, and examination purposes
2. Exams will be in essay form
3. No textbook is required (Students are free to choose the reference they will use)

Class policies
1. Keep absences and tardiness to a minimum
2. All students must be on mute during the class except for the student reciting.
3. Recording must be with the consent of the professor and the class.
4. Unnecessary noise or any disruption of the class discussion will not be tolerated. The student
causing the disruption will be marked as absent for the specific session/class. Only 3 absences
will be allowed.
5. Students are encouraged to ask questions
6. During quiz and examinations, the proctor will be watching through zoom while students take
the exams on google classroom. Any unnecessary disruption will give cause to the proctor or
professor not accepting the exam submitted by the student causing the said disruption.
CHEATING will mean an automatic failure.
7. Synchronous class lectures will be done via Zoom. Students are required to join. Students
failing to do so will be marked as absent. The link will be provided before the class.
8. Assignments and quizzes will be uploaded in the online platform.
9. The assigned cases must be read for digest, recitation, quizzes, assignments, and examination
purposes
10. Exams will be in essay form
11. No textbook is required (Students are free to choose the reference they will use)

Grading system:
25% - Quizzes
25% - Midterm Exam ((Constitutional Law I)
25%- Pre-Final Exam (Constitutional Law II)
25% - Final Exam (Administrative Law, Public Officers, Election Law, Local Government, PIL)
 Constitutional Law Review

POLITICAL LAW (CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I)

I. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
A. Constitution: definition, nature, and concepts
a. Political law
1. The law of public administration
2. Constitutional law
3. Administrative law
4. The law of public corporations
b. Constitutional law
c. Constitution defined
d. Classification of Constitutions
1. Written v. unwritten.
2. Enacted (conventional) v. evolved (cumulative)
3. Rigid v. flexible
B. Parts
1. Constitution of Government
2. Constitution of Sovereignty
3. Constitution of Liberty
C. Amendments and revisions

1. In general
a. R.A. No. 6735
Cases: Garcia vs. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 279 (1994)
PIRMA vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129745, September 23, 1997
b. Difference between amendment and revision
Case: Lambino vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006
c. Legal tests
1. Quantitative test
2. Qualitative test
2. Steps in the amendatory process
I. Proposals
a. By congress as a Constituent Assembly
b. By Constitutional Convention
c. By people's initiative
Cases: Santiago vs. COMELEC, G.R. No.127325, March 19, 1997
d. By President during emergency
Case: Sanidad vs. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33 (1976)
e. Submission of Proposals
Doctrine of Proper Submission
Cases: Tolentino vs. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)
Planas vs. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105 (1973)
UNIDO vs. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17 (1981)
II. Ratification
D. Self-executing and non-self-executing provisions
Case: Gamboa vs. Teves, 652 SCRA 690 (2011)
E. General provisions
a. Flag of the Philippines
b. Name of the country, national anthem, and national seal
Republic Act No. 8491 Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines.
Case: Martinez vs. Lim, A.M. No. P-04-1795, March 25, 2009
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c. The State may not be sued without its

d. Armed forces of the Philippines
Case: Magdalo vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190793, June 19, 2012
e. Police force
Case: Kulayan vs. Tan G.R. No. 187298, July 03, 2012
Gamboa vs. Chan G.R. No. 193636, July 24, 2012
f. Consumer protection
g. Communication Structures
Case: Chavez vs. Gonzales, G.R. No. 168338, February 15, 2008 (Azcuna Concurring Opinion)
h. Limitations on mass media and advertising
Executive Order No. 65, s. 2018, 11th Foreign Investment Negative List
Current events: Rappler and ABS-CBN

II. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

I. THE CONSTITUTION AND ITS INTERPRETATION

1. Doctrine of Constitutional supremacy
Case: Tawang Multi-Purpose Cooperative vs. La Trinidad Water District, G.R. No. 166471
March 22, 2011
2. Interpretation of the Constitution
Cases: Francisco Jr. vs. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol 415 SCRA 44 (2003)
Chavez vs. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012
3. Preamble of the 1987 Constitution
Cases: Aglipay vs. Ruiz, 64 Phil. 201 (1937)

III. THE STATE

Concept of State
1. National territory
1987 Constitution Article I
Treaty of Paris Article III
R.A. No. 3046 as amended by R. A. No. 5446
R.A. No. 9522
Cases: Magallona v. Ermita G.R. No. 181167, July 16, 2011
Republic vs. Provincial Government of Palawan, December 4, 2018, G.R. No. 170867
Regalian Doctrine
Cases: Cruz v. Secretary of Environment 347 SCRA 128 (2000)
Republic vs. Valentina Espinosa, G.R. No. 186603, April 5, 2017
2. People
a. Citizenship
Philippine Citizenship under 1935, 1973, and 1987 Constitution
R.A. No. 8171 and R.A. No. 9225
i. Definition of citizenship
Cases: Republic vs. Karbasi, G.R. No. 210412, July 28, 2015
ii. Elements of citizenship
Case: Tan Chong vs. Secretary of Labor G.R. No. 47616, September 16, 1947
iii. Importance of citizenship
Cases: Japzon vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 180088, January 19, 2009

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iv. Natural born citizens

Cases: Limkaichong vs. COMELEC G.R. Nos. 178831-32, April 1, 2009
v. Naturalized citizens
Cases: Sobejana-Candon vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 198742, August 10, 2012
vi. Stateless persons and Foundlings
Convention relating to the status of Stateless Persons, 6 June 1960
Case: Poe-Llamanzares vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016
David vs. Senate Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 221538, September 20, 2016

vii. Dual citizenship and dual allegiance

Cases: Mercado vs. Manzano 307 SCRA 630
Petition … Benjamin M. Dacanay, B. M. No. 1678, December 17, 2007
Jacot vs. Dal, G.R. no.179848, November 27, 2008
viii. Natural-born citizens and public office
Cases: Arnado vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 210164, August 18, 2015
Chua vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 216607, April 5, 2016
b. Modes of acquiring citizenship

i. Jus soli and jus sanguine

Case: Valles vs COMELEC, G.R. No. 137000, August 9, 2000
ii. Judicial Declaration of Philippine Citizenship
Case: Republic vs. Sagun, G.R. No. 187567, February 15, 2012
iii. Philippine Citizenship by Naturalization
Qualifications and Disqualifications for naturalization
Commonwealth Act No. 473 and R. A. No. 9139
Cases: Republic vs. Ong, G.R. No. 175430, June 8, 2012
Republic vs. Karbasi, G.R. No. 210412, July 28, 2015
iv. Effect of naturalization on alien spouse and children
Case: Republic vs. Batugas, G.R. No. 183110, October 7, 2013
v. Naturalization by presidential decree/legislative naturalization
Case: Co vs. Civil Registrar, G.R. No. 138496, February 23, 2004
vi. Judicial naturalization
Cases: Go vs. Republic, G.R. No. 202809, July 2, 2014
vii. Administrative Philippine citizenship
Case: Republic vs. Batugas, G.R. No. 183110, October 7, 2013
In the matter of the petition for admission to citizenship of Manish C. Mahtani v.
Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 211118, March 21, 2018
viii. OSG Special Committee on Naturalization
Case: So vs. Republic, G.R. No. 170603, January 29, 2007

ix. Citizenship proceedings sui generis

Case: Go vs. Ramos, G.R. No. 167569, September 4, 2009

x. Citizenship and Res judicata

Cases: Go vs. Bureau of Immigration, G.R. No. 191810, June 22, 2015

c. Loss of Philippine citizenship and denaturalization

Commonwealth Act No. 63
Cases: Labo vs. COMELEC 176 SCRA 1 (1989); 211 SCRA 297 (1992)
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d. Reacquisition of citizenship
Cases: Tecson vs. COMELEC, G.R. No 161434, March 3, 2004
In Re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999
i. Procedure for reacquisition via repatriation/ R. A. No. 8171
Cases: Tabasa vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125793, August 29, 2006
Altajeros vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 163256, November 10, 2004
ii. R.A. No. 9225 Citizenship Reacquisition Act
Cases: David vs. Agbay, G.R. No. 199113, March 18, 2015
Tan vs. Crisologo G.R. No. 193993, November 8, 2017
Cardino vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 216637, March 7, 2017
3. Government
i. Government of the Philippines defined
Case: U.S. vs. Dorr, 2 Phil. 339 (1903)
ii. Constituent and ministrant functions of government defined
Case: Bacani vs Nacoco, 100 Phil. 468 (1956)
iii. Traditional classification of government functions obliterated
Case: ACCFAvs. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 256 (1989)
iv. De facto vs de jure government
Case: Co Kim Chan vs. Valdez, 75 Phil 113 (1946)
Estrada vs. Desierto, 356 SCRA 108, (2001)
v. Revolutionary Government
Case: Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, 406 SCRA 190 (2003)

vi. Parens patriae

Case: Southern Luzon Drug vs. DSWD, G.R. No. 199669, April 25, 2017
vii. inherent powers of the state
Cases: Planters Products, Inc. vs. Fertiphil Corporation, 548 SCRA 485 (2008)
viii. State immunity from suit
a. Basis
Cases: Vigilar vs. Aquino, 639 SCRA 772 (2011)
b. Application
Cases: GATC vs. CA, 585 SCRA 150 (2009)
Agra vs. COA, 661 SCRA 563 (2011)
c. Waiver of immunity
Case: China National Machinery vs. Sta Maria, 665 SCRA 189 (2012)
d. Forms of consent
Case: Heirs of Mendoza vs. DPWH, G.R. No. 203834, July 9, 2014
e. Suit against government agencies
Cases: DOH vs. Phil Pharma Wealth, Inc., 691 SCRA 421 (2013)
f. Exemption from legal requirements
Cases: Banahaw Broadcasting vs. Pacana, 649 SCRA 196 (2011)
Landbank vs. Rivera, 635 SCRA 285 (2010)
g. Suability vs. liability
Cases: Lockheed vs. UP, G.R. No. 185918, April 18, 2012
University of the Philippines vs. Dizon, 679 SCRA 54 (2012)

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viii. Money claims

Case: TIEZA vs. Global V, G.R. No. 219708, October 3, 2018
MMDA vs. DM Consunji, G.R. No. 222423, February 20, 2019
4. Sovereignty
Case: Tanada vs Angara, 272 SCRA (1997)
The Province of North Cotabato vs. Government of the Republic of the
Philippines Peace Panel on Ancestral Domain, 568 SCRA 402 (2008)
5. International recognition

IV. THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

Separation of powers/Checks and Balances
Cases: Nazareth vs. Villar, 689 SCRA 385, 407 (2013)
Metrobank vs. Tobias, 664 SCRA 16 (2012)
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, 12 January 2016.
A. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
I. The Legislature
. 1. Composition, qualification and terms of office
Senate - Art VI, Sec 2-4
House of Representatives Art VI Sec. 5-8
Term and Tenure
Cases: Quinto v. COMELEC, 606 SCRA 258 (2009) and 613 SCRA 385 (2010)
Qualifications
Cases: Vilando vs. HRET, G.R. No. 192147, August 23, 2011
Mitra vs. COMELEC, 622 SCRA 744 (2010) and 633 SCRA 580 (2010)
a. Apportionment and reapportionment
Cases: Bagabuyo vs. COMELEC, 573 SCRA 290 (2008)
Aquino vs. COMELEC, 617 SCRA 623 (2010)
b. Party list
R.A. No. 7941
Cases: Atong Paglaum vs. COMELEC, 694 SCRA 477 (2013)
BANAT vs. COMELEC, 586 SCRA 210 (2009); Resolution dated July 8, 2009
Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, 618 SCRA 32 (2010)
AKMA-PTM vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 207134, June 16, 2015
2. Election
a. Regular Election - Art VI, Sec. 8
b. Special Election - Art VI, Sec. 9
Case: Tolentino vs. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 438 (2004)
3. Privileges, salary, disqualification
a. Salary - Art VI, Sec. 10
Case: Amores vs. HRET, 622 SCRA 593 (2010)
b. Freedom from arrest - Art VI, Sec. 11
Case: People vs. Jalosjos, 381 SCRA 690 (2000)
Trillanes vs. Pimentel 556 SCRA 471 (2008)
c. Speech and debate clause Art VI, Sec. 11
Cases: Pobre vs. Defensor Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, August 25, 2009
d. Duty to disclose Art VI, Sec. 12 and 20

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e. Disqualifications and other prohibitions - Art VI, Sec. 13-14

Cases: Liban vs. Gordon, 639 SCRA 709 (2011)
4. Internal government of Congress
a. Election of officers
Case: Santiago vs. Guingona, 298 SCRA 756 (1998)
b. Quorum
Case: Avelino vs. Cuenco, 83 Phil 17 (1949)
c. Rules of proceedings
Cases: Pimentel vs. Senate Committee, G.R. No. 187714, March 8, 2011
d. Power over members and right to sit
Case: Vera vs. Avelino, 77 Phil 193 (1946)
e. Discipline of members
Cases: De Venecia vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 130240, February 5, 2002
f. Sessions, Art. VI, sec. 15-16
i. Regular Sessions
ii. Special Sessions
iii. Joint Sessions
g. Journal and congressional records
i. Enrolled bill theory
Cases: PJA vs. Prado, 27 SCRA 703 (1993)
ii. Probative value of the journal
Case: United States vs. Pons, 34 Phil 729 (1916)
iii. Matters to be entered in the journal
iv. Journal entry rule vs. enrolled bill theory
Cases: Astorga vs. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974)
ABAKADA vs. Purisima, 562 SCRA 251 (2008)
5. Powers of congress
a. Police power
Cases: People vs. Siton, 600 SCRA 476 (2009)
Whitelight Corporation vs. City of Manila 576 SCRA 416 (2009)
Southern Luzon Drug vs. DSWD, G.R. No. 199669, April 25, 2017
b. General plenary powers
Case: City of Davao vs. RTC G.R. No. 127383, August 18, 2005
c. Legislative power
1. Procedural limitations - Art VI, Sec. 26-27
2. Express substantive limitations - Art III; Art VI, Secs. 25, 28, 29-31
3. Implied substantive limitations
Case: City of Davao vs. RTC 467 SCRA 28 (2005)
4. Prohibition against delegation legislative powers
i. Criterion of valid delegation
Cases: Vivas vs. Monetary Board, G.R. No. 191424, August 7, 2013
ii. Undue delegation
Case: Pelaez vs. auditor General, 15 SCRA 596 (1965)
iii. Proper delegation
a. By express Authority of the Constitution
Case: Garcia vs. Executive Secretary, 210 SCRA 256 (1992)
b. Delegation to the President - Art. VI, Sec 23 (2)
Case: Biraogo vs. Philippine Truth Commission 637 SCRA 78 (2010)
c. Delegation to local governments - Art. X Sec. 2-3
Case: Gancayco vs. Govt of Quezon City, 658 SCRA 853 (2011)
SJS vs. Atienza, 545 SCRA 92 (2008)
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d. Delegation of power to carry out defined policy according to prescribed

standards
Cases: Osmena vs. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (1993)
e. Promulgation of rules and regulations
5. Prohibition against irrepealable laws
d. Question hour - Art. VI, Sec 22
Case: Senate vs. Ermita 488 SCRA 1 (2006).
e. Legislative inquiries and investigations - Art VI, Sec. 21
Cases: In Re Sabio, 504 SCRA 704 (2006)
Neri vs. Senate Committee, 549 SCRA 77 (2008)
f. Acts as board of canvassers for Presidential and Vice-Pres. Elections - Art. VII, Sec. 4
Case: Pimentel vs. Congress, G.R. No.163783, June 22, 2004
g. Call for special election for President and Vice President, Art. VII, Sec. 10
h. Revoke and or extend suspension of privilege of habeas corpus and declaration of
martial law - Art. VII, Sec. 18
i. Approve Presidential amnesties - Art. VII, Sec. 19
j. Confirm certain appointments - Art. VII, Sec. 9 - Commission on appointments
Cases: Drilon vs. De Venecia, G.R. No. 180055, July 31, 2009
k. Concurrence in treaties - Art. VII, Sec. 21
Cases: Pimentel vs. Executive Secretary, 462 SCRA 622 (2005)
Bayan Muna vs. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011)
IPAP vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204605, July 19, 2016
l. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers - Art, VI, Sec. 23
m. Be judge of President's fitness - Art. VII, Sec. 11
n. Power of impeachment - Art. XI, Sec. 2-3
Cases: Gutierrez vs. House Committee on Justice, 643 SCRA 199 (2011)
Chief Justice Corona vs. Senate, GR No. 200242, July 17, 2012
Republic vs. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018 and June 19, 2018
o. Amendment or revision of the Constitution - Art. XVII
Case: PIRMA vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129745, September 23, 1997
Lambino vs. COMELEC, 505 SCRA 160 (2006)
p. Power of appropriation
Cases: Belgica vs. Executive Secretary, 710 SCRA 1 (2013)
q. Power of taxation
Cases: Tolentino vs. Secretary of Finance, 235 SCRA 630 (1994)
FDCP vs. Colon Heritage Realty, G.R. No. 203754, June 16, 2015
r. Electoral Tribunal
Cases: Roces v. HRET, 469 SCRA 681 (2005)
Codilla vs. De Venecia, G.R. No. 141489, November 29, 2002
Bello vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 191998, December 10, 2010
II. The legislative process
1. Requirements as to bills
a. As to title
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Cases: BANAT vs. COMELEC, 586 SCRA 210 (2009); Resolution dated July 8, 2009
Giron v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 188179, January 22, 2013
b. Requirements as to certain laws enrolled bill
i. Appropriation laws
Case: Guingona vs. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 (1991)
ii. Power of Taxation and requirement as to tax laws
Tolentino vs. Secretary of Finance, 235 SCRA 630 (1994)
iii. Jurisdiction of the Supreme court
Case: First Lepanto Ceramic vs. Court of appeals, 237 SCRA 519 (1994)
2. Procedure on passage of bills
Cases: Abas Kida vs. Senate, 659 SCRA 270 (2011)
3. Presidential veto
Cases: Bolinao Electronics vs. Valencia 11 SCRA 486 (1964)
Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992)
4. Legislative veto
Case: Macalintal vs. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 719 (2003)
5. Effectivity of laws
Case: Tanada vs. Tuvera, G.R. No. L-63915, April 24, 1985 and December 29, 1986
6. Journal and congressional records
Cases: Casco Chemical vs. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)
Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 (1947)
Astorga vs. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974)
Morales vs. Subido, 27 SCRA 131 (1969)
B. EXECUTIVE BRANCH
1. The President
a. Singular Executive
Cases: Villena vs. Secretary, 67 Phil 451 (1939)
Ang-angco vs. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619 (1963)
b. Qualifications, election. term, oath - Art. VII, Secs. 2, 4, 5
Case: Macalintal vs. PET, 635 SCRA 783 (2001)
Pormento vs. Estrada, G.R. No. 191988, August 31, 2010
c. Privilege and salary - Art. VII, Sec. 6
Cases: Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, 406 SCRA 190 (2003)
d. Prohibitions - Art. VII, Sec. 13
Case: Funa vs. Ermita, 612 SCRA 308 (2010)
e. Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office
- Vice President as a member of the Cabinet; Secretary of Justice as member of the JBC
Cases: Funa vs. Agra, G.R. No. 191644, February 19, 2013
2. Powers and functions of the President
a. Executive power
i. Power to execute laws - Art VII, Sec 1 and 17
Case: Ople vs. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (1998)
DENR vs. DENR Reg. 12 Employees, 409 SCRA 359 (2003)
Banda vs. Ermita, 618 SCRA 488 (2010)
ii. Control and supervision over the executive branch - Art. VII, Sec. 17
Cases: Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB vs. Exec. Secretary, 360 SCRA 718 (2001)
Pichay vs. ODESLA, 677 SCRA 408 (2012)
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iii. General supervision of LGU's and autonomous regions

Cases: Pimentel vs. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201 (2000)
Ganzon vs. Court of Appeals, 200 SCRA 271 (1991)
iv. Power of appointment
• With consent of Commission on appointments
Cases: Sarmiento vs. Mison 156 SCRA 549 (1987)
Bautista vs. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989)
Quintos-Deles vs. Commission on Appointments, 177 SCRA 254 (1989)
• Limitations on appointing power - Art. VII, Sec. 13 and 15
Cases: In re: Appointments dated March 30, 1998, 298 SCRA 408 (1998)
Obiasca vs. Basallote, G.R. No. 176707, February 17, 2010
Re: Seniority …, A.M. No. 10-4-22-SC prom. September 28, 2010
Garafil vs. Office of the Pres., G.R. No. 203372, June 16 2015
• Interim or recess appointments
Art. VI, Sec 19
Art. VII Sec. 16
• Temporary designations
Administrative Code of1987, Bk. III Sec. 17
b. Power over legislation
i. veto
ii. delegated decree authority emergency
Case: Araneta vs. Dinglasan, 84 Phil 368 (1949)
iii. integrative powers
c. Special powers
i. Commander in chief
Cases: Gudani vs. Senga, 498 SCRA 671 (2006)
Burgos vs. Macapagal Arroyo, G.R. No. 183712, July 5, 2011
Ampatuan vs. Puno, G.R. No. 190259, June 7, 2011
ii. Martial Law
Case : Fortun vs Arroyo, G.R. No. 190293, March 20, 2012
Lagman vs. Medialdea, G.R. No. 231658, July 4, 2017 and December 5, 2017
Lagman vs. Pimentel, G.R. No. 235925, February 6, 2018
iii. Executive clemencies
Art. VII, Sec. 19
Art. IX-C, Sec. 5
Cases: Monsanto vs. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989)
Torres vs. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 273 (1987)
iv. Diplomatic powers and foreign affairs
a. conduct of foreign affairs/ foreign policy
Case: Pimentel vs. Executive Secretary, 462 SCRA 622 (2005)
Philippine International Trading Corp vs. Angeles, 263 SCRA 421 (1996)
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016
b. contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans
c. recognition of foreign states
d. settlement of disputes with foreign powers
e. treaty making- Art. VII, Sec. 21
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Cases: BAYAN MUNA vs. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011)

f. executive agreements
Case: Bayan vs. Executive Secretary, 342 SCRA 449 (2000)
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016
g. deportation of undesirable aliens
Case: Ang Beng v. Commissioner of Immigration G.R. No. L-
9621, January 30, 1957.
Board of Commissioners vs. Park G.R. No. 159835, Jan. 21, 2010
v. Residual powers
Case: Marcos vs. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760 (1989)
MEWAP vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 160093, July 31, 2007
vi. Emergency Powers
Case: David vs. Arroyo, 489 SCRA 160 (2006)
vii .Budgetary power
Case: Araullo vs. Aquino, 728 SCRA 1 (2014)
3. Prohibitions and immunity
a. immunity from suit
Cases: In Re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1996)
Beltran vs. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 (1988)
Gloria vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119903, August 15, 2000
b. executive privilege
Case: Neri vs. Senate Committee, 549 SCRA 77 (2008)
Akbayan vs. Aquino 558 SCRA 46 (2008)
4. Removal and rights of succession in the cabinet
a. Constructive resignation
Case: Estrada vs. Desierto, 353 SCRA 108 (2001); 356 SCRA 108 (2001)
5. The Vice President - Art. VII Secs. 3-5, 6, 9; Art. XI, Secs. 2-3
Right of succession and membership in Cabinet Art. VII Secs. 8, 11.
Cases: Estrada vs. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452 (2001)
Estrada vs. Arroyo, 356 SCRA 108 (2001)

C. JUDICIAL BRANCH
I. The Judiciary
1. Judicial power - Art. VIII, Sec. 1
Case: Ynot vs. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 (1987)
2. Supreme Court
a. Jurisdiction - Art VIII, Sec. 5
Cases: Santiago vs. Bautista, 32 SCRA 188 (1970)
b. Congressional power over jurisdiction of the SC - Art VIII, Sec. 2; Art VI, Sec 30
c. En banc vs. Division- Art VIII, Sec. 4
Case: Manotok vs. Barque, 574 SCRA 468 (2008)
d. Composition - Art. VIII, Sec. 4
Case: Vargas vs. Rilloraza, 80 Phil 297 (1948)
De Castro vs. JBC, G.R. No.191002, March 17, 2010 and April 20, 2010
e. Appointments and Qualifications
Cases: Kilosbayan vs. Ermita, 526 SCRA 353 (2007)
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f. Salary - Art. VIII, Sec. 10; Art. XVIII, Sec. 17

Case: Nitafan vs. CIR, 152 SCRA 284 (1987)
g. Security of tenure - Art. VIII, Sec. 2 and 11
Case: De la Llana vs. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 (1982)
h. Removal
Cases: Corona vs. Senate, G.R. No. 200242, July 17, 2012
In Re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771 (1988)
Republic vs. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018 and June 19, 2018
i. Deliberations
Cases: Prudential Bank vs. Castro, 158 SCRA 646 (1988)
Consing vs. Court of Appeals, 177 SCRA 14 (1989)
j. Voting
Case: Cruz vs. DENR, 347 SCRA 128 (2000)
k. Requirements as to decisions, VIII Sec. 13-14
Cases: Miguel vs. JTC Group, 453 SCRA 529 (2005)
Yao vs. Court of Appeals, 344 SCRA 202 (2000)
l. Mandatory period for deciding cases - Art VIII, sec. 15; Art. VII, Sec. 18;
Art. XVIII, Sec. 12-14
Case: Re: Delays in the Sandiganbayan, A.M. No. 00-8-05-SC, November 28, 2001
m. Petition for Review/Motion for Reconsideration
Cases: Tichangco vs. Enriquez, 433 SCRA 324 (2004)
Fr. Martinez vs. Court of Appeals, 358 SCRA 38 (2001)
n. Presidential Electoral Tribunal
Case: Macalintal vs. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, 635 SCRA 783 (2010) and
Resolution dated June 7, 2011
o. Administrative Powers - VIII, Sec. 5 and 11
• supervision of lower courts
Cases: In Re Demetria, A. M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001
In Re Letter of PJ Vasquez, A.M. No. 08-8-11-Court of Appeals,
September 9, 2008
• temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest
• order change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice
Case: People vs. Pilotin, 65 SCRA 635 (1975)
Mondiquing vs. Abad, 68 SCRA 14 (1975)
People vs. Sola, 103 SCRA 393 (1981)
• appointment of officials and employees in the judiciary
• promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice, procedure
Case: Rodriguez v. Arroyo, G.R. Nos. 191805 and 193160, November 15,
2011 and April 16, 2013
Estipona vs. Rodrigo, G.R. No. 226679, August 15, 2017
Malampad vs. Hon. Xenos, G.R. No. 244413, February18, 2020
• admission to the practice of law
Cases: Zaldivar vs. Gonzales, 166 SCRA 316 (1988)
Cayetano vs. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 (1991)
Baguio Market Vendors vs. Cabato-Cortes, 613 SCRA 733 (2010)
Aguirre vs. Rana, Bar Matter No. 1036, June 10, 2003
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• integration of the bar

Cases: In re Edillon, 84 SCRA 554 (1978)
In Re: IBP Elections Bar Matter no. 491, October 6, 1989
• legal assistance to the underprivileged
p. No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges - Art. VIII, Sec. 12
Cases: In re Judge Rodolfo Manzano, 166 SCRA 246 (1988)
q. Fiscal autonomy
Case: In the matter of: Save the Supreme Court Judicial Independence, UDK-15143,
January 21, 2015
r. Report on the judiciary
s. Automatic release of appropriation for the judiciary
Case: Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992)
3. Judicial and Bar Council
Appointments and Qualifications
Cases: Chavez vs. JBC, G.R. No.202242, July 17, 2012
De Castro vs. JBC, G.R. No.191002, March 17, 2010 and April 20, 2010
Dulay vs. JBC, G.R. No. 202143, July 3, 2012
Adaza vs. Aquino, G.R. No 202263, July 17, 2012
Aguinaldo vs. Aquino, G.R. No. 224302, November 29, 2016, February 21,
2017, and August 8, 2017
Umali vs. JBC, G.R. No. 228628, July 25, 2017
Republic vs. Sereno, G.R. 237428, May 11, 2018
II. Judicial Review
i. Origin, definition and nature
Cases: Angara vs. Electoral Commission 63 Phil. 139 (1936)
ii. Justiciable and political question
Cases: Gutierrez vs. House of Representatives 643 SCRA 199 (2011).
Ocampo vs. Enriquez, G.R. No. 225973, November 8, 2016
iii. Role of the Judiciary
Cases: Capuno vs. Jaramillo, Jr. 234 SCRA 212 (1994).
Lozano vs. Nograles 589 SCRA 356 (2009)
iv. Requisites of judicial review
Cases: SPARK vs Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442, August 8, 2017
PHAPI vs Medialdea, G.R. No. 234448, November 6, 2018
a. Actual case or controversy
• Prematurity
• Mootness vs. Ripeness
Cases: Pormento vs. Estrada G.R. No. 191988, August 31, 2010
Republic vs. Roque 706 SCRA 273 (2013)
b. Earliest opportunity
Cases: Garcia vs. Drilon G.R. 699 SCRA 352 (2013)
c. Standing of a party
1. Standing vs. Real party in interest
Cases: Nazareno vs. City of Dumaguete G.R. No. 168484, July 12, 2007
2. Types of standing
• Citizen
Cases: Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tanon Strait
v. Reyes, G.R. Nos. 180771 & 181527, 21 April 2015, 756 SCRA 513
Arigo vs Swift G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014
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• Associational
Cases: Assoc. of Flood Victims vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 203775, Aug. 5, 2014
• Taxpayers - Cases: Mamba vs Lara, 608 SCRA 149 (2009)
• Voters - Case: Tolentino vs. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 438 (2004)
• Legislative - Case: Ople vs. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (1998)
• Governmental - Case: People vs. Vera, 65 Phil 56 (1937)
• Standing jus tertii - PBOAP vs. DOLE, G.R. No. 202275 July 17, 2018
• Exceptions: Transcendental importance
Case: Francisco vs. Toll Regulatory Board 633 SCRA 470 (2010)
d. Constitutionality is the very lis mota of the case
Cases: Kalipunan ng Damay ang Mahibirap, inc., et al. vs. Robredo,
G.R. No. 200903, July 22, 2014
v. Exceptions to the requisites:
Case: Carpio vs Court of Appeals 692 SCRA 162 (2013)
Bankers Assoc. of the Phil. vs. COMELEC 710 SCRA 608 (2013)
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016
vi. Effect of declaration of unconstitutionality
Cases: Araullo vs. Aquino, G.R. No. 209287, July 1, 2014
Film Development Council of the Philippines, vs. Colon Heritage Realty
Corporation, G.R. No. 203754, June 16, 2015

V. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
A. Constitutional safeguards to ensure independence of commissions
B. Prohibited offices and interests
C. Review of final orders, resolutions, and decisions
1. Rendered in the exercise of quasi-judicial functions
2. Rendered in the exercise of administrative functions
D. Civil Service Commission
1. Scope of civil service - Art. IX-B, Sec. 2; Art. XII, Sec. 16
a. terms and conditions of employment in the civil service
i. oath of allegiance Art. IX-B; Art. XI, Sec. 18
ii. merit system
a. appointment of lameducks
b. ban on partisan political activities
Case: CLU vs. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)
iii. standardization of pay and ban on double compensation -Art. IX-B, Sec. 5 & 8
iv. ban on partisan political activities Art. IX-B, Sec. 2
v. removal and suspension only for cause Art. IX-B, Sec. 2
vi. right of self organization Art. IX-B, Sec. 2
vii. right to strike
2. Review of decision of the CSC - Art. IX-A, Sec. 7
3. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, Sec. 5

E. Commission on Elections
1. Composition and qualifications Art. IX-C, Sec. 1
Case: Cayetano vs. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 (1991)
2. Appointment and term of office Art. IX-C, Sec. 1
Case: Brillantes vs. Yorac 192 SCRA 358 (1990)
3. Powers and functions - Art. IX-C, Sec. 2
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i. enforce election law

ii. decide administrative questions pertaining to election
iii. inclusion and exclusion of voters
iv. prosecute election law violators
v. recommend pardon, amnesty, parole or suspension of sentence of election law violators
vi. deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal
vii. registration of political parties, organizations and coalitions and accreditation of
citizens arms
viii. registration of party list
ix. regulation of public utilities and public information
x. decide election contests
4. Rule making - Art. IX-A, Sec. 6; Art. IX-C, Sec. 3
5. Other functions - Art. IX-A, Sec. 8
6. National board of canvassers for senators
7. Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions
8. Fiscal autonomy

F. Commission on Audit
1. Composition and qualifications - Art. IX-D, Sec. 1
2. Appointment and term of office - Art. IX-D, Sec. 1
3. Powers and functions - Art. IX-D, Sec. 2

VI. OTHER AGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT

1. Office of the Special Prosecutor - Art. XI, Sec 7
2. Central Monetary Authority - Art. XII, Sec. 20-21
3. Economic Planning Agency; NEDA - Art. XII, Sec. 9-10
4. National Commissions

VII. ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

1. Public office as a public trust- Art XI, Sec. 1
R.A. No. 6713
2. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth - Art XI, Sec. 17
3. Ban on financial accommodations - Art XI, Sec. 16
4. Agencies for insuring public accountability
a. Congress Impeachment - Art XI, Sec. 2-3
Cases: Francisco Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol 415 SCRA 44 (2003)
Gutierrez vs. House Committee on Justice, 643 SCRA 199 (2011)
b. Sandiganbayan - Art XI, Sec. 4
c. Ombudsman - Art XI, Sec. 5-6, 8-14
d. Office of Special Prosecutor - Art XI, Sec. 7

VIII. PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

1. Sovereignty of the people and republicanism
i. direct and indirect democracy
Case: Marmeto vs COMELEC, G.R. No. 213953, September 26, 2017
ii. representation and renovation
Case: Naval vs COMELEC, G.R. No. 207851, July 8, 2014
iii. accountability to the people
Case: Office of the Ombudsman vs. Vergara, G.R. No. 216871, Dec. 6, 2017
iv. rule of the majority
Case: O’Hara vs. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. 148941-42. March 12, 2002
v. the rule of law (article II, Section 1)
Case: Petitioner Organizations vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. Nos. 147036-37, April 10, 2012
Naval vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 207851, July 8, 2014
2. Incorporation clause, adherence to international law
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Case: BAYAN MUNA vs. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011)

Espina vs. Zamora, G.R. No.143855, September 21, 2010
Razon vs. Tagitis, 606 SCRA 598 (2009)
3. Civilian supremacy
Case: IBP vs. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81 (2000)
Gudani vs. Senga, 498 SCRA 67 (2006)
Jamar M. Kulayan vs. Gov. Tan, G.R. No. 187298, July 3, 2012
4. Government as protector of the people, people as defenders of the state
5. Independent foreign policy and nuclear free Philippines
Cases: Bayan vs. Executive Secretary, 342 SCRA 449 (2000)
Lim vs. Executive Secretary, 380 SCRA 739 (2002)
6. A just and dynamic social order
a. Social justice defined
Case: Calalang vs. Williams 70 Phil 726 (1940)
Aspects of social justice
Cases: Edgewater Realty Devt. vs. MWSS, G.R. No. 170446, March 23, 2011
Javier vs. Fly Ace Corp., 666 SCRA 382 (2012)
Duque vs. Veloso, 673 SCRA 676 (2012)
• agrarian reform
Case: Association of Small Landowners vs. Secretary of DAR 175 SCRA 343 (1989)
• labor
Case: Manila Water Company vs. Del Rosario, G.R. No. 188747, January 29, 2014
• urban land reform and housing
• health
• youth
• women - Case: Dabalos vs. RTC, 688 SCRA 64 (2013)
• people's organization
7. Respect for human dignity and human rights
Case: Simon vs. CHR G.R. No. 100150 January 5, 1994
Carino vs. CHR, G.R. No. 96681 December 2, 1991
8. Separation of Church and State
Cases: Estrada vs. Escritor A.M. No. P-0201651, August 4, 2003 and June 22, 2006
Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, 618 SCRA 32 (2010)
UCCP vs. Bradford United Church of Christ, G.R. No. 171905, June 20, 2012
9. Family life and Life unborn
Case: Imbong vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014
10. Balanced and Healthful ecology - Writ of Kalikasan A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC
Cases: Oposa vs. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 (1993)
MMDA et al. vs. Concerned Citizens of Manila Bay, 643 SCRA 90 (2008)
Segovia et al. vs. Climate Change Commission, March 7, 2017

11. Education, Science, Technology/Academic freedom

Cases: PTA St. Mathew Christian Academy vs. Metrobank, G.R. No. 176518, March 2, 2010
Cudia vs. Superintendent PMA, G.R. No. 211362, February 24, 2015
12. Language
Case: COTESCUP vs. Department of Education et al., G.R. No. 216930, October 9, 2018
13. Economy effectively controlled by Filipinos
i. economy and national patrimony - Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 267 SCRA 408 (1997)
ii. natural resources - Case: La Bugal blaan vs Ramos, 445 SCRA 1 (2004)
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iii. private lands - Case: Ramirez vs. Vda. de Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704 (1982)
iv. lease of foreigners of private lands
Case: Smith, Bell & Co. vs. Register of Deeds, 96 Phil 53 (1954)
v. regulation of economic activities
vi. public utilities - Gamboa vs. Teves, 652 SCRA 690 (2011); 682 SCRA 397 (2012)
vii. mass media and advertising
viii. practice of profession
ix. regulation of economic activities
organization and regulation of private corporations
x. state operation of private enterprise - Case: Agan vs. PIATCO, 450 Phil. 744 (2003)
xi. Monopolies, combinations, and unfair competition
Case: PPA vs. Mendoza, 138 SCRA 632 (1985)
14. Communication and information in nation building
Case: PLDT vs. NTC, 190 SCRA 717 (1990)
15. Autonomy of local governments
Case: Dadole vs. COA, 393 SCRA 262 (2002)
Social Justice Society vs. Atienza, 545 SCRA 92 (2008)
Ambil vs. Sandiganbayan, 653 SCRA 576 (2011)
Abas Kida vs. Senate, 659 SCRA 270 (2011)
16. Indigenous Cultural Communities
Case: Cruz vs. Secretary of DENR, 347 SCRA 128 (2000)
17. Honest public service and Full public disclosure
Executive Order no. 2, s. 2016, Freedom of Information
Case: IDEALS vs. PSALM, 682 SCRA 602 (2012)
Chavez vs. NHA, 530 SCRA 235 (2007)

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW (CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II)

THE BILL OF RIGHTS

I. INTRODUCTION
Definition and Hierarchy of rights under the Bill of Rights (Doctrine of Preferred Freedom)
Diocese of Bacolod vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 205728, January 21, 2015
1 Utak vs. Comelec, G.R. No. 206020, April 14, 2015

II. SCOPE OF CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION

A. Who are entitled to constitutional protection
i. Natural persons, citizenship and alienage
ii. Juridical persons
Cases: Central Bank vs. Morfe, 20 SCRA 507 (1967)
Stonehill vs. Diokno, 20 SCRA 383 (1967)
B. Who are subject to constitutional prohibitions
State action requirement
Cases: People vs. Marti,193 SCRA 57 (1991)
Remegio vs. People, G.R. No. 227038, July 31, 2017

III. FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE

a. Police power
Cases: Whitelight Corporation vs. City of Manila 576 SCRA 416 (2009)
People vs. Siton, 600 SCRA 476 (2009)
Manila Memorial Park vs. Secretary of DSWD, G.R. No. 175356, December 3, 2013
Aquino vs. Municipality of Malay, Aklan, G.R. No. 211356, September 29, 2014
SPARK vs. Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442, August 8, 2017

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b. Power of Eminent Domain (Art. III, Sec. 9)

Cases: OSG vs. Ayala Land Inc., 600 SCRA 617 (2009)
Republic of the Philippines vs Ortigas and Company 717 SCRA 601 (2014)
Republic vs. Heirs of Borbon, G.R. No. 165354, January 12, 2015
c. Power of taxation
Cases: Gulf Air Company vs. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 681 SCRA 377 (2012)
Smart Communications vs. Municipality of Malvar, 716 SCRA 677 (2014)
Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Stanley Works Sales December 3, 2014

IV. DUE PROCESS CLAUSE (Art. III, Sec. 1)

a. Meaning
i. Right to life
Burgos vs. Arroyo, G.R. No.183711, June 22, 2010
Balao vs. Arroyo, G.R. No.186050 December 13, 2011
In re: Rodriguez vs. Arroyo, G.R. No. 191805, November 15, 2011
Imbong vs Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014
ii. Right to liberty
City of Manila, et al. v. Hon. Laguio, Jr., 455 SCRA 308 (2005)
Reyes vs. Gonzales, 606 SCRA 580 (2009)
iii. Right to property
Chavez vs. Executive Secretary, 431 SCRA 534 (2004)
Carlos Superdrug vs. DSWD, 526 SCRA 130(2007)
iv. Exclusions
Republic vs. Rosemoor Mining, 426 SCRA 517 (2004)

b. Aspects of Due process/Procedural and Substantive due process

i. Procedural Due Process
Perez vs. PLDT, 584 SCRA 110 (2009)
Reyes vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 207264, October 22, 2013
ii. "Old" Substantive Due Process: Protection of Property Interests
City of Manila, et al. v. Hon. Laguio, Jr., 455 SCRA 308 (2005)
iii. "New" Substantive Due Process: Protection for "Liberty" interests in Privacy
Bayan Muna vs. Ermita, G.R. No.167930 (2006)
Duncan Assoc. vs. Glaxo Welcome, 438 SCRA 343 (2004)
iv. Cardinal primary requirements of due process in administrative proceedings
Demaala vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 173523, February 19, 2014
Basaga vs. SpousesAcosta, G.R. No. 194061, April 20, 2015
v. Due process in Labor Cases
Perez vs. PLDT, 584 SCRA 110 (2009)
White Light Corporation v. City of Manila 576 SCRA 416 (2009)
vii. Due process in criminal cases/Void for Vagueness vs overbreadth doctrine
People vs. Dela Piedra 350 SCRA 163 (2001)
Estrada vs. Sandiganbayan, 369 SCRA 394 (2001)
Southern Hemisphere Engagement Network, Inc. v. ATC, 632 SCRA 146 (2010)

V. EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE

People vs. Cayat, 68 Phil 12 (1939)
Quinto v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 189698, Dec. 1, 2009 and Feb. 22, 2010
Garcia vs. Judge Drilon, G.R. No. 179267, June 25, 2013
Remman Enterprises vs. Professional Regulatory board of Real Estate, 715 SCRA 293 (2014)
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VI. FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION

Freedom of Speech
Chavez vs. Gonzales, 545 SCRA 441 (2008)
Diocese of Bacolod vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 205728, January 21, 2015
Facial challenge/overbreadth doctrine
Romualdez vs. Sandiganbayan, 435 SCRA 371 (2004)
Romualdez vs. COMELEC, 553 SCRA 370 (2008)
Romualdez vs. COMELEC, 573 SCRA 639 (2008)
Modes of Expression
Fermin vs. People, 550 SCRA 132 (2008)
Tulfo vs. People, 565 SCRA 283 (2008)
a. Prior restraint and Subsequent punishment
Prior restraint and Subsequent punishment
Diocese of Bacolod vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 205728, January 21, 2015
1 Utak vs. Comelec, G.R. No. 206020, April 14, 2015
"Speech Plus": Symbolic Speech
Bascon vs. CA, 422 SCRA 122 (2004)
Advocacy of Abstract Doctrine
People vs. Hernandez, 11 SCRA 223 (1964)
People vs. Lava, G.R. No. L-4974, May 16, 1969
Imminent Action/Direct Incitement/National Security
Salonga vs. Pano,134 SCRA 438 (1985)
Eastern Broadcasting vs. Dans, 157 SCRA 647 (1985)
Tests
Clear and Present Danger Test
Concerned Boholanos for Law and Order vs. Calibo, 534 SCRA 196 (2007)
IBP vs. Atienza, 612 SCRA 308 (2010)
Marantan vs. Diokno, 716 SCRA 164 (2014)
Dangerous tendency Doctrine
Cabansag vs. Fernandez 102 Phil. 152 (1957)
Balancing of interest
Lagunzad vs. Vda de Gonzales, 92 SCRA 476 (1979)
AKBAYAN vs. Aquino, 558 SCRA 468 (2008)
Grave but improbable danger
Dennis vs. US, 334 US 494 (1951) (Hand's Formulation)
Content Neutral test
Diocese of Bacolod vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 205728, January 21, 2015
Free Speech and Suffrage
SWS and Pulse Asia vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 208062, April 27, 2015
b. Unprotected Speech
1. Obscenity/Pornography
Fernando vs. CA, 510 SCRA 351 (2006)
Soriano vs. Laguardia G.R. No. 164785 April 29, 2009 and March 15, 2010
2. Defamation
Guingging vs. Court of Appeals, 471 SCRA 516 (2005)
Fermin vs. People, 550 SCRA 132 (2008)
Tulfo vs. People, 565 SCRA 283 (2008)

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Supreme Court and Freedom of Speech

In re Lozano, 54 Phil 801 (1930)
In re Jurado, 243 SCRA 288 (1995)
Cyberspace
Disini vs. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335, February 11, 2014

3. Infringes upon right to privacy

Public Figure Doctrine
Ayer Production vs. Judge Capulong, 160 SCRA 865 (1988)
Yuchengco vs. Manila Chronicle, G.R. No. 184315, November 25, 2009
Fortune vs. Quinsayas, G.R. No. 194578, February 13, 2013
4. Fighting Words, Offensive Words, Hate speech
MVRS vs. Islamic Da'wah of the Philippines, 178 SCRA 178 (1989)
5. Seditious Speech
People of the Philippines vs. Perez, G.R. No. L-21049 December 22, 1923
Guingging vs. Court of Appeals 471 SCRA 196 (2005)
Chavez vs. Gonzales, 545 SCRA 441 (2008)
7. Advertising
Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association v. Duque III, 535 SCRA 265 (2007)
8. Speech in special Places
US vs. Bustos, 37 Phil. 731 (1918)
Mutuc vs. COMELEC, 36 SCRA 228 (1970)
Freedom of the Press
In Re…Mr. Amado P. Macasaet 561 SCRA 39 (2008)
Re: Letter of the UP Law Faculty, A.M. no. 10-10-4-SC, 7 June 2011
GMA vs. COMELEC, 734 SCRA 88 (2014)
Freedom of Assembly and Petition
Batas Pambansa Blg. 880
Cases: Bayan vs. Ermita, 488 SCRA 1 (2006)
Toyota Workers Association vs. Toyota Motors Phils. 537 SCRA 171 (2007)
IBP Cadiz, Roque, Butuyan vs. Atienza, 613 SCRA 510 (2010)
Freedom of Association
People vs. Ferrer, 48 SCRA 382 (1972)
In the matter of the Integration of the Bar of the Philippines. January 9, 1973

VII. PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATION AND CORRESPONDENCE

R. A. No. 4200, Anti-Wire tapping Law
R. A. No. 10173, Data Privacy Act of 2012
R. A. No. 9995, Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism act of 2009
R. A. No. 9372, Human Security Act/ R.A. No. 11479. Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020
A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC, Rule on the Writ of Habeas Data
Office of the Court administrator vs. Reyes, 621 SCRA 511 (2010)
Nacague vs. Sulpicio Lines, 627 SCRA 254 (2010)
Pollo vs. Chairperson Karina Constantino-David, 659 SCRA 189 (2011)
Marynette R. Gamboa vs. P/Ssupt. Marlou Chan, 677 SCRA 385 (2012)
National ID cases
Ople vs. Torres, 141 SCRA 293 (1998)
KMU vs. Director General NEDA, 487 SCRA 623 (2006)

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Writ of Habeas Data

Manila Electric Company vs. Lim, G. R. No. 185769, 5 October 2010
Gamboa vs. Chan, G. R. No. 193636, 24 July 2012
Saez vs. Arroyo, G. R. No. 183533, 25 September 2012
Vivares vs. St. Theresa's College, G.R. No. 202666, September 29, 2014
VIII. FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND NON-ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION
Separation of Church and State
Cases: Estrada vs. Escritor, A.M. No. P-0201651, August 4, 2003
Estrada vs. Escritor, A.M. No. P-0201651, June 22, 2006
Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, 618 SCRA 32 (2010)
UCCP vs. Bradford United Church of Christ, G.R. No. 171905, June 20, 2012
Imbong vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014
Free Exercise of Religion
Gerona vs. Secretary of Education, 106 Phil 2 (1959)
Pamil vs. Teleron, 86 SCRA 413 (1978)
Anucension vs. NLU, 80 SCRA 350 (1977)
German vs. Barangan, 135 SCRA 514 (1985)
Iglesia ni Cristo vs. Court of Appeals, 259 SCRA 529 (1996)
Non-Establishment Clause
Aglipay vs. Ruiz, 64 Phil. 201 (1937)
Garces vs. Estenzo, 104 SCRA 510 (1981)
Bro. Mike Velarde vs. SJS, 428 SCRA 283 (2004)
Unusual Religious Beliefs and Practices
Ebralinag v. Division of Schools, 219 SCRA 256 (1993)

IX. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES

Art. III, Sec. 2 and Rules of Court, Rule 126, Sec 1, 13.
Search Warrant
World Wide Web Corporation vs. People, G.R. No. 161106, January 13, 2014
Pilipinas Shell vs. Romars International, G.R. No. 189669, February 16, 2015
Requisites for issuance of a Search Warrant
Rule 126, Sec 1
PICOP vs. Asuncion, 307 SCRA 253 (1999)
People vs, Mamaril, 632 SCRA 369 (2010)
Laud vs. People, G.R. No. 199032, November 19, 2014
Exclusionary Rule/ "Fruit of the poisonous tree"
People vs. Racho, 626 SCRA 633 (2010)
People vs. Cogaed, 731 SCRA 427 (2014)
Inevitable Discovery
People vs. Alicando, 251 SCRA 293 (1995)
Private Searches
Governmental interference
People vs. Marti 193 SCRA 57 (1991)
Remegio vs. People, G.R. No. 227038, July 31, 2017
Vessel Security Officer
People vs. Bongcarawan, 384 SCRA 525 (2002)
Nature of the Right Protected; waiver of protected right
People vs. Cogaed, 731 SCRA 427 (2014)
Oga Yon vs. People, G.R. No. 188794 September 2, 2015
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Scope of Protection
Burgos Sr. vs. Chief of Staff, 133 SCRA 800(1984)
R.A. No. 4200
Gaanan vs. IAC, G.R. No. L-69809 October 16, 1986
Probable Cause
a. Concept of Probable Cause in search warrants
Microsoft vs. Maxicorp, 483 SCRA 224 (2004)
Laud vs. People, G.R. No. 199032, November 19, 2014
b. Determining Probable Cause
Person Authorized Rule 126, Sec. 4
Tan vs. Sy Tiong Gue, 613 SCRA 98 (2010)
People vs. Tuan, G.R. No. 176066, August 11, 2010
Mendoza vs. People, G.R. No. 197293, April 21, 2014
c. How is it determined
Personal examination by searching complainant and witnesses
Nala vs. Barroso Jr., 408 SCRA 529 (2003)
People vs. Tuan, 628 SCRA 226 (2010)
d. Description of the things to be seized
Vallejo v. Court of Appeals, 427 SCRA 658 (2004)
Hon Ne Chan v. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 565 Phil. 545 (2007)
e. Description of the place to be searched
People vs. Tuan, 628 SCRA 226 (2010)
f. Things that may be seized Rule 126, Sec. 3
Burgos Sr. vs. Chief of Staff, 133 SCRA 800(1984)
People v. Salanguit, 356 SCRA 683 (2001)
g. Form and content of warrant; lifetime
Bache and Co. vs. Ruiz, 37 SCRA 823 (1971)
Mustang Lumber vs. CA, 257 SCRA 430 (1996)
h. Validity of Warrant
People vs. Estrada, 296 SCRA 383 (1998)
i. Rules on DNA Evidence AM No. 06-11-5-SC
People vs. Umamito, G.R. No. 172607, October 26, 2007 and April 16, 2009
Warrantless search and seizure
a. Search incident to a lawful arrest Rule 126, Sec. 13
Ong vs People G.R. No. 197788, February 29, 2012
People vs. Calantiao, G.R. No. 203984, June 18, 2014
Homar vs. People, G.R. No. 182534, September 2, 2015
Comerciante vs. People, G.R. No. 205926, July 22, 2015
b. Consented Search/ Written Consent
Villanueva vs. People, G.R. No. 199042, November 17, 2014
Dela Cruz vs. People, G.R. No. 209387, January 11, 2016
Peaceful submission not consent to search
People vs. Cubcubin, Jr., 360 SCRA 690 (2001).
Effect of Voluntary Surrender
People vs. Agbot, 106 SCRA 325 (1981)

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"Stop and Frisk"

Sanchez vs. People, G.R. No. 204589, November 19, 2014
Comerciante vs. People, G.R. No. 205926, July 22, 2015
People vs. Comprado, G.R. No. 213225, August 4, 2018
Airport Searches and disembarking from vessels
Sales vs. People, G.R. No. 191023 February 06, 2013
Dela Cruz vs. People, G.R. No. 209837 January 16, 2016
Customs officers
Papa vs. Mago, 22 SCRA 657 (1968)
Roadblocks and Checkpoints
Valmonte vs. De Villa, 178 SCRA 211 (1989)
People vs. Vinecario, 420 SCRA 280 (2004)
Sapi vs. People G.R. No. 200370, June 7, 2017
Moving vehicles/hot pursuit
People vs. Manago, G.R. No. 212340, August 17, 2016
Plain View Doctrine
People vs.Calantiao, G.R. No. 203984, June 18, 2014
People vs. Liu, G.R. No. 189272, January 21, 2015
Private Searches and State expansion of Private Search
People vs. Marti, 193 SCRA 57 (1991)
People vs. Bongcawaran, 384 SCRA 525 (2002)
Extraordinary circumstances
People vs. De Gracia, 233 SCRA 716 (1994)

X. RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED

(Art. III, Secs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21)
A. Arrest
Definition Rule 113, Sec. 1, 2;
Sanchez vs. Demetriou, 227 SCRA 627 (1993)
People vs. Sequino, 264 SCRA 79 (1996)
Defensor Santiago vs. Vasquez, 217 SCRA 663 (1993)
With a warrant - Constitution, Art. III, Sec. 2
Rule 112, Sec. 6
Ong vs. Genio, 609 SCRA 188 (2009)
Requirements in the issuance of an arrest warrant Constitution, Art. III, Sec. 2
Rule 112, Sec. 6(a), Sec. 8
Probable Cause
Hao vs. People, G.R. No. 183345, September 17, 2014
Mendoza vs. People, G.R. No. 197293, April 21, 2014
By a Regional Trial Court
Lim vs. Felix, 194 SCRA 292 (1991)
Allado vs. Diokno, 232 SCRA 192 (1994)
AAA vs. Carbonell, 524 SCRA 496 (2007)
People vs. Grey, 625 SCRA 523 (2010)
Inferior Courts - Rule 112, Sec. 6 (b)
Examine complainant and witnesses
Tabujara III vs. People, 570 SCRA 229 (2008)
Not mandatory to issue warrant
Gutierrez vs. Hernandez, A.M. No. MTJ-06-1628, June 8, 2007
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B. Warrantless Arrest Rule 113, Sec. 5, Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure

Umil vs. Ramos, 187 SCRA 311 (1990); 202 SCRA 251 (1991)
People vs. Racho, 626 SCRA 633 (2010)
Pestilos vs Generoso G.R. No. 182601, November 10, 2014
John Doe Warrants
People vs. Won Chua 405 SCRA 280 (2003)
Special Rule for Juveniles in Conflict with Law
Rule on Juveniles in Conflict with the Law, Secs. 6-7
R.A. No. 9344, Secs. 21-22
Invitations
People vs. Sequino, 264 SCRA 79 (1996)
People vs. Del Rosario,305 SCRA 740 (1999)
C. Rights of the accused
Criminal Due Process
Judge Angeles vs. Gutierrez, G.R. No. 189161, March 21, 2012
Arroyo vs. DOJ, G.R. No. 199082, September 18 2012
Custodial Investigation
People vs. Pasudag, G.R. No.128822, May 4 2001
People vs. Zuela, 323 SCRA 589 (2000)
Duty of Police during custodial investigation
ART. III, Sec. 12
R.A. No 7438, Sec. 2 b,c,d,
People vs. Duero, 104 SCRA 379 (1981)
Rights of the accused under custodial investigation
Art. III, Sec. 12(1), (2)
R.A. No 7438, Sec. 2 a-f
De Castro vs. People, G.R. No. 171672, February 2, 2015
Consequences of violation
Art. III, Sec. 12 (3)
R.A. No 7438, Sec. 4
People vs. Figueroa, 335 SCRA 299 (2000)
Wai Pang vs. People, G.R. No. 176229, October 19, 2011
Right to be heard
Villareal vs. People, G.R. No. 151258, February 1, 2012
Right to counsel; waiver
People vs. Continente, 339 SCRA 1 (2000)
Competent and independent counsel; Counsel of choice
People vs. Samulde, 336 SCRA 632 (2000)
People vs. Gallardo, 323 SCRA 218 (2000)
Nature and Cause of Accusation
People vs. Valdez, G.R. No. 175602, January 18, 2012
Jaca vs. People, G.R. No. 166967, January 28, 2013
Pielago vs. People, G.R. No. 202020, March 13, 2013
People vs. Manansala, G.R. No. 175939, April 3, 2013
Compliance with requirement to inform person detained of rights
People vs. Canoy, 328 SCRA 385 (2000)

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People vs. Sapal, 328 SCRA 417 (2000)

People vs. Nicandro, 339 SCRA 1 (2000)
Police line-up
People v. Padua, 215 SCRA 266 (1990)
People vs. Pavillare, 329 SCRA 684 (2000)
People v. Amestuzo 413 Phil. 500 (2001)
Proof of voluntariness of confession
People vs. Jara, 144 SCRA 517 (1986)
People vs. Burgos, 144 SCRA 1 (1986)
Exceptional cases on uncounseled confessions not held to be excluded
People vs. Domantay, 307 SCRA 1 (1999)
People vs. Morada, 307 SCRA 362 (1999)
Right to Trial
Mari vs. Hon. Gonzales, G.R. No. 187728, September 12, 2011
Philippine Coconut Producers vs. Republic, G.R. Nos. 177857-58, January 24, 2012
Villareal vs. People, G.R. No. 151258, February 1, 2012

Trial in Absentia
Ivler vs. Modesto-San Pedro, G.R. No. 172716, November 17, 2010
Concept of speedy trial Republic Act No. 8493 "Speedy Trial Act of 1998."
Tan vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 173637, April 21, 2009
Coscolluela vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 191411, July 15, 2013
Perez vs. People, G.R. No. 164763, February 12, 2008
Jacob v. Sandiganbayan 635 SCRA 94 (2010)
Mari v. Gonzales, 657 SCRA 414 (2011)
Concept of public trial
Re: Request Radio-TV Coverage of the Trial in the Sandiganbayan of the Plunder Cases
Against the Former President Joseph E. Estrada, 360 SCRA 248(2001)
RE: Petition for radio and television coverage of the multiple murder cases against
Maguindanao Governor Zaldy Ampatuan, et al., A.M. No. 10-11-5-SC, June 14, 2011
Right of confrontation
Bangayan vs. RCBC, G.R. No. 149193, April 4, 2011
People vs. Ng Yik Bun, G.R. No. 180452, January 10, 2011
Go vs. People, G.R. No. 185527, July 18, 2012
Right to be presumed innocent
People vs. Alivio, G.R. No. 177771, May 30, 2011
People vs. Maraorao, G.R. No. 174369, June 18, 2012
Ligot vs. Republic, G.R. No. 176944, March 6, 2013
People vs. Mendoza, G.R. No. 192432, June 23, 2014
Right against self-incrimination
Dela Cruz vs. People, G.R. No. 200748, July 23, 2014
De Castro vs. People, G.R. No. 171672, February 2, 2015
Bail
Definition Rule 114 Secs. 1, 3
People vs. Fitzgerald 505 SCRA 573 (2006)
Leviste vs. Court of Appeals 615 SCRA 619 (2010)
Enrile vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 213847, August 18, 2015

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Right to bail (when a matter or right and when discretionary)

Matter of Right Art. III, Sec. 13
Rule 114, Sec. 4
Lavides vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 129670 Feb 1, 2000
Serapio vs. Sandiganbayan, 396 SCRA 443 (2003)
Matter of discretion Art. III, Sec. 13
Rule 114, Sec. 5, 6, 7, 8, 24
Leviste vs. Court of Appeals 615 SCRA 619 (2010)
Napoles vs. Sandiganbayan, G. R. No. 224162, November 7, 2017
Double jeopardy
Garcia vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. No.198554, July 30, 2012
People vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos. 153304-05, February 7, 2012
People vs. Judge Lagos, G.R. No. 184658, March 6, 2013
People vs. Rellota, G.R. No. 168103, August 3, 2010

XI. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS AND WRIT OF AMPARO

(Art. III, Sec. 15, Art, VII, Sec. 18)
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Caballes vs, CA, 452 SCRA 312 (2005).
In Re Eufemia Rodriguez, G. R. No. 169482, 29 January 2008
Tapuz v. Del rosario, G. R. No.182484, 17 June 2008
Ampatuan vs. Macaraig, G. R. No. 182497, 29 June 2010
Salcedo vs. Bollozos, AM No. RTJ-10-2236, 5 July 2010
Writ of Amparo
De Lima vs. Gatdula, G.R. No. 204528, February 19, 2013
Yusa vs. Segui, G.R. No. 193652, August 5, 2014
Mison vs. Gallegos G.R. No. 210759, June 23, 2015
Callo vs. Commissioner Morente G.R. No. 230324, September 19, 2017

XII. LIBERTY OF ABODE AND TRAVEL (Art. III, Sec. 6)

Marcos vs. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668 (1989)
Arroyo vs. De Lima, G.R. No. 199034, November 15, 2011
League Division vs. Heusdens, AM No. P-11-2927, 13 December 2011
Office of Administrative Services vs. Judge Macaring, AM No.MTJ-10-1770 July 18, 2012
SPARK vs. Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442, August 8, 2017
Genuino vs De Lima, G.R. No. 197930, April 17, 2018
XIII. CRUEL, DEGRADING OR INHUMAN PUNISHMENT
R. A. No. 9745, Anti-Torture Act of 2009
R. A. No. 10368, Human Rights Victims Reparation and Recognition Act of 2013
Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment-Entered into
force on 26 June 1987
Echegaray vs. Secretary of Justice, 267 SCRA 652 (1997); 297 SCRA 754 (1998)
People vs. Mercado, 346 SCRA 256 (2000)
Perez vs. People, 544 SCRA 532 (2008)

XIV. ACCESS TO INFORMATION

Right to be informed
Matters of Public Concern
Access to official records
Sabio vs. Gordon, 504 SCRA 704 (2006)
Bantay Republic vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 177271, May 4, 2007
Antolin vs. Domondon, G.R. No. 165036, July 5, 2010

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XV. NON-IMPAIRMENT OF CONTRACTS CLAUSE Art. III, Sec. 10

Civil Code Art. 1306
Republic vs. Pagadian City Timber co. Inc., G.R. No.159308, 16 September 2008
Landbank vs. Republic, G.R. No.150824, 4 February 2008
PAGCOR vs. BIR, G.R. No. 172087, 15 March 2011
Surigao del Norte Electric Cooperative vs. ERC, G.R. No. 183626, 4 October 2010
The Learning Child Inc. Ayala Alabang Village, G.R. No.134269, 7 July 2010

XVI. EX POST FACTO LEGISLATION AND BILL OF ATTAINDER

Ex Post Facto Law
FFCBL vs. Desierto, G.R. No. 145184, March 14, 2008
People vs. Montecalvo, G.R. No. 193507, January 30, 2013
Dacudao vs. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 188056, January 8, 2013
Bill of attainder
Misolas vs. Panga, 181 SCRA 648 (1990)
Bureau of Customs Employees vs. Teves, G.R. No. 181704, December 6, 2011
XVII. NON-IMPRISONMENT FOR POLITICAL BELIEFS AND DEBT
Political Freedom
Non-imprisonment for debt
In re Habeas Corpus Benjamin Vergara, G.R. No.154037, 30 April 2003
Hur Tin Yang vs. People, G.R. No.195117, 14 August 2013

XVIII. INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE

Serafin vs. Lindayag, 87 SCRA 166 (1978)
Lozano vs. Martinez, 146 SCRA 323 (1986)
XIX. FREE ACCESS TO COURT AND QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES
Access to justice
Access to courts
Adequate legal assistance
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
1. General principles
A. Definitions - Administrative Code of the Philippines, Section 2.
Case: Ople vs Torres 293 SCRA 141
Cases: MCIAA vs city of Lapu-lapu G.R. No. 181756 June 15, 2015
B. Reason for administrative agencies
C. Purpose of administrative agencies
Cases: PBOAP vs DOLE, G.R. No. 202275, July 17, 2018
Quezon City PTCA Federation, Inc. vs. DEPED, G.R. No. 188720, February 23, 2016
2. Kinds of Administrative Law
• Statutes setting up administrative authorities.
• Rules, regulations, or orders of such administrative authorities promulgated pursuant to the purposes for
which they were created.
• Determinations, decisions, and orders of such administrative authorities made in settlement of
controversies arising in their particular fields.
• Body of doctrines and decisions dealing with the creation, operation, and effect of determinations and
regulations of such administrative authorities.

3. Sources of Administrative Law

• Constitution or statutory enactments
• Statute
• Decisions of courts interpreting the charters of administrative bodies
• Rules and regulations issued by the administrative bodies
• Determinations and orders of the administrative bodies in the settlement of controversies

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4. Scope of administrative law

• Body of statutes which sets up admin agencies and endows them with powers and duties.
• Body of rules, regulations, and orders issued by admin agencies.
• Body of determinations, decisions and orders of such admin authorities made in the settlement of
controversies arising in their respective fields.
• Body of doctrines and decisions dealing with the creation, operation and effect of determinations and
regulations of such admin agencies
Case: Ignacia Balicas v. FFIB, G.R. No. 145972, March 23, 2004
5. Administrative agencies
Modes of creation of administrative agencies
(1) 1987 Constitution
(2) Legislative Enactments
(3) Executive Orders/ Authorities of law
When is an agency administrative?
• Where its function is primarily regulatory even if it conducts hearings and determines controversies to carry
out its regulatory duty.
• On its rule-making authority, it is administrative when it does not have discretion to determine what the law
shall be but merely prescribes details for the enforcement of the law.

Types of administrative agencies

(1) Government grant or gratuity, special privilege
(2) Carrying out the actual business of government
(3) Service for public benefit
4) Regulation of businesses affected with public interest
(5) Regulation of private businesses and individuals
(6) Adjustment of individual controversies because of a strong social policy involved
Cases: Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission of 2010, G.R. No. 192935, Dec. 7, 2010
Kapisanan ng mga Kawani ng Energy Regulatory Board v. Commissioner Fe Barin, G.R. No.
150974, June 29, 2007
CHREA v CHR, G.R. No. 155336, November 25, 2004
6. Reorganization of Administrative Agencies
a. Definition of Reorganization
b. President’s power to reorganize; basis
Cases: Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB vs. Exec. Secretary, 360 SCRA 718 (2001)
DENR vs. DENR Reg. 12 Employees, 409 SCRA 359 (2003)
Banda vs. Ermita, 618 SCRA 488 (2010)
Pichay vs. ODESLA, 677 SCRA 408 (2012)
7. Power of other agencies to reorganize; limitations
Cases: Anak Mindanao Party-List Group v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 166052, August 29, 2007
Bagaoisan v. National Tobacco Administration, G.R. No. 152845, August 5, 2003
Larin v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 112745, October 16, 2007
8. Control of administrative agencies
1. President
2. Congressional oversight power
3. Judicial review
4. ombudsman
9. Powers of administrative agencies
Qualified political agency
Cases: Senator Robert S. Jaworksi v. PAGCOR, G.R. No. 144463, January 14, 2004
CDA v. Dolefil Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Cooperative, Inc., 382 SCRA 552 (2002)
a. Quasi-legislative (rule-making) power
a.i. Legislative power

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a.ii. Doctrine of Separation of Powers

a.iii. Non-delegation of legislative power
a.iv. Exceptions to the doctrine of non-delegation of legislative power
Cases:
Maceda v. Macaraig, 197 SCRA 771 (1991)
Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. v. POEA, 166 SCRA 533 (1988)
Rabor v. CSC, 61 SCAD 569 or 244 SCRA 614 (1995)
b. Quasi-judicial (adjudicatory) power
b.i Administrative due process
b.ii Administrative appeal and review
b.iii. Administrative res judicata
Cases: Palawan Council for Sustainable Development vs. Lim, G.R. No. 183173, August 24, 2016
Encinas vs. Agustin, G.R. No. 187317, April 11, 2013
De Leon vs. People, G.R. No. 222861, April 23, 2018
c. Fact-finding, investigative, licensing, and rate-fixing powers
10. Kinds of Administrative Rules and Regulations
o Supplementary or detailed legislation
o Interpretative legislation
o Contingent legislation
Cases:
ABAKADA Guro Party List v. Purisima, G.R. No. 166715, August 14, 2008
Gutierrez v. DBM, G.R. No. 153266, March 18, 2010 (and other allied cases)
BPI Leasing v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 127624, Nov. 18, 2003
Board of Trustees v. Velasco, G.R. No. 170436, February 2, 2011

11. Requisites for Validity of Administrative Rules and Regulations - Publication and effectivity
Cases: Dagan v. Philippine Racing Commission, G.R. No. 175220, February 12, 2009
Smart Communications Inc., v. NTC, G.R. No. 151908, August 12, 2003
Conte v. Commission on Audit, 76 SCAD 16 or 264 SCRA 19 (1996)
12. Penal Rules and Regulations
Cases: People v. Maceren, 79 SCRA 450 (1977)
13. Force and effect of administrative rules and regulations
Cases: Peralta v. Civil Service Commission, 212 SCRA 425 (1992)
Javellana v. DILG, 212 SCRA 475 (1992)
14. Requirements of notice and hearing or publication
a. Licensing function
b. Fixing of rates
Case: Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Appeals, 261 SCRA 236 (1996)
15. Construction of administrative rules and regulations
Cases: National Food Authority v. MASADA Security Agency, G.R. No. 163448, March 8, 2005
SGMC Realty Corporation v. Office of the President, G.R. No. 126999, August 30, 2000
16. Prospective or retroactive operation of rules and regulation
Cases: Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Azucena T. Reyes, G.R. No. 159694, January 27, 2006
Rosario Dadulo v. Honorable Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 175451, Sept. 28, 2007
17. Amendment or repeal of administrative rules and regulations
Case: Republic v. Express Telecommunications Company, Inc., G.R. No. 147096, January 15, 2002
18. Administrative rule and interpretation distinguished
19. Kinds of executive interpretations of the law

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Case: San Miguel Corp. v. Inciong, 103 SCRA 139 (1981)

20. Weight accorded to contemporaneous construction
Case: Asturias Sugar Central Inc. v. Commissioner of Customs, 29 SCRA 617 (1967)
21. When contemporaneous construction disregarded
22. Erroneous construction creates no right; exception
23. Administrative procedure
• Rule making
• Adjudication
• Notice and hearing
• Form and promulgation
• Jurisdiction
• Rules of evidence

24. Judicial recourse and review

• Doctrine of primary administrative jurisdiction
• Doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies
• Doctrine of finality of administrative action
• Certiorari, Prohibition, Mandamus
• Declaratory relief
• Enforcement of decision

Recent cases on Administrative law

• Aala vs. Hon. Uy G.R. No. 202781, January 10, 2017
• Ombudsman vs. Capulong G.R. No. 201643, March 12, 2014
• LRTA vs. Salvana G.R. No. 192074, June 10, 2014
• Secretary of Finance vs. Philippine Iobacco Institute G.R. No. 210251 April 17, 2017
• Quezon City PTCA Federation vs. DEPED, G.R. No. 188720 February 23, 2016
• ALFI vs. Hon. Janette Garin G.R. No. 217872 April 26, 2017

LAW ON PUBLIC OFFICERS

1. General principles
• Public office is a public trust
• Public office is not property
• Public office is not a contract
• Security of Tenure in public office as property for purposes of due process
a. Purpose and Nature
Case: National Land titles and deeds Registration authority vs. CSC 221 SCRA 145 (1993)
b. Elements
c. Creation of public office
d. Kinds and Classifications
Case: Provincial Government of Camarines Norte vs. Gonzales, G.R. No. 185740, July 23, 2013

2. Modes of acquiring title to public office

Case: Province of Agusan Del Norte vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 165080, April 24, 2007
3. Modes and kinds of appointment
a. Presidential appointees
Case: Garafil vs. Office of the Pres., G.R. No. 203372, June 16 2015
b. Civil Service Qualification
Case: Obiasca vs. Basallote, G.R. No. 176707, February 17, 2010
4. Eligibility and qualification requirements
a. Nature of Right to hold public office
b. Power of Congress to prescribe qualifications
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Case: Abad vs. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 207422 March 18, 2015
c. General and specific qualifications

5. Disabilities and inhibitions of public officers

• General disqualifications
• Specific disqualifications

6. Powers and duties of public officers

a. Source of power and authority
b. Delegation of power
c. Specific duties
Case: PAGC vs. Pleyto, G.R. No. 176058, March 23, 2011
d. Norms of Conduct
Case: Samson vs. Restrivera, G.R. No. 178454, March 28, 2011
7. Rights of public officers
a. Right to office
b. Security of Tenure
c. Right to compensation – incentives and rewards
d. Rights under Civil Service Law and Administrative Code
e. Right to self-organization
f. Leaves, retirement benefits, insurance

8. Personnel actions
• Promotion
• Transfer
• Detail
• Reassignment
• Reinstatement
• Reemployment

9. Liabilities of public officers

• R.A. No. 6713
• Administrative liability
• Civil liability
• Criminal liability
Case: Escobar vs. People, G.R. No. 205576, November 20, 2017

10. Immunity of public officers

11. De facto officers
Cases: Funa vs. Agra G.R. No. 191644, February 19, 2013
Arroyo vs. CA, G.R. No. 202860, April 10, 2019
12. Termination of official relation
• Expiration of term
• Retirement
• Death or disability
• Resignation
• Acceptance of an incompatible office
• Abandonment of office
• Prescription of right to office
• Removal
• Impeachment
• Abolition of office
• Conviction of a crime

13. Remedy to question title – Quo Warranto

• Case: Republic vs. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018 and June 19, 2018

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14. The Civil Service

15. Accountability of public officers - Disciplinary Measures
CSC Resolution 1701077- The 2017 Revised Rules on Administrative Cases in the Civil
Service
Recent cases: Ombudsman vs. Regalado, G.R. Nos. 208481-82, February 7, 2018.

ELECTION LAW
1. Suffrage
Case: Kabataan Party-list vs COMELEC G.R. No. 221318, December 16, 2015
2. Powers of the Commission on Elections
Cases: Cagas v. COMELEC, G. R. No. 194139, January 24, 2012
Sahali v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 201796, January 15, 2013
Aquino vs. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. 211789-90, March 17, 2015
Tolentino vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 218536, January 26, 2016

3. Qualification and disqualification of voters

4. Registration of voters
Cases: AKBAYAN-YOUTH v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318 (2001)
Siawan v. Inopiquez, 358 SCRA 10 (2001)
Mercado v. Dysangco, 385 SCRA 329 (2002)
Kabataan Party-list vs COMELEC G.R. No. 221318, December 16, 2015

5. Inclusion and exclusion proceedings

6. Political parties
Cases: Layug v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 192984, February 28, 2012
Magdalo para sa Pagbabago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190793, June 19, 2012
Dayao v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 193643, January 29, 2013
Alcantara v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203646, April 16, 2013
Agapay ng Indigenous People's Right's v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 204591, April 16, 2013
Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, 618 SCRA 32 (2010)
Paglaum v. COMELEC G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2013

7. Candidacy
Cases: Quinto v. COMELEC,G.R. No. 189698, Dec. 1, 2009 and Feb. 22, 2010
Aratea v. COMELEC, 683 SCRA 105, (2012)
Jalosjos v. COMELEC, 683 SCRA 1 (2012)
Federico v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 199612, January 22, 2013
Ibrahim v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 192289, January 8, 2013
Tagolino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 202202, March 19, 2013

8. Disqualification
Cases: Munder v. COMELEC, 659 SCRA 256 (2011)
Sobejana-Condon v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 198742, August 10, 2012
Maquiling v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 195649, April 16, 2013
Jalosjos v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 193314, February 26, 2013
Engle vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 215995, January 19, 2016
Chua vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 216607, April 5, 2016

9. Campaign
• Election Campaign
• Lawful Propaganda
• Equal access and media
Cases: Penera v. COMELEC, G.R No. 181613 Sept. 11, 2009 and Nov. 25, 2009
Giron v. COMELEC G.R. No. 188179, January 22, 2013
10. Casting of Votes and Absentee Voting
Cases: Libanan v. HRET, 283 SCRA 520 (1997)
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De Guzman v. Sison, 355 SCRA 69 (2001)

Limbona v. COMELEC, 555 SCRA 391 (2008)

11. Postponement of Elections

Cases: Basher v. COMELEC, 330 SCRA 736 (2000)
Cawasa v. COMELEC, 383 SCRA 787 (2002)
Abas Kida v. Senate, G.R. No. 196271, October 18, 2011 and February 28, 2012

12. Failure of Elections

Cases: Tan v. COMELEC, 417 SCRA 532 (2006)
Mutilan v. COMELEC, 520 SCRA 152 (2007)
Presbitero v. COMELEC, G. R. No. 178884, June 30, 2008

13. Special Elections

Case: Tolentino v. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 438 (2004)

14. Board of Election Inspectors and Board of Canvassers

Counting of Votes
Cases: Loong v. COMELEC, 305 SCRA 832 (1999)
Dojillo v. COMELEC, 496 SCRA 484 (2006)
Quizon v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 177927, February 15, 2008
Dela Cruz v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 192221, November 13, 2012

Canvassing and proclamation

Cases: Tugade v. COMELEC, (57 SCRA 325 (2007)
Talaga v. COMELEC, 683 SCRA 197 (2012)

15. Remedies and jurisdiction in election law

Cases: Flauta v. COMELEC 593 SCRA 504 (2009)
Abayon v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 181295, April 2, 2009
Maliksi v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203302, April 11, 2013

16. Prosecution of election offenses

LOCAL GOVERNMENT
A. Principles of local autonomy
Cases: League of Cities vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176591, November 18, 2008
Ambil vs. Sandiganbayan, 653 SCRA 576 (2011)
Villafuerte vs. Robredo G.R. No. 195390, December 10, 2014
Navarro vs Ermita G.R. No. 180050, February 10, 2010
Mandanas vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 199802, July 3, 2018

B. Autonomous regions and their relation to the national government

Case: Abas Kida vs. Senate, 659 SCRA 270 (2011)

C. Local government units

1. Powers
a. Police power (general welfare clause)
Case: City of Batangas vs. Philippine Shell, G.R. No. 195003, June 7, 2017
Cruz vs. Pandacan Hiker’s Club, G.R. No. 188213, January 11, 2016

b. Eminent domain
Cases: Municipality of Cordova vs. Pathfinder Development, G.R. No. 205544, June 29, 2016
Sy vs. Quezon City, G.R. No. 202690, June 5, 2013

c. Taxing power
Cases: MCIAA vs. City of Lapu-Lapu, G.R. No. 181756, June 15, 2015
Pelizloy Realty vs. Province of Benguet, G.R. No. 183137, April 10, 2013
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d. Legislative power
i. Requisites for valid ordinance
Case: City of Batangas vs. Philippine Shell, G.R. No. 195003, June 7, 2017
ii. Local initiative and referendum
Case: Marmeto vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 213953, September 26, 2017

e. Ultra vires acts

2. Liability
Case: LTO vs. City of Butuan, G.R. No. 131512, January 20, 2000

3. Settlement of boundary disputes

Case: Barangay Mayamot, Antipolo City vs. Antipolo City, G.R. No. 187349 August 17, 2016

4. Vacancies and succession

Case: Chua vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 216607, April 5, 2016
Abundo vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 201716, January 8, 2013

5. Recall
Case: Goh vs. Bayron, G.R. No. 212584, November 25, 2014

6. Term limits
Case: Naval vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 207851, July 8, 2014

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

A. Concepts
Cases: BAYAN MUNA vs. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011)
Pharmaceutical and Healthcare vs. Health Secretary, 535 SCRA 265 (2007)
Espina vs. Zamora, G.R. No.143855, September 21, 2010
Razon vs. Tagitis, 606 SCRA 598 (2009)
1. Obligations erga omnes
2. Jus cogens
3. Ex aequo et bono
B. Relationship between international and national law

C. Sources of obligations in international law

D. Subjects
1. States
2. International organizations
3. Individuals

E. Jurisdiction of states
1. Basis of jurisdiction
a. Territoriality principle
Case: Socorro vs. Van Wilsem, G.R. No. 193707, December 10, 2014

b. Nationality principle and statelessness

Convention relating to the status of Stateless Persons, 6 June 1960
Case: Llamanzares vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016
David vs. Senate Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 221538, September 20, 2016
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c. Protective principle
d. Universality principle
e. Passive personality principle

2. Exemptions from jurisdiction

a. Act of State doctrine
b. International organizations and its officers
Case: ICIM vs. Calleja, G.R. No. 85750, September 28, 1990

F. General principles of treaty law

Cases: Pimentel vs. Executive Secretary, 462 SCRA 622 (2005)
Akbayan vs. Aquino 558 SCRA 46 (2008)
Bayan Muna vs. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011)
IPAP vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204605, July 19, 2016
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016

G. Doctrine of state responsibility

I. Refugees
Case: Republic vs. Karbasi, G.R. No. 210412, July 28, 2015

J. Extradition
Cases: Wright vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 113213 August 15, 1994

Cuevas vs. Munoz, G.R. No. 140520, December 18, 2000

Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region vs. Hon. Olalia G.R. No.
153675, April 19, 2007
Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region vs. Munoz, G.R. No. 207342,
August 16, 2016

Secretary of Justice vs. Hon. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, January 18, 2000
Secretary of Justice vs. Hon. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, October 17, 2000

Government of the United States of America vs. Hon. Purganan, G.R. No. 148571,
September 24, 2002
Rodriguez vs. RTC, G.R. No. 157977, February 27, 2006

K. Basic principles of International Human Rights Law

L. Basic principles of International Humanitarian Law

M. Law of the sea

Magallona v. Ermita G.R. No. 181167, July 16, 2011
1. Baselines
2. Archipelagic states
3. Internal waters
4. Territorial sea
5. Contiguous zone
6. Exclusive economic zone
7. Continental shelf and extended continental shelf
8. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

N. Basic principles of International Environmental Law

Arigo vs Swift G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014
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