Article

A Study about the Parenting Styles of selected Millennials in Luzon

Cambia, Helen Grace., & Tuazon, Jurrine Jubilee

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to examine the dominant parenting style exhibited by the Millenials which

ranges from age 24 to 39 using Diana Baumrind’s theory which is the permissive, authoritative,

authoritarian and neglectful parenting style. The researchers hypothesized that as time passes by, there is a

big shift of parenting style from authoritarian to permissive and to authoritative by the past and current

successive generations. In addition to that, a total of 102 subjects, both males, and females participated and

data were collected using an online survey through google forms in Luzon. The scale that was used was

developed by Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen & Hart in 1995 which was titled “Parenting Style Questionnaire”.

The results of this study revealed that Most Millennial parents were exhibiting authoritativeness than

authoritarian and permissive parenting style. It shows that Millennial parents are maintaining its authority

but does not dismiss the child’s autonomy as a person. The researchers concluded that millennial parents

utilized reason and conversation when interacting with their children which is one of the characteristics of

an authoritative parent. Thus this contributed to the good and well mannered character of a child.

Keywords:

Parenting Style, Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Millennial

Introduction

Parenting styles are as diverse as parents themselves. It is one of the most challenging and difficult

responsibilities a person can face. Parenting style is a way a family is structured. It is a stage of life that

comes about when one gets children to bring up. Parenting styles are collections of parental attitudes,

practices and non-verbal expressions that characterize the nature of parent-child relationships. It is natural

and there are no manuals or rules to parenting as people just learn as they go.

Parenting styles matter to the becoming a child and how he/she will face the world after the honing of the

parent. The tradition and social norms have shifted through ages. We can also conclude and assume that

there is also a shift in parenting styles over the past few generations. According to Garip (2009), There are

several studies conducted on the parenting style of previous successive generations wherein some of the

parents from successive generations specifically baby boomers and generation X exhibits Diana’s

Baumrind parenting style theory which are permissive parenting style, authoritarian parenting style,

authoritative parenting style and neglectful or uninvolved parenting style. According to Hedstorm, (2016),

Baby boomers usually exhibit authoritarian parenting styles while Generation X parents as stated by Taylor

(2014), are exhibiting permissive parenting style. This makes sense that the parenting styles have changed

over time. In this study, the researchers will focus on showing the parenting style of the millennials or

known as the Generation Y, who are the people who are born from 1981 to 1994. These people are at the

age of 24-39 years old today. Also, there is not much research on the different parenting style exhibits by

the Millennials. By using Diana’s Baumrind theories about Parenting styles. This research attempts to

determine the dominant parenting style exhibited by the Millennials.

Statement of the Problem

This research attempts to determine the dominant parenting style exhibited by the Millennials or

Generation Y in relation to Diana’s Baumrind Parenting style theory. Specifically, we tried to answer the
following question: Is there a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative,

authoritarian, and permissive scores?

Hypothesis:

There is a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian and

permissive scores.

Millennials

For more than a decade, Pew Research Center (2014) has been studying the Millennial generation

in terms of their characteristics in distinction with other successive generations. It shows that millennials

are relatively unattached to organized politics and religion, linked by social media, burdened by debt,

distrust of people, in no rush to marry and optimistic about the future. The ranging age from 24 to 39 is the

bracket to be considered as millennials. By year 2018, it was stated that the oldest Millennials are forging

a distinctive path into adulthood.

Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Theory

One of the major roles that parents play in a child’s life is to socialize them to the values and

expectations of their culture. In Baumrind’s theory, there is a close relationship between the type of

parenting style and children’s behavior. Different parenting styles can lead to different child development

and child outcomes. Based on extensive observation, interviews and analyses, Baumrind initially identified

three different types of parenting styles: authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting and permissive

parenting. Although Diana Baumrind is known for her work on categorizing parenting styles, Maccoby and

Martin (1983) were the ones who expanded this 3-parenting-styles model using a two-dimensional

framework. They expanded Baumrind’s permissive parenting style into two different types: permissive

parenting (also known as indulgent parenting style) and neglectful parenting (also known as uninvolved

parenting style). These four parenting styles are sometimes called the Baumrind parenting styles or

Maccoby and Martin parenting styles.

The four types of parenting styles are:

• Authoritarian (or Disciplinarian) Parenting. According to Cherry (2020), This parenting style is

characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. In this style, parents are most likely to

have very high expectations of their children and have very strict rules that they expect to be

followed unconditionally, yet provide very little in the way of feedback and nurturing. Also, when

it comes to mistakes, they tend to punish harshly. When feedback does occur, it is often negative.

Corporal punishment such as slapping, pinching, pulling, twisting, spanking, hitting and slapping

and yelling are usually common in the authoritarian style. According to Baumrind (1966) , these

parents “are obedience and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without an

explanation”. Baumrind also believes that through an authoritarian approach portray the most

controlling style rather than valuing self-control and teaching children to manage their own

behaviors. The authoritarian parent focuses on the adherence to authority. Instead of rewarding

positive behavior, authoritarian parents only provide feedback in the form of punishment for

misbehavior. They are not willing or able to explain the reasoning behind their rules. Parents with

this style don't trust their children to make good choices. In fact, they do not give their children

much freedom to demonstrate that they can display good behavior. They hover over their kids in

order to ensure that they don't make mistakes rather than letting the kids make their own decisions

and face the consequences for those choices. According to Frey (2018), This parenting style has

been associated with a variety of child outcomes including social skills and academic performance.

Order and tradition are important to authoritarian parents and in this parenting style, the parent has

the final word in behavior. For a period of time, experts believed that this style of parenting which

relies on high demands and a lack of independence would be associated with hostility and rebellion

among children. However, there are some studies which revealed results supporting the idea that
 parents who are more demanding have children who are hostile and rebellious than those parents

who demand less from their children.

• Authoritative Style. This parenting style approach is characterized by reasonable demands and

high responsiveness. Authoritative parents use positive reinforcement and reasoning to guide their

children. They avoid resorting to threats or punishments. Authoritative parents might have high

expectations for their children, they also give their kids the resources and support they need to

succeed. Parents who exhibit this style listen to their kids and provide love and warmth in addition

to limits and fair discipline. According to Baumrind (1966) , authoritative parents exhibits

characteristics such as administering fair and consistent discipline when rules are broken; allowing

their children to express opinions; encouraging their children to discuss options; expressing warmth

and nurturing; fostering independence and reasoning, listening to their children; placing limits,

consequences and expectations on their children’s behavior. Although the expectations of

authoritative parents are high, these kinds of parents also tend to be flexible. If there are extenuating

situations or circumstances, authoritative parents usually adjust their response accordingly.

According to child development experts influenced by Baumrind’s work generally identified the

authoritative parenting style as the best approach to parenting style. Several research has repeatedly

shown that children raised by authoritative parents tend to be more capable, happy and successful.

Its effects on children by this approach are self-confidence about their abilities to learn new things,

develop good social skills, have emotional control and regulation and tend to have happier

dispositions. These parents tend to exhibit good emotional understanding and control. Their

children also learn to manage their emotions and learn to understand others.

• Permissive (or Indulgent). Permissive Parenting is a type of parenting style characterized by low

demand with high responsiveness. Permissive parents tend to be very loving., yet they provide few

guidelines and rules. These parents do not expect mature behavior from their children and often
 see them as a friend rather than a parental figure. Based on Baumrind’s research, Permissive

parenting is sometimes known as indulgent parenting. This style exhibits relatively few demands

on their children because these parents have low expectations for self-control and maturity and

discipline Cherry K. (2015). The characteristics of permissive parents are usually very nurturing

and loving towards their kids; ask their children’s opinions on major decisions, emphasize their

children freedom rather than responsibility; have few rules or standards of behavior, any rules they

do have are inconsistent; may use bribery as a means to get a child to behave; often seem more like

a friend, rather than a parent; provide little in the way of a schedule or structure and rarely enforce

any type of consequences. Also, several research have found that the overly relaxed approach to

parenting, specifically permissive parenting can lead to negative outcomes such as lack of

discipline, possess poor social skills, may be self-involved and demanding and may feel insecure

due to the lack of boundaries and guidance. (Cunningham, 1993). Due to lack of demands and

expectations, children raised by parents with this style tend to grow up without a strong sense of

self-discipline. They may be more unruly in school due to the lack of boundaries in the home and

may be less academically motivated. Children may lack skills in social settings. The main

characteristics of this parenting style are acceptance and affirmation of the child often in a manner

of unconditional positive regard rather than the desire for the child to follow guidelines and obey

authority. This style is not focused on discipline, and instead, encourages a child’s autonomy

without the guidance of the parent. In this technique, the parent is not an active participant in a

child’s life, but rather “a resource for him to us as he wishes” (Baumrind, 1966, p. 889).

• Neglectful (or Uninvolved). This style of parenting approach obviously carries more negative

connotations, it is a style of parenting where parents don’t respond to their child’s need or desires

beyond the basics of food, clothing, and shelter. This style exhibits children with little guidance,

discipline and nurturing from their parents. According to Healthlineparenthood (2019), Neglectful

parenting styles have little emotional involvement with their kids. While they provide the basic
 needs, for the most part, they are uninvolved in their children’s lives. They do not respond well to

the needs of their children and provide little affection, support or love. They also make very few

demands of their children. They rarely set rules and do not offer guidance or expectations for

behavior. Researchers associate this parenting style with a range of outcomes in areas such as social

skills and academic performance. The children of uninvolved parents generally perform poorly in

nearly every area of life. Cognition, attachment, emotional skills and social skills tend to display

deficits in these children.

Conceptual Framework
Methodology

Research Design

This research will be a quantitative study which made use of statistics to gather relevant data from

Millennial parents who answered the survey through google forms. This research method was chosen due

to the fact that quantitative research utilises the data and results collected using empirically and statistically

based observations. The researchers used simple random sampling in choosing 102 sample respondents in

this research. In addition to that, the researchers use non-experimental under quantitative research; this

study is non-manipulated. This research is a type of correlational research on which it compares the

statistical relationship between variables.

Participants

This study consists of selected 102 respondents particularly Millennial parents ranging from age 24 to

39 years old in Luzon.

Research Instruments

In relation to Diana’s Baumrind Theory, the dominant parenting style exhibited by selected

Millennials was measured through Parenting Style Questionnaire developed by Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen

& Hart in 1995. This questionnaire is a self report instrument designed to measure authoritarian,

authoritative, and permissive parenting style. In this questionnaire, it is an ordinal scale particularly a likert

scale wherein there were three subscales with thirty items answered on a one-to-six Likert scale with one

signifying “never” and six signifying “always”. The results of the survey were stored in Google Forms

documents accessible only to the researchers.

 The demographic questions were listed in multiple-choice format. The first demographic

question was the range of years in which a person was born. The age to be considered as a Millennial parent

ranges from 24-39 years old or those who are born from 1881 to 1996. The next demographic question

concerned gender, and the subjects chose from male, female and other. The next demographic question is

the marital status of the Millennial parent. Lastly, the final demographic question would be the place where

they live to ensure they are from the Luzon island. Other than these demographic questions, there was no

identifying information given by the participants.

Procedure

The observation took place at home online. The researchers used Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen &

Hart in 1995 parenting style questionnaires. It was conducted through google forms with informed consent

from all potential subjects. Informed consent form was attached to google forms and was sent through each

Millennial parent before data collection.

Data analysis

In order to analyze the data, this research paper used ANOVA or analysis of variance single factor as a

statistical treatment. The analysis of data will be done through microsoft excel.

Results & Discussion

1. SOP: Is there a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, and

permissive scores?
2.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, and

permissive scores.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, and

permissive scores.

3.

ANOVA: Single Factor

α = 0.05

Table 1. Anova single-factor of all Parenting Styles

Anova: Single
Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Authoritative 102 520.6923077 5.104826546 0.659533566

Authoritarian 102 312.9230769 3.067873303 1.289272262

Permissive 102 283.75 2.781862745 0.94513808

ANOVA
 Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 327.3228067 2 163.6614033 169.6592006 3.67E- 3.025547

50

Within Groups 292.2883346 303 0.964647969

Total 619.6111413 305

4. Decision:

169.66 > 3.03; 3.67 > 0.05

→ Reject Ho, Accept Ha

5. Conclusion:

Therefore, there is a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative,

authoritarian, and permissive scores. The mean scores of the parenting styles are 5.10, 3.07, and 2.78, the

differences between the mean scores are statistically significant. The parenting styles of the millennial

parents appear to be not similar.

Table 2. Highest scores based on the three different Parenting Styles

Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Neutral

89 7 2 4
Table 3. Authoritarian vs Permissive Parenting Styles

Authoritarian Permissive Neutral

62 34 6

Conclusion

Out of 102 respondents 78 were married, 14 are single-parent, 5 were separated, and 6 were

divorced. 56 were male respondents and 48 were female respondents. The researchers conclude that most

millennial parents in the Luzon area appear to be an authoritative type of parent based on the Table 1

findings. Referring to Table 2 almost 90% of the respondents appear to be an authoritative parent. This

conveys that most of the parents want to discipline their children with a reasonable expectation and have

high responsiveness to their achievements. On Table 3, it showed the second highest choice of parenting

style which is the authoritarian style over permissive style. It is known to the culture of the Philippines that

parent’s discipline using physical punishments still does not degrade up to the generation Y or the

millenials. Out of 102 respondents 34 chose to be permissive which means that they want to give a lot of

freedom to their children with low demand and high responsiveness to their achievements. This is the lowest

chosen of the three choices. The researchers conclude that Filipino parents do not give a lot of liberty to

their children compared to other races and cultures.

References:

Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child development, 37(4),

887-907). Retrieved from: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1967-02673-001

Cherry, K. (2020). The Definition of Authoritarian. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-

is-authoritarian-parenting-

2794955#:~:text=Authoritarian%20parenting%20is%20a%20parenting,tend%20to%20be%20pun

ished%20harshly.

Cherry, K. (2015). Parenting styles: What they are and why they matter. Retrieved from

http://psychology.about.com/ od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style.htm

Cunnigham, B. (1993). Child Development, New York: Harpercollins Publisher.

Frey. W. (2018). The Millennial Generation: A demographic bridge to America’s diverse future.
Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2018-jan_brookings-
metro_millennials-a-demographic-bridge-to-americas-diverse-future.pdf

Garip, E. (2009). A study of Parents’ child raising and marital harmony. Retrieved from:

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S1877042810002922/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-

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MkxQ4BD98x%2F%2B4amJedITH6uqHvBsMMHJi%2Fevyl4WjBcPMvJ9MGdcJSzgC35GOE

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Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20201224T084534Z&X-Amz-

SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-

Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY5O6XYOSE%2F20201224%2Fus-east-

1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-

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Healthlineparenthood.(2019), What is Uninvolved Parenting?. Retrieved from:

https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/uninvolved-parenting

Hedstorm, E. (2016) Parenting style as a predictor of Internal and External Behavioural Symptoms in

Children: the child’s Perspective. Retrieved from: https://www.diva-

portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1040922/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Pew Research Center. (2014), Millennials in Adulthood. Retrieved from:

https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/03/07/millennials-in-adulthood/

Author Contributions: Outline: J.J.T.; Conceptualization: H.G.C.; Abstract,H.G.C.; Introduction: H.G.C,

J.J.T;, Statement of the Problem & Hypothesis : H.G.C.; RRL- Millennials: H.G.C.; Parenting Styles
Diana Baumrind: H.G.C. ; Conceptual Framework: H.G.C.; Methodology: H.G.C.; Participants: H.G.C;
J.J.T.; Research Instruments: H.G.C.; J.J. T.;Data Gathering: H.G.C; J.J.T.; Results & Discussion: 1-2
H.G.C; Results & Discussion: 3-5 , Tables 1-3 J.J.T ; Data Analysis: H.G.C; J.J.T Conclusion:
J.J.T; References: H.G.C.; Appendices: H.G.C.

APPENDICES:

APPENDIX A: Parenting Style Questionnaire: Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen & Hart in 1995

Authoritative Parenting Style 1. I am responsive to my child's feelings and needs:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 2. I take my child's wishes into consideration before I ask him/her
to do something:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 3. I explain to my child how I feel about his/her good/bad
behaviour:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 4. I encourage my child to talk about his/her feelings and
problems:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 5. I encourage my child to freely "speak his/her mind", even if
he/she disagrees with me:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 6. I explain the reasons behind my expectations:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 7. I provide comfort and understanding when my child is upset:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 8. I compliment my child:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 9. I consider my child's preferences when I make plans for the
family ( e.g., weekends and holidays):

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 10. I respect my child's opinion and encourage him/her to express
them:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 11. I treat my child as an equal member of the family:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritative Parenting Style 12. I provide my child reasons for the expectations I have for
him/her:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 13. I have warm and intimate times together with my child:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 1. When my child asks me why he/she has to do something I tell
him/her it is because I said so, I am your parent, or because that is what I want:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 2. I punish my child by taking privileges away from him/her (e.g.,
TV, games, visiting friends):

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 3. I yell when I disapprove of my child's behaviour.

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 4. I explode in anger towards my child:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 5. I spank my child when I don't like what he/she does or says:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 6. I use criticism to make my child improve his/her behaviour.

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 7. I use threats as a form of punishment with little or no

justification:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 8. I punish my child by withholding emotional expressions (e.g.

Kisses and cuddles):
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 9. I openly criticise my child when his/her behaviour does not
meet my expectations:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 10. I find myself struggling to try change how my child thinks or
feels about things:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 11. I feel the need to point out my child's past behavioural
problems to make sure he/she will not do them again.

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 12. I remind my child that I am his/her parent:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Authoritarian Parenting Style: 13. I remind my child of all the things I am doing and i have done
for him/her:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Permissive Parenting style: 1. I find it difficult to discipline my child:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Permissive Parenting style: 2. I give into my child when he/she causes a commotion about
something:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Permissive Parenting style: 3. I spoil my child:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

Permissive Parenting style: 4. I ignore my child's bad behaviour:

Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys

APPENDIX B: Consent Form:

Dear Respondents,

The researchers are conducting a study entitled “ A study about the Parenting Styles of selected

Millennials in Luzon”. The researchers assumed that the information gathered will be kept confidential

and will be used strictly for research purposes.

Thank you and God Bless!

APPENDIX C: Google form Data Collecting

APPENDIX D: Microsoft Excel ,Data Analysis