CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I

1st Semester 2020-2021

Atty. Ruben S. Ayson Jr.
Coverage
1. The Philippine Constitution and its interpretation
2. Judicial review
3. The State
a. People (Citizenship, suffrage)
b. Territory
c. Government
d. Sovereignty
4. Fundamental Principles and State policies
5. 3 Branches of government
a. Legislative
b. Executive
c. Judiciary
6. Constitutional Commissions
7. Accountability of Public officers
8. Amendment and revision of the Constitution
Course objectives
1. Give the students a firm grasp of the principles of Constitutional Law 1
2. Learn about the Philippine system of government, citizenship, fundamental principles and state
policies, judicial review
3. Read and understand jurisprudence and laws related to constitutional law
4. Foster critical thinking on issues and current events related to the topics under the subject
Course methodology
1. Classes will be conducted using online methods
2. There will be graded recitation, quizzes, assignments, and examinations
3. Quizzes, assignments, and examinations will cover provisions of the Constitution, laws, and
jurisprudence
Class policies
1. Keep absences and tardiness to a minimum
2. All students must be on mute during the class except for the student reciting.
3. Recording must be with the consent of the professor and the class.
4. Unnecessary noise or any disruption of the class discussion will not be tolerated. The student
causing the disruption will be marked as absent for the specific session/class. Only 6 absences
will be allowed.
5. Students are encouraged to ask questions
6. During quiz and examinations, the proctor will be watching through zoom while students take
the exams on google classroom. Any unnecessary disruption will give cause to the proctor or
professor not accepting the exam submitted by the student causing the said disruption.
CHEATING will mean an automatic failure.
7. Synchronous class lectures will be done via Zoom. Students are required to join. Students
failing to do so will be marked as absent. The link will be provided before the class.
8. Assignments and quizzes will be uploaded in the online platform.
9. The assigned cases must be read for digest, recitation, quizzes, assignments, and examination
purposes
10. Exams will be in essay form
11. No textbook is required (Students are free to choose the reference they will use)
Grading system:
20% - Recitation, quizzes and assignments
10% - Case digests
30% - Midterm Exam
40% - Final Exam
 Constitutional Law I

I. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

1. History of the Constitution (1935, 1973, 1987)
2. Constitution: definition, nature, and concepts
a. Political law
1. The law of public administration
2. Constitutional law
3. Administrative law
4. The law of public corporations
b. Constitutional law
c. Constitution defined
d. Classification of Constitutions
1. Written v. unwritten.
2. Enacted (conventional) v. evolved (cumulative)
3. Rigid v. flexible
3. Parts
1. Constitution of Government
2. Constitution of Sovereignty
3. Constitution of Liberty
4. Self-executing and non-self-executing provisions
Case: Gamboa vs. Teves, 652 SCRA 690 (2011)
5. General provisions
a. Flag of the Philippines
b. Name of the country, national anthem, and national seal
Republic Act No. 8491 Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines.
Case: Martinez vs. Lim, A.M. No. P-04-1795, March 25, 2009
c. The State may not be sued without its consent (to be tackled later)
d. Armed forces of the Philippines
Case: Magdalo vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190793, June 19, 2012
e. Police force
Case: Kulayan vs. Tan G.R. No. 187298, July 03, 2012
Gamboa vs. Chan G.R. No. 193636, July 24, 2012
f. Consumer protection
g. Communication Structures
Case: Chavez vs. Gonzales, G.R. No. 168338, February 15, 2008 (Azcuna Concurring Opinion)
h. Limitations on mass media and advertising
Executive Order No. 65, s. 2018, 11th Foreign Investment Negative List

II THE CONSTITUTION AND ITS INTERPRETATION

1. Doctrine of Constitutional supremacy
Case: Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS 267 SCRA 408 (1997)
2. Interpretation of the Constitution
Cases: Francisco Jr. vs. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol 415 SCRA 44 (2003)
Chavez vs. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012
3. Preamble of the 1987 Constitution
Cases: Aglipay vs. Ruiz, 64 Phil. 201 (1937)

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 Constitutional Law I

III. JUDICIAL REVIEW

i. Origin, definition and nature
Cases: Marbury vs. Madison 1 Cranch (5 U.S.) 137, 2 L.ED. 60 (1803)
Angara vs. Electoral Commission 63 Phil. 139 (1936)
ii. Justiciable and political question
Cases: Tanada vs. Cuenco, 103 Phil. 1051 (1957)
Gutierrez vs. House of Representatives 643 SCRA 199 (2011)
Belgica vs. Executive Secretary, 710 SCRA 1 (2013)
Ocampo vs. Enriquez, G.R. No. 225973, November 8, 2016
iii. Role of the Judiciary
Cases: IBAAEU vs. Inciong 132 SCRA 663 (1984)
Capuno vs. Jaramillo, Jr. 234 SCRA 212 (1994).
Lozano vs. Nograles 589 SCRA 356 (2009)
iv. Requisites of judicial review
Cases: SPARK vs Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442, August 8, 2017
PHAPI vs Medialdea, G.R. No. 234448, November 6, 2018
a. Actual case or controversy
• Prematurity
Cases: Philconsa vs GPH, November 29, 2016, G.R. No. 218406
• Mootness vs. Ripeness
Cases: Pormento vs. Estrada G.R. No. 191988, August 31, 2010
Republic vs. Roque 706 SCRA 273 (2013)
b. Earliest opportunity
Cases: Garcia vs. Drilon G.R. 699 SCRA 352 (2013)
c. Standing of a party
1. Standing vs. Real party in interest
Cases: CHR Employees vs. CHR, G.R. No. 155336, November 25, 2004
Nazareno vs. City of Dumaguete G.R. No. 168484, July 12, 2007
In Re Save the Supreme Court Judicial Independence and Fiscal
Autonomy Movement, UDK-15143, January 21, 2015

2. Types of standing
• Citizen
Cases: Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tanon Strait
v. Reyes, G.R. Nos. 180771 & 181527, 21 April 2015, 756 SCRA 513
Arigo vs Swift G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014
• Associational
Cases: IBP vs. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81 (2000)
Exec. Secretary vs. CA, 429 SCRA 781 (2004)
Assoc. of Flood Victims vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 203775, Aug. 5, 2014

• Taxpayers
Cases: Jumamil vs. Cafe, 470 SCRA 475 (2005)
Mamba vs Lara, 608 SCRA 149 (2009)
• Voters
Case: Tolentino vs. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 438 (2004)
• Legislative
Case: Ople vs. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (1998)
Padilla vs Congress G.R. No. 231671, July 25, 2017
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 Constitutional Law I

• Governmental
Case: People vs. Vera, 65 Phil 56 (1937)
• Standing jus tertii/Third party standing
Case: TELEBAP v. COMELEC 289 SCRA 337 (1998)
PBOAP vs. DOLE, G.R. No. 202275 JULY 17, 2018
• Exceptions: Transcendental importance
Case: Francisco vs. Toll Regulatory Board 633 SCRA 470 (2010)
d. Constitutionality is the very lis mota of the case
Cases: Yap vs. Thenamaris, 649 SCRA 369 (2011)
Brgy. Capt. Torrecampo vs. MWSS, G.R. No. 188296, May 30, 2011
Kalipunan ng Damay ang Mahibirap, inc., et al. vs. Robredo,
G.R. No. 200903, July 22, 2014
v. Exceptions to the requisites:
Case: David vs. Arroyo, 489 SCRA 160 (2006)
Carpio vs Court of Appeals 692 SCRA 162 (2013)
Bankers Assoc. of the Phil. vs. COMELEC 710 SCRA 608 (2013)
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016
vi. Effect of declaration of unconstitutionality
Cases: Araullo vs. Aquino, G.R. No. 209287, July 1, 2014
Film Development Council of the Philippines, vs. Colon Heritage Realty
Corporation, G.R. No. 203754, June 16, 2015

IV. THE STATE

Concept of State

1. National territory
1987 Constitution Article I
Treaty of Paris Article III
R.A. No. 3046 as amended by R. A. No. 5446
R.A. No. 9522
Cases: Magallona v. Ermita G.R. No. 181167, July 16, 2011
Province of North Cotabato v. Government of Republic of the Philippines Peace Panel
568 SCRA 402 (2008)
Cruz v. Secretary of Environment 347 SCRA 128 (2000)
Republic vs. Provincial Government of Palawan, December 4, 2018, G.R. No. 170867
Regalian Doctrine
Cases: Collado vs. Court of Appeals, 390 SCRA 343 (2002)
Secretary DENR vs. Yap, 568 SCRA 164 (2008)
Saad Agro-Industries, Inc. vs. Republic 503 SCRA 522 (2006)
Republic vs. Valentina Espinosa, G.R. No. 186603, April 5, 2017
Current events:
West Philippine Sea Arbitration Case
Philippine claim to Sabah
Benham Rise

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 Constitutional Law I

2. People
A. Citizenship
a. Philippine Citizenship
1935, 1973, and 1987 Constitution
R.A. No. 8171
R.A. No. 9225
i. Definition of citizenship
Case: Republic vs. Karbasi, G.R. No. 210412, July 28, 2015
ii. Elements of citizenship
Case: Tan Chong vs. Secretary of Labor G.R. No. 47616, September 16, 1947
iii. Importance of citizenship
Cases: Elizabeth Lee vs. Director of Lands G.R. No 128195, October 3, 2001
Cabiling vs. Commissioner Fernandez, G.R. No. 183133, July 26, 2010
Go vs. Republic, G.R. No. 202809, July 2, 2014
iv. Natural born citizens
Cases: Limkaichong vs. COMELEC G.R. Nos. 178831-32, April 1, 2009
Kilosbayan vs. Ermita G.R. No. 177721, July 3, 2007
v. Naturalized citizens
Cases: Sobejana-Candon vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 198742, August 10, 2012
Maquiling vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 195649, April 16, 2013
vi. Stateless persons and Foundlings
Convention relating to the status of Stateless Persons, 6 June 1960
Case: Llamanzares vs. COMELEC G.R. No. 221697, March 8, 2016
David vs. Senate Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 221538, September 20, 2016
vii. Dual citizenship and dual allegiance
Cases: Mercado vs. Manzano G.R. No. 135083, May 26, 1999
Lopez vs. COMELEC, G.R. no. 182701, July 23, 2008
Petition for leave to resume practice of Law Benjamin M. Dacanay, B. M. No.
1678, December 17, 2007
Jacot vs. Dal, G.R. no.179848, November 27, 2008

viii. Natural-born citizens and public office

Cases: Arnado vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 210164, August 18, 2015
Chua vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 216607, April 5, 2016
b. Modes of acquiring citizenship

i. Jus soli and jus sanguine

Case: Valles vs COMELEC, G.R. No. 137000, August 9, 2000
ii. Judicial Declaration of Philippine Citizenship
Case: Republic vs. Sagun, G.R. No. 187567, February 15, 2012
iii. Philippine Citizenship by Naturalization
Qualifications and Disqualifications for naturalization under C.A. No. 473 & R. A. No. 9139
Cases: Republic vs. Ong, G.R. No. 175430, June 8, 2012
iv. Effect of naturalization on alien spouse and children
Case: Republic vs. Batugas, G.R. No. 183110, October 7, 2013
v. Naturalization by presidential decree/legislative naturalization
Case: Co vs. Civil Registrar, G.R. No. 138496, February 23, 2004
vi. Judicial naturalization

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 Constitutional Law I

Cases: Go vs. Republic, G.R. No. 202809, July 2, 2014

Republic vs. Hung, G.R. No. 212785, APRIL 4, 2018
vii. Administrative Philippine citizenship
Case: In the matter of the petition for admission to citizenship of Manish C. Mahtani,
Manish C. Mahtani V. Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 211118, March 21,
2018
viii. OSG Special Committee on Naturalization
Case: So vs. Republic, G.R. No. 170603, January 29, 2007
ix. Citizenship proceedings sui generis
Case: Go vs. Ramos, G.R. No. 167569, September 4, 2009

x. Citizenship and Res judicata

Cases: Go vs. Bureau of Immigration, G.R. No. 191810, June 22, 2015

c. Loss of Philippine citizenship and denaturalization

Commonwealth Act No. 63
Cases: Labo vs. COMELEC 176 SCRA 1 (1989) and 211 SCRA 297 (1992)
Frivaldo vs. COMELEC, 174 SCRA 245 (1989)
Republic vs Dela Rosa, 232 SCRA 785 (1994)
Frivaldo vs. COMELEC, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)

d. Reacquisition of citizenship
Cases: Bengzon vs. HRET, 257 SCRA 545
In Re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999
Co vs. HRET, 199 SCRA 692 (1989)
i. Procedure for reacquisition via repatriation/ R. A. No. 8171
Cases: Bengson III vs. Cruz, 357 SCRA 545 (2001)
Tabasa vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125793, August 29, 2006
Altajeros vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 163256, November 10, 2004
ii. R.A. No. 9225 Citizenship Reacquisition Act
Cases: Nicolas-Lewis vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 162759, August 4, 2006
AASJS vs. Datumanong, G.R. No. 160869, May 11, 2007
David vs. Agbay, G.R. No. 199113, March 18, 2015
Tan vs. Crisologo G.R. No. 193993, November 8, 2017
Cardino vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 216637, March 7, 2017
B. Suffrage
1987 Constitution Article V
Art. XVII, Sec. 2, 3, 4
Art. VI, Sec 32,
Art. III, Sec. 16
R. A. No. 6735
R.A. No. 9189
1. Suffrage
Case: Kabataan Party-list vs COMELEC G.R. No. 221318, December 16, 2015
2. Qualification and disqualification of voters; Registration of voters
3. Candidacy
Cases: Quinto v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 189698, Dec. 1, 2009 and Feb. 22, 2010
Aratea v. COMELEC, 683 SCRA 105, (2012)
Ibrahim v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 192289, January 8, 2013

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 Constitutional Law I

4. Disqualification
Cases: Munder v. COMELEC, 659 SCRA 256 (2011)
Jalosjos v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 193314, February 26, 2013
5. Campaign
• Election Campaign
• Lawful Propaganda
• Equal access and media
Cases: Penera v. COMELEC, G.R No. 181613 Sept. 11, 2009 and Nov. 25, 2009
Giron v. COMELEC G.R. No. 188179, January 22, 2013
6. Casting of Votes and Absentee Voting
Cases: Limbona v. COMELEC, 555 SCRA 391 (2008)

3. Government
i. Government of the Philippines defined
Case: U.S. vs. Dorr, 2 Phil. 339 (1903)
ii. Constituent and ministrant functions of government defined
Case: Bacani vs Nacoco, 100 Phil. 468 (1956)
iii. Traditional classification of government functions obliterated
Case: ACCFAvs. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 256 (1989)
Landbank vs Rivera, G.R. No. 182431, November 17, 2010
iv. De facto vs de jure government
Case: Co Kim Chan vs. Valdez, 75 Phil 113 (1946)
In Re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986)
Estrada vs. Desieto, 356 SCRA 108, (2001)
v. Revolutionary Government
Case: Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, 406 SCRA 190 (2003)
vi. Parens patriae
Case: Government vs. Monte de Piedad, 35 Phil 728 (1916)
De la Cruz vs. Gracia, G.R. No. 177728. July 31, 2009
Southern Luzon Drug vs. DSWD, G.R. No. 199669, April 25, 2017
vii. State immunity from suit
a. Basis
Cases: Meritt vs. Government of the Philippine Islands, 34 Phil 311 (1916)
GTZ v. Court of Appeals, 585 SCRA 150 (2009)
Vigilar vs. Aquino, 639 SCRA 772 (2011)
b. Application
Cases: BCDA vs. COA, 580 SCRA 295 (2009)
Shell Philippines vs. Jalos, 630 SCRA 399 (2010)
Air Transportation Office vs. Ramos, 644 SCRA 36 (2011)
Agra vs. COA, 661 SCRA 563 (2011)
c. Waiver of immunity
Case: China National Machinery vs. Sta Maria, 665 SCRA 189 (2012)
d. Forms of consent
Case: Heirs of Mendoza vs. DPWH, G.R. No. 203834, July 9, 2014
e. Suit against government agencies
Cases: Republic vs. Domingo, G.R. No. 175299, September 14, 2011
DOH vs. Phil Pharma Wealth, Inc., 691 SCRA 421 (2013)
f. Exemption from legal requirements
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 Constitutional Law I

Cases: Banahaw Broadcasting vs. Pacana, 649 SCRA 196 (2011)

Landbank vs. Rivera, 635 SCRA 285 (2010)
g. Suability vs. liability
Cases: GSIS vs. Group Management Corp., 651 SCRA 279 (2011)
Lockheed vs. UP, G.R. No. 185918, April 18, 2012
University of the Philippines vs. Dizon, 679 SCRA 54 (2012)
viii. Money claims
Case: Star Special Watchmen vs. Puerto Princesa 722 SCRA 66 (2014)
TIEZA vs. Global V, G.R. No. 219708, October 3, 2018
MMDA vs. DM Consunji, G.R. No. 222423, February 20, 2019

ix. Inherent powers of the state

Cases: Rubi vs. Provincial Board, 39 Phil 660 (1919)
Agustin vs. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 (1979)
Planters Products, Inc. vs. Fertiphil Corporation, 548 SCRA 485 (2008)
4. Sovereignty
Case: The Province of North Cotabato vs. Government of the Republic of the
Philippines Peace Panel on Ancestral Domain, 568 SCRA 402 (2008)
Tanada vs Angara, 272 SCRA (1997)

5. International recognition

IV. PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

1. Sovereignty of the people and republicanism
i. direct and indirect democracy
Cases: Lambino vs. COMELEC, 505 SCRA 160 (2006)
Marmeto vs COMELEC, G.R. No. 213953, September 26, 2017
ii. representation and renovation
Case: Naval vs COMELEC, G.R. No. 207851, July 8, 2014
iii. accountability to the people
Case: Office of the Ombudsman vs. Vergara, G.R. No. 216871, Dec. 6, 2017
iv. rule of the majority
Case: O’Hara vs. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. 148941-42. March 12, 2002
v. the rule of law (article II, Section 1)
2. Incorporation clause, adherence to international law
Case: BAYAN MUNA vs. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011)
Pharmaceutical and Healthcare vs. Health Secretary, 535 SCRA 265 (2007)
Espina vs. Zamora, G.R. No.143855, September 21, 2010
Razon vs. Tagitis, 606 SCRA 598 (2009)
3. Civilian supremacy
Case: IBP vs. Zamora, 338 SCRA 81 (2000)
Gudani vs. Senga, 498 SCRA 67 (2006)
Jamar M. Kulayan vs. Gov. Tan, G.R. No. 187298, July 3, 2012
4. Government as protector of the people, people as defenders of the state
5. Independent foreign policy and nuclear free Philippines
Cases: Bayan vs. Executive Secretary, 342 SCRA 449 (2000)
Lim vs. Executive Secretary, 380 SCRA 739 (2002)
6. A just and dynamic social order
a. Social justice
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 Constitutional Law I

Case: Calalang vs. Williams 70 Phil 726 (1940)

Aspects of social justice
Cases: Edgewater Realty Devt. vs. MWSS, G.R. No. 170446, March 23, 2011
PNB vs. Padao, G.R. No. 180849, February 15, 2012
Javier vs. Fly Ace Corp., 666 SCRA 382 (2012)
Duque vs. Veloso, 673 SCRA 676 (2012)
• agrarian reform
Case: Association of Small Landowners vs. Secretary of DAR 175 SCRA 343 (1989)
• labor
Case: Manila Water Company vs. Del Rosario, G.R. No. 188747, January 29, 2014
• urban land reform and housing
• health
• youth
• women - Case: Dabalos vs. RTC, 688 SCRA 64 (2013)
• people's organization
7. Respect for human dignity and human rights
8. Separation of Church and State
Cases: Estrada vs. Escritor A.M. No. P-0201651, August 4, 2003 and June 22, 2006
Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, 618 SCRA 32 (2010)
UCCP vs. Bradford United Church of Christ, G.R. No. 171905, June 20, 2012
9. Family life and Life unborn
Case: Imbong vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014
10. Balanced and Healthful ecology
• Writ of Kalikasan A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC
Cases: Oposa vs. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 (1993)
MMDA et al. vs. Concerned Citizens of Manila Bay, 643 SCRA 90 (2008)
Segovia et al. vs. Climate Change Commission, March 7, 2017
11. Education, Science, Technology
Cases: Tangonan vs. Cruz-Pano, 137 SCRA 245 (1985)
Tablarin vs. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 (1987)
University of the Philippines vs. Ayson, 176 SCRA 571 (1989)
Oscar B. Pimentel, et al. vs. LEB, G.R. No. 230642, Sept. 10, 2019
12. Language
Case: COTESCUP vs. Department of Education et al., G.R. No. 216930, October 9, 2018
13. Economy effectively controlled by Filipinos
i. economy and national patrimony
case: Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 267 SCRA 408 (1997)
ii. natural resources
Case: La Bugal blaan vs Ramos, 445 SCRA 1 (2004)
iii. private lands
Case: Ramirez vs. Vda. de Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704 (1982)
iv. lease of foreigners of private lands
Case: Smith, Bell & Co. vs. Register of Deeds, 96 Phil 53 (1954)
v. regulation of economic activities
vi. public utilities
Case: Gamboa vs. Teves, 652 SCRA 690 (2011) and 682 SCRA 397 (2012)
vii. mass media and advertising
viii. practice of profession
ix. regulation of economic activities, organization and regulation of private corporations
x. state operation of private enterprise

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Case: Agan vs. PIATCO, 450 Phil. 744 (2003)

xi. Monopolies, combinations, and unfair competition
Case: PPA vs. Mendoza, 138 SCRA 632 (1985)
14. Communication and information in nation building
Case: PLDT vs. NTC, 190 SCRA 717 (1990)
15. Autonomy of local governments
Case: Dadole vs. COA, 393 SCRA 262 (2002)
League of Cities vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176591, November 18, 2008
Abas Kida vs. Senate, 659 SCRA 270 (2011)
16. Indigenous Cultural Communities
Case: Cruz vs. Secretary of DENR, 347 SCRA 128 (2000)
17. Honest public service and Full public disclosure
Executive Order no. 2, s. 2016, Freedom of Information
Case: Antolin vs. Domondon, G.R. No. 165036, July 5, 2010
Chavez vs. PEA, 384 SCRA 152 (2002)
IDEALS vs. PSALM, 682 SCRA 602 (2012)
Neri vs. Senate Committee, 549 SCRA 77 (2008)

V. SEPARATION OF POWERS
Cases: In Re: Laureta and Maravilla, 148 SCRA 382 (1987)
Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)
Bureau of Customs Employees vs. Teves, 661 SCRA 589 (2011)
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, 12 January 2016.

VI. THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

A. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
I. The Legislature
. 1. Composition, qualification and terms of office
Senate - Art VI, Sec 2-4
House of Representatives Art VI Sec. 5-8
Term and Tenure
Cases: Farinas vs. Executive Secretary, 417 SCRA 503 (2003)
Quinto v. COMELEC, 606 SCRA 258 (2009) and 613 SCRA 385 (2010)
Qualifications
Cases: Pundaodaya vs. COMELEC, 600 SCRA 178 (2009)
Limbona vs. COMELEC, 604 SCRA 240 (2009)
Vilando vs. HRET, G.R. No. 192147, August 23, 2011
Mitra vs. COMELEC, 622 SCRA 744 (2010) and 633 SCRA 580 (2010)
a. Apportionment and reapportionment of legislative districts
Cases: Bagabuyo vs. COMELEC, 573 SCRA 290 (2008)
Aquino vs. COMELEC, 617 SCRA 623 (2010)
b. Party list
R.A. No. 7941
Cases: Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, 618 SCRA 32 (2010)
Layug v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 192984, February 28, 2012
Magdalo para sa Pagbabago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190793, June 19, 2012
Dayao v. COMELEC, 689 SCRA 412 (2013)
Atong Paglaum vs. COMELEC, 694 SCRA 477 (2013)
2. Election
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a. Regular Election - Art VI, Sec. 8

b. Special Election - Art VI, Sec. 9
Case: Tolentino vs. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 438, January 21, 2004
3. Privileges, salary, disqualification
a. Salary - Art VI, Sec. 10
Case: Amores vs. HRET, 622 SCRA 593 (2010)
b. Freedom from arrest - Art VI, Sec. 11
Case: People vs. Jalosjos, 381 SCRA 690 (2000)
Trillanes vs. Pimentel 556 SCRA 471 (2008)
c. Speech and debate clause Art VI, Sec. 11
Cases: Jimenez vs. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876 (1966)
Pobre vs. Defensor Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, August 25, 2009
d. Duty to disclose Art VI, Sec. 12 and 20
e. Disqualifications and other prohibitions - Art VI, Sec. 13-14
Cases: Liban vs. Gordon, 639 SCRA 709 (2011)
4. Internal government of Congress
a. Election of officers
Case: Santiago vs. Guingona, 298 SCRA 756 (1998)
b. Quorum
Case: Avelino vs. Cuenco, 83 Phil 17 (1949)
c. Rules of proceedings
Cases: Osmena vs. Pendatun, 109 Phil 863 (1960)
Pacete vs. Secretary, 40 SCRA 58 (1971)
Arroyo vs. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268 (1997)
Garcillano vs. House of Representatives, 575 SCRA 170 (2008)
Pimentel vs. Senate Committee, G.R. No. 187714, March 8, 2011

d. Power over members and right to sit

Case: Vera vs. Avelino, 77 Phil 193 (1946)
e. Discipline of members
Cases: Alejandrino vs. Quezon, 46 Phil 83 (1924)
Santiago vs. Sandiganbayan, 356 SCRA 636 (2001)
De Venecia vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 130240, February 5, 2002
League of Cities vs. COMELEC, 571 SCRA 263 (2008)
f. Sessions, Art. VI, sec. 15-16
i. Regular Sessions
ii. Special Sessions
iii. Joint Sessions
g. Journal and congressional records
i. Enrolled bill theory
Cases: Casco Chemical vs. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)
PJA vs. Prado, 27 SCRA 703 (1993)
Arroyo vs. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268 (1997)
ii. Probative value of the journal
Case: United States vs. Pons, 34 Phil 729 (1916)
iii. Matters to be entered in the journal

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iv. Journal entry rule vs. enrolled bill theory

Cases: Astorga vs. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974)
Morales vs. Subido, 27 SCRA 131 (1969)
ABAKADA vs. Purisima, 562 SCRA 251 (2008)
5. Powers of congress
a. Police power
Cases: US vs. Pompeya 31 Phil 245 (1915)
Ichong vs. Hernandez, 101 Phil 1155 (1957)
Agustin vs. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 (1979)
Ermita Malate Motel vs. City Mayor, 20 SCRA 849 (1967)
Whitelight Corporation vs. City of Manila 576 SCRA 416 (2009)
Southern Luzon Drug vs. DSWD, G.R. No. 199669, April 25, 2017
b. General plenary powers
Case: Tan vs. COMELEC, 142 SCRA 727 (1986)
Torralba vs. Sibagat, 147 SCRA 390, (1987)
City of Davao vs. RTC G.R. No. 127383, August 18, 2005
c. Legislative power
1. Procedural limitations - Art VI, Sec. 26-27
2. Express substantive limitations - Art III; Art VI, Secs. 25, 28, 29-31
3. Implied substantive limitations
Case: City of Davao vs. RTC 467 SCRA 28 (2005)
4. Prohibition against delegation legislative powers
i. Criterion of valid delegation
Cases: ABAKADA vs. Executive Secretary, 469 SCRA 14 (2005)
Sema vs. COMELEC, 558 SCRA 700 (2008)
Vivas vs. Monetary Board, G.R. No. 191424, August 7, 2013
ii. Undue delegation
Case: Pelaez vs. auditor General, 15 SCRA 596 (1965)
iii. Proper delegation
a. By express Authority of the Constitution
Case: Garcia vs. Executive Secretary, 210 SCRA 256 (1992)
b. Delegation to the President - Art. VI, Sec 23 (2)
Case: Biraogo vs. Philippine Truth Commission 637 SCRA 78 (2010)
c. Delegation to local governments - Art. X Sec. 2-3
Case: Gancayco vs. Govt of Quezon City, 658 SCRA 853 (2011)
SJS vs. Atienza, 545 SCRA 92 (2008)
d. Delegation of power to carry out defined policy according to prescribed
standards
Cases: Edu vs. Ericta, 35 SCRA 481 (1970)
Osmena vs. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (1993)
e. Promulgation of rules and regulations
5. Prohibition against irrepealable laws
Case: City of Davao v. RTC of Davao City 467 SCRA 280 (2005).
d. Question hour - Art. VI, Sec 22
Case: Senate vs. Ermita 488 SCRA 1 (2006).

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e. Legislative inquiries and investigations - Art VI, Sec. 21

Cases: Arnault vs. Nazareno, 87 Phil 29; 97 Phil 358 (1950)
Arnault vs. Balagtas, 97 Phil 358 (1950)
Gudani vs. Senga, 498 SCRA 67 (2006)
In Re Sabio, 504 SCRA 704 (2006)
Bengzon vs. Senate Blue Ribbon, 203 SCRA 767 (1991)
Neri vs. Senate Committee, 549 SCRA 77 (2008)
f. Acts as board of canvassers for Presidential and Vice Presidential Elections
- Art. VII, Sec. 4
Case: Pimentel vs. Congress, G.R. No.163783, June 22, 2004
g. Call for special election for President and Vice President, Art. VII, Sec. 10
h. Revoke and or extend suspension of privilege of habeas corpus and declaration of
martial law - Art. VII, Sec. 18
i. Approve Presidential amnesties - Art. VII, Sec. 19
j. Confirm certain appointments - Commission on appointments Art. VII, Sec. 9
Cases: Daza vs. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989)
Coseteng vs. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377 (1990)
Guingona vs. Gonzalez, 214 SCRA 789 (1992)
Drilon vs. De Venecia, G.R. No. 180055, July 31, 2009
k. Concurrence in treaties - Art. VII, Sec. 21
Cases: Pimentel vs. Executive Secretary, 462 SCRA 622 (2005)
Bayan Muna vs. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011)
IPAP vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204605, July 19, 2016
l. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers - Art, VI, Sec. 23
m. Be judge of President's fitness - Art. VII, Sec. 11
n. Power of impeachment - Art. XI, Sec. 2-3
Cases: Gutierrez vs. House Committee on Justice, 643 SCRA 199 (2011)
Chief Justice Corona vs. Senate, GR No. 200242, July 17, 2012
Republic vs. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018 and June 19, 2018
o. Amendment or revision of the Constitution - Art. XVII
Case: Garcia vs. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 279 (1994)
Santiago vs. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 10 (1997)
PIRMA vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129745, September 23, 1997
Lambino vs. COMELEC, 505 SCRA 160 (2006)
p. Power of appropriation
Cases: PHILCONSA vs. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 (1994)
Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208, (1987)
Guingona vs. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 (1991)
Pichay vs. ODESLA, 677 SCRA 408 (2012)
Nazareth vs. Villar, 689 SCRA 385 (2013)
Belgica vs. Executive Secretary, 710 SCRA 1 (2013)
q. Power of taxation
Cases: Tolentino vs. Secretary of Finance, 235 SCRA 630 (1994)
Lung Center vs. Quezon City, 433 SCRA 119 (2004)
Tan vs. Del Rosario, 237 SCRA 324 (1994)
John Hay PAC vs. Lim, 414 SCRA 356 (2003)
FDCP vs. Colon Heritage Realty, G.R. No. 203754, June 16, 2015

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r. Electoral Tribunal
Cases: Roces v. HRET, 469 SCRA 681 (2005)
Abbas vs. SET, 166 SCRA 651, (1988)
Bondoc vs. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 (1991)
Codilla vs. De Venecia, G.R. No. 141489, November 29, 2002
Bello vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 191998, December 10, 2010
II. The legislative process
1. Requirements as to bills
a. As to title
Cases: BANAT vs. COMELEC, 586 SCRA 210 (2009); Resolution dated July 8, 2009
Lidasan vs. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 496 (1967)
Giron v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 188179, January 22, 2013
b. Requirements as to certain laws enrolled bill
i. Appropriation laws
Case: Guingona vs. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 (1991)
ii. Power of Taxation and requirement as to tax laws
Tolentino vs. Secretary of Finance, 235 SCRA 630 (1994)
iii. Jurisdiction of the Supreme court
Case: First Lepanto Ceramic vs. Court of appeals, 237 SCRA 519 (1994)
2. Procedure on passage of bills
Cases: PHILCONSA vs. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 (1994)
Abas Kida vs. Senate, 659 SCRA 270 (2011)
3. Presidential veto
Cases: Bolinao Electronics vs. Valencia 11 SCRA 486 (1964)
Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992)
PHILCONSA vs. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 (1994)
4. Legislative veto
Case: Macalintal vs. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 719 (2003)
5. Effectivity of laws
Case: Tanada vs. Tuvera, G.R. No. L-63915, April 24, 1985 and December 29, 1986
6. Journal and congressional records
Cases: Casco Chemical vs. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)
Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 (1947)
Astorga vs. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974)
Morales vs. Subido, 27 SCRA 131 (1969)
B. EXECUTIVE BRANCH
1. The President
a. Singular Executive
Cases: Villena vs. Secretary, 67 Phil 451 (1939)
Ang-angco vs. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619 (1963)
b. Qualifications, election. term, oath - Art. VII, Secs. 2, 4, 5
Case: Macalintal vs. PET, 635 SCRA 783 (2001)
Pormento vs. Estrada, G.R. No. 191988, August 31, 2010
c. Privilege and salary - Art. VII, Sec. 6
Cases: Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, 406 SCRA 190 (2003)
d. Prohibitions - Art. VII, Sec. 13
Case: Funa vs. Ermita, 612 SCRA 308 (2010)

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e. Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office

- Vice President as a member of the Cabinet; Secretary of Justice as member of the JBC
Cases: CLU vs. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)
Dela Cruz vs. COA, 371 SCRA 157 (2001)
Bitonio vs. COA, 425 SCRA 437 (2004)
National Amnesty Commission vs. COA, 437 SCRA 655 (2004)
Funa vs. Agra, G.R. No. 191644, February 19, 2013

2. Powers and functions of the President

a. Executive power
i. Power to execute laws - Art VII, Sec 1 and 17
Case: Ople vs. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (1998)
DENR vs. DENR Reg. 12 Employees, 409 SCRA 359 (2003)
Banda vs. Ermita, 618 SCRA 488 (2010)
ii. Control and supervision over the executive branch - Art. VII, Sec. 17
Cases: Lacson-Magalanes vs. Pano, 21 SCRA 895 (1967)
Blaquera vs. Alcala, 295 SCRA 366 (1998)
Hutchison Ports vs. SBMA, 339 SCRA 434 (2000)
Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB vs. Exec. Secretary, 360 SCRA 718 (2001)
Pichay vs. ODESLA, 677 SCRA 408 (2012)
iii. General supervision of LGU's and autonomous regions
Cases: Pimentel vs. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201 (2000)
Ganzon vs. Court of Appeals, 200 SCRA 271 (1991)
iv. Power of appointment
• With consent of Commission on appointments
Cases: Sarmiento vs. Mison 156 SCRA 549 (1987)
Bautista vs. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989)
Quintos-Deles vs. Commission on Appointments, 177 SCRA 254 (1989)
• Limitations on appointing power - Art. VII, Sec. 13 and 15
Cases: Aytona vs. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1 (1962)
Jorge vs. Mayor 10 SCRA 331 (1964)
In re: Appointments dated March 30, 1998 of Hon. Mateo
Valenzuela and Hon. Vallarta, 298 SCRA 408 (1998)
Obiasca vs. Basallote, G.R. No. 176707, February 17, 2010
Re: Seniority …, A.M. No. 10-4-22-SC prom. September 28, 2010
Garafil vs. Office of the Pres., G.R. No. 203372, June 16 2015
• Interim or recess appointments
Art. VI, Sec 19
Art. VII Sec. 16
• Temporary designations
Administrative Code of1987, Bk. III Sec. 17
b. Power over legislation
i. veto
ii. delegated decree authority emergency
Case: Araneta vs. Dinglasan, 84 Phil 368 (1949)
iii. integrative powers
c. Special powers
i. Commander in chief
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Cases: Gudani vs. Senga, 498 SCRA 671 (2006)

Burgos vs. Macapagal Arroyo, G.R. No. 183712, July 5, 2011
Lacson vs. Perez, 357 SCRA 756 (2001)
Sanlakas vs. Angelo Reyes, 421 SCRA 656 (2004)
Ampatuan vs. Puno, G.R. No. 190259, June 7, 2011
ii. Martial Law
Case : Fortun vs Arroyo, G.R. No. 190293, March 20, 2012
Lagman vs. Medialdea, G.R. No. 231658, July 4, 2017 and December 5, 2017
Lagman vs. Pimentel, G.R. No. 235925, February 6, 2018
iii. Executive clemencies
Art. VII, Sec. 19
Art. IX-C, Sec. 5
Cases: Barrioquinto vs. Fernandez, 82 Phil. 642 (1949)
Cristobal vs. Labrador, 71 Phil 34 (1941)
Monsanto vs. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989)
In Re Lontok, 43 Phil 293 (1922)
Risos-Vidal vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 20666, January 21, 2015
iv. Diplomatic powers and foreign affairs
a. conduct of foreign affairs/ foreign policy
Case: Pimentel vs. Executive Secretary, 462 SCRA 622 (2005)
Philippine International Trading Corp vs. Angeles, 263 SCRA 421 (1996)
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016
b. contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans
c. recognition of foreign states
d. settlement of disputes with foreign powers
e. treaty making- Art. VII, Sec. 21
Cases: BAYAN MUNA vs. Romulo, 641 SCRA 244 (2011)
Akbayan vs. Aquino 558 SCRA 46 (2008)
f. executive agreements
Case: Bayan vs. Executive Secretary, 342 SCRA 449 (2000)
Saguisag vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016

g. deportation of undesirable aliens

Case: Ang Beng v. Commissioner of Immigration G.R. No. L-
9621, January 30, 1957.
Commissioner Domingo vs. Scheer, G.R. No. 154745, January
29, 2004
v. Residual powers
Case: Marcos vs. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760 (1989)
MEWAP vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 160093, July 31, 2007
vi. Emergency Powers
Case: David vs. Arroyo, 489 SCRA 160 (2006)
Ampatuan vs. Puno, G.R. No. 190259, June 7, 2011
Kulayan vs. Tan G.R. No. 187298, July 03, 2012
vii .Budgetary power
Case: Araullo vs. Aquino, 728 SCRA 1 (2014)

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3. Prohibitions and immunity

a. immunity from suit
Cases: In Re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986)
Beltran vs. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 (1988)
Gloria vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119903, August 15, 2000
b. executive privilege
Case: Neri vs. Senate Committee, 549 SCRA 77 (2008)
Akbayan vs. Aquino 558 SCRA 46 (2008)
4. Succession

a. Constructive resignation
Case: Estrada vs. Desierto, 353 SCRA 108 (2001); 356 SCRA 108 (2001)
5. The Vice President - Art. VII Secs. 3-5, 6, 9; Art. XI, Secs. 2-3
Right of succession and membership in Cabinet Art. VII Secs. 8, 11.
Cases: Estrada vs. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452 (2001)
Estrada vs. Arroyo, 356 SCRA 108 (2001)
6. Removal and rights of succession in the cabinet

C. JUDICIAL BRANCH
1. Judicial power - Art. VIII, Sec. 1
Case: Ynot vs. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 (1987)
2. Supreme Court
a. Jurisdiction - Art VIII, Sec. 5
Cases: Santiago vs. Bautista, 32 SCRA 188 (1970)
Felipe vs. Leuterio, 91 Phil 482 (1952)
b. Congressional power over jurisdiction of the SC - Art VIII, Sec. 2; Art VI, Sec 30
c. En banc vs. Division- Art VIII, Sec. 4
Case: Manotok vs. Barque, 574 SCRA 468 (2008)
People vs. Gacott, 242 SCRA 514 (1995)
d. Composition - Art. VIII, Sec. 4
Case: Vargas vs. Rilloraza, 80 Phil 297 (1948)
De Castro vs. JBC, G.R. No.191002, March 17, 2010 and April 20, 2010
e. Appointments and Qualifications
Cases: Kilosbayan vs. Ermita, 526 SCRA 353 (2007)
f. Salary - Art. VIII, Sec. 10; Art. XVIII, Sec. 17
Case: Nitafan vs. CIR, 152 SCRA 284 (1987)
g. Security of tenure - Art. VIII, Sec. 2 and 11
Case: De la Llana vs. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 (1982)
h. Removal
Cases: Corona vs. Senate, G.R. No. 200242, July 17, 2012
In Re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771 (1988)
Republic vs. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018 and June 19, 2018
i. Deliberations
Cases: Prudential Bank vs. Castro, 158 SCRA 646 (1988)
Consing vs. Court of Appeals, 177 SCRA 14 (1989)
j. Voting
Case: Cruz vs. DENR, 347 SCRA 128 (2000)
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k. Requirements as to decisions, VIII Sec. 13-14

Cases: Oil and Gas Corporation vs. CA, 315 SCRA 296 (1999)
Miguel vs. JTC Group, 453 SCRA 529 (2005)
Nunal vs. COA, 169 SCRA 356 (1989)
People vs. Bugarin, 273 SCRA 384 (1997)
Hernandez vs. Court of Appeals, 228 SCRA 429 (1993)
Yao vs. Court of Appeals, 344 SCRA 202 (2000)
l. Mandatory period for deciding cases - Art VIII, sec. 15; Art. VII, Sec. 18;
Art. XVIII, Sec. 12-14
Case: Re: Delays in the Sandiganbayan, A.M. No. 00-8-05-SC, November 28, 2001
m. Petition for Review/Motion for Reconsideration
Cases: Tichangco vs. Enriquez, 433 SCRA 324 (2004)
Fr. Martinez vs. Court of Appeals, 358 SCRA 38 (2001)
n. Presidential Electoral Tribunal
Case: Macalintal vs. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, 635 SCRA 783 (2010) and
Resolution dated June 7, 2011
o. Administrative Powers - VIII, Sec. 5 and 11
• supervision of lower courts
Cases: Maceda vs. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 (1993)
In Re Demetria, A. M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001
In Re Letter of PJ Vasquez, A.M. No. 08-8-11-Court of Appeals,
September 9, 2008
• temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest
• order change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarraige of justice
Case: People vs. Pilotin, 65 SCRA 635 (1975)
Mondiquing vs. Abad, 68 SCRA 14 (1975)
People vs. Sola, 103 SCRA 393 (1981)
• appointment of officials and employees in the judiciary
• promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice, procedure
Case: Rodriguez v. Arroyo, G.R. Nos. 191805 and 193160, November 15,
2011 and April 16, 2013
Estipona vs. Rodrigo, G.R. No. 226679, August 15, 2017
Malampad vs. Hon. Xenos, G.R. No. 244413, February18, 2020
• admission to the practice of law
Cases: Zaldivar vs. Gonzales, 166 SCRA 316 (1988)
Cayetano vs. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 (1991)
Baguio Market Vendors vs. Cabato-Cortes, 613 SCRA 733 (2010)
Aguirre vs. Rana, Bar Matter No. 1036, June 10, 2003
• integration of the bar
Cases: In re Edillon, 84 SCRA 554 (1978)
In Re: IBP Elections Bar Matter no. 491, October 6, 1989
• legal assistance to the underprivileged
p. No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges - Art. VIII, Sec. 12
Cases: Manila Electric vs. Pasay Transco, 57 Phil 600 (1932)
In re Judge Rodolfo Manzano, 166 SCRA 246 (1988)
Garcia vs. Macaraig, 30 SCRA 106 (1971)

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q. Fiscal autonomy
Case: In the matter of: Save the Supreme Court Judicial Independence, UDK-15143,
January 21, 2015
r. Report on the judiciary
s. Automatic release of appropriation for the judiciary
Case: Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992)
3. Judicial and Bar Council
Appointments and Qualifications
Cases: Chavez vs. JBC, G.R. No.202242, July 17, 2012
De Castro vs. JBC, G.R. No.191002, March 17, 2010 and April 20, 2010
Dulay vs. JBC, G.R. No. 202143, July 3, 2012
Adaza vs. Aquino, G.R. No 202263, July 17, 2012
Aguinaldo vs. Aquino, G.R. No. 224302, November 29, 2016, February 21,
2017, and August 8, 2017
Umali vs. JBC, G.R. No. 228628, July 25, 2017
Republic vs. Sereno, G.R. 237428, May 11, 2018

VI. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

A. Civil Service Commission
1. Scope of civil service - Art. IX-B, Sec. 2; Art. XII, Sec. 16
a. terms and conditions of employment in the civil service
i. oath of allegiance Art. IX-B; Art. XI, Sec. 18

ii. merit system

a. appointment of lameducks
b. ban on partisan political activities
Case: CLU vs. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)
iii. standardization of pay and ban on double compensation -Art. IX-B, Sec. 5 & 8
iv. ban on partisan political activities Art. IX-B, Sec. 2
v. removal and suspension only for cause Art. IX-B, Sec. 2
vi. right of self organization Art. IX-B, Sec. 2
vii. right to strike
2. Review of decision of the CSC - Art. IX-A, Sec. 7
3. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, Sec. 5

B. Commission on Elections
1. Composition and qualifications Art. IX-C, Sec. 1
Case: Cayetano vs. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 (1991)
2. Appointment and term of office Art. IX-C, Sec. 1
Case: Brillantes vs. Yorac 192 SCRA 358 (1990)
3. Powers and functions - Art. IX-C, Sec. 2
Cases: Cagas v. COMELEC, G. R. No. 194139, January 24, 2012
Sahali v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 201796, January 15, 2013
i. enforce election law
ii. decide administrative questions pertaining to election
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iii. inclusion and exclusion of voters

iv. prosecute election law violators
v. recommend pardon, amnesty, parole or suspension of sentence of election law
violators
vi. deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal
vii. registration of political parties, organizations and coalitions and accreditation of
citizens arms
viii. registration of party list
ix. regulation of public utilities and public information
x. decide election contests

4. Rule making - Art. IX-A, Sec. 6; Art. IX-C, Sec. 3

5. Other functions - Art. IX-A, Sec. 8

6. National board of canvassers for senators

7. Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions
8. Fiscal autonomy

C. Commission on Audit
1. Composition and qualifications - Art. IX-D, Sec. 1
2. Appointment and term of office - Art. IX-D, Sec. 1
3. Powers and functions - Art. IX-D, Sec. 2

VII. OTHER AGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT

1. Office of the Special Prosecutor - Art. XI, Sec 7
Case: Zaldivar vs. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843 (1988)
2. Central Monetary Authority - Art. XII, Sec. 20-21
3. Economic Planning Agency; NEDA - Art. XII, Sec. 9-10
Case: Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS 267 SCRA 408 (1997)
4. National Commissions

VIII. ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

1. Public office as a public trust- Art XI, Sec. 1 and R.A. No. 6713
2. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth - Art XI, Sec. 17
3. Ban on financial accommodations - Art XI, Sec. 16
4. Agencies for insuring public accountability
a. Congress Impeachment - Art XI, Sec. 2-3
Cases: Francisco Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol 415 SCRA 44 (2003)
Gutierrez vs. House Committee on Justice, 643 SCRA 199 (2011)
b. Sandiganbayan - Art XI, Sec. 4
c. Ombudsman - Art XI, Sec. 5-6, 8-14
Case: Re. Ifurung vs Carpio Morales, G.R. No. 232131, April 24, 2018
d. Office of Special Prosecutor - Art XI, Sec. 7
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IX. AMENDMENT OR REVISION PROCESS

Amendments and revisions

1. In general
a. R.A. No. 6735
Cases: Garcia vs. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 279 (1994)
PIRMA vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129745, September 23, 1997
b. Difference between amendment and revision
Case: Lambino vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006
c. Legal tests
1. Quantitative test
2. Qualitative test
2. Steps in the amendatory process
I. Proposals
a. By congress as a Constituent Assembly
Cases: Almario vs Alba, 127 SCRA 69 (1984)
Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1 (1947)
Occena vs. Commission, 104 SCRA 1 (1981)
Gonzales vs. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774 (1967)
b. By Constitutional Convention
Case: Tan vs. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677 (1972)
c. By people's initiative
Cases: Lambino vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006
Santiago vs. COMELEC, G.R. No.127325, March 19, 1997
d. By President during emergency
Case: Sanidad vs. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33 (1976)
e. Submission of Proposals
Doctrine of Proper Submission
Cases: Tolentino vs. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)
Planas vs. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105 (1973)
UNIDO vs. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17 (1981)
II. Ratification
Case: Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 (1973)

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