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    20 views12 pages

    Engineering Sciences Formula

    Uploaded by

    Ross Altea

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    ENGINEERING SCI GINEERING MEG we A [sina | EQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM Conditions to attain Equilibrium: subsofilve. 09 yastube hfe @enginerdimatn NCES FORMULA HANICS | fo | ey = angle of friction © {-_____~_____. 10 forces a rt a 2 RECTILINEAR MOTION \Subsari lie on youtube, A fo ‘CATENARY Sosgtectelscsunasairgheentelngn Constant Vlociy @enginerdmatn Uneven elevation of supports Constant Acceleration: Horizontal Motion i OH S=Wttiar Variable Accel V=V,+at oe V2 =v, +208 + (oepa = bey epmecing up ~ (Sign) = body is stowing down Constant Acceleration: Vertical Motion = (sign) = body is moving up or + (sgn = body s moving down ® Values of g, PROJECTILE MOTION an OD ROTATION (PLANE MOTION) Relationships between linear & angular parameters Maximum Height and Horizontal Range = a V= liner velocity ‘w = angular velocity (rad/s) incr aesaeraton gular acaeraton ads) rads ofthe yee! = near Symbol_| Angular Symbol ‘Assume: V, = fixed © variable Constant Velocity Constant Acceleration Y + (Sign) = body is speeding up = (Sign) = body is slowing down D'ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE “Static condtions maybe produced in a body possessing accoleration by the addtion of an imaginary force called feverse effective force (REF) whose magnitude is ‘QWig\(a) acting through the conter of gravity ofthe body. ‘and parallel but opposite in direction to the acceleration” =i BANKING ON Hl-WAY CURVES. Ideal Banking: The road is Subsotibe on yuutulte RFs @enginerdmath -UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION. motion of any body moving in a circle with a constant speed. Fe = centrifugal force V = velocity m= mass W = weight = radius of track ae = centripetal acceleration g = standard gravitational acceleration mo a BOUYANCY ‘A body submerged in fluid is subjected by an unbalanced force called buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid _k 6 Fp = buoyant force W = weight of body or fluid ‘y= specific weight of fluid Va = volume displaced of fluid or volume of submerged body Specific Weight: _ Weight Volume Yoater = 9.81 kN/m? SI Ywater = 45 Ibf/ft? cgs IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM Impulse = Change in Momentum F = force ‘t= time of contact between the body and the force mass of the body Vo = initial velocity V" = final velocity ~ ze © Momentum, P__ Coefficient of Restitution (e) -V, “Vv, Type of collision, e Kinetic Energy Subserilve, on yartuloe, Boo @enginerdimath LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM. “In every process whore the velocity is changed, the momentum lost by one body or set of bodies 's equal to the momentum gain by another body or set of bodies” Momentum lost = Momentum gained m, = mass of the first body mz = mass of the second body Vs = velocity of mass 1 before the impact velocity of mass 2 before the impact velocity of mass 1 after the impact V2’ = velocity of mass 2 after the impact I= mass moment of inertia = angular velocity CO & Mass moment of inertia of rotational INERTIA for common geometric figures: Solid disk:|, Solid Cylinder: Hollow Cylinder m = mass of the body F = radius WORK-ENERGY RELATIONSHIP The net work done on an object always produces a change in kinetic energy of the object. Work Done = AKE Positive Work ~ Negative Work = AKE Total Kinetic Energy = linear + rotation HEAT ENERGY AND CHANGE IN PHASE Sensible Heat is the heat nooded to change the temperature ofthe body without changing is phase m= mass ‘specific heat of the substance ‘change in temperature Specific heat values Cooter = 1 BTUND-"F Coir = 1 ealigm—"C Cooter 156 kJkg Cee = 50% Cate Cotean = oO © ssubsorilbe,on youtube, ff POWER Genginerdmath rate of using energy iP Pav fe 1 watt = 1 Newton-mis 1 joule/sec = 107 ergs/sec 1 hp = 550 Ib-ft per second = 33000 Ib-ft per min = 746 watts LAW ON CONSERVATION OF ENERGY “Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be change from one form to another” etic Energy = Potential Energy Latent Heat isthe heat needed by the body to change is phase without changing ts temperature Q = heat needed to change phase m= mass LL-= latent heat (fusior/vaporization) () = heat is entering (substance metts) (C= heat is leaving (substance freezes) Latent heat of Fusion - sold to liquid Latent heat of Vaporization — liquid to gas Values of Latent heat of Fusion and Vaporization, Ly) = 144 BTU Ly = 334 kdikg 144 BTUND 34 kk Ly = 970 BTU = 2257 Kiikg 186 Joules 252 calories = 718 ft-lb 1 calorie 1BTU LAW OF CONSERVATION OF HEAT ENERGY When two masses of diferent temperatures, are combined together, the heat absorbad by the lower temperature mass is equal to the heat given up by the higher temperature mass Heat gained = Heat lost In thermodynamics, there are four laws of very general validity. They can be applied to systems about which one knows nothing other than the balance of energy and matter transfer. ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS stating that thermodynamic equilibrium is an equivalence relation. If two thermodynamic systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS about the conservation of energy The increase in the energy of a closed system is equal to the amount of energy added to the system by heating, minus the amount lost in the form of work done by the system on its surroundings. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS about entropy The total entropy of any isolated thermodynamic system tends to increase over time, approaching a maximum value. THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, about absolute zero temperature As a system asymptotically approaches absolute zero of temperature all processes virtually cease and the entropy of the system asymptotically approaches a minimum value. This law is more clearly stated as: "the entropy of a perfectly crystalline body at absolute zero temperature is zero." ERMODY NAMICS ssubsatilie.0n youtube, Pho Genginerdmath THERMAL EXPANSION. For most substances, the physical size increase with an increase in temperature and decrease with a decrease in temperature, AL = change in length L-= original length a = coefficient of linear expansion AT = change in temperature ‘AV = change in volume V = original volume B = coefficient of volume expansion AT = change in temperature Note: In case B is not given; LAW OF CONSERVATION OF HEAT ENERGY When two masses of different temperatures are combined together, the heat absorbed by the lower temperature mass is equal to the heat given up by the higher temperature mass Heat gained = Heat lost CO C © © * STRENGTH OF MATERIALS “atest ‘SIMPLE STRESS CO a — Axial Stress the stress developed under the action of the force acting Kgfemt | tin = pat _sialy (oF passing the carrod) ofthe resisting area <0? pelcel [n-te | =e Pasa Area eau = axialtensite/compressive stress plied forcesload at centroid of x’sectional area ‘Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) resisting area (perpendicular area) Shearing stress the stress developed when the force is applied paral to the resisting area 101.325 kPa Thin-walled Pressure Vessels: Prog | Area ‘A. Tangential stress 9, = shearing stress ippied force or load resisting area (sheared area) Bearing stress the stress developed in the area of contact (projected B. Longitudinal stress (also for Spherical) 4109) betwoon two bodies. pla ‘or = tangentiacircumforentiavhoop stress 9 = bearing stress 2. “longaudnaloial sess, used in spheres applied force or load 1 = outside radius projected area (contact area) 1D = outside diameter dit = width and height of contact, respectively pressure inside the tank {= thickness of the wall F = bursting force ee CO Q & ‘SIMPLE STRAIN / ELONGATION & ‘Strain — ratio of elongation to original length Proportional limit Elastic limit or yield point Fracture int Plastic behavior Elastic behavior Permanent set Strain 30 LL = original length Elastic Limit - the range beyond which the material WILL NOT RETURN TO ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE when unloaded but will retain a permanent deformation Yield Point — at his point there is an appreciable clongation or yielding of the material without any corresponding increase in load; ductile materials and continuous deformation Ultimate Strength - it is more commonly called ULTIMATE STRESS; i's the hishes ordinate in the curve Rupture Strength/Fracture Point - the stress at failure CO ao & OO Subsonlbe, 90 youtuloe, Fb Gengnrerdimath ‘Types of elastic deformation: a. Due to axial load HOOKE'S LAW ON AXIAL DEFORMATION "Stress is proportional to strain” Y Young's Modulus of Elasticity =E Modulus of Elasticity .=E, , Modulus inShear vB,» BulkModulus of Elasticity :, compressibility PL 8 = OE 8 = elongation P = applied force or load ‘A= area L = original length E = modulus of elasticity @ = stress 19 = density or unit mass of the body = gravitational acceleration = modulus of elasticity or Young's modus im = mass of the body . Due to changes in rature 8 (et ] ‘@ = coefficient of linear expansion of the body L = original length T= final temperature T= intial temperature O subserite on youtube, 2. Genginerdinath TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS Power delivered by a rotating she: Torsion - refers to twisting of solid or hollow rotating shaft. ~~ pase] S Hollow shaft Y [E-po| = ‘T= torsional shearing stress = revtionstime T = torque exerted by the shaft D = outer diameter HELICAL SPRINGS d = inner diameter Maximum twisting angle of the shaft’s fiber: @ = angular deformation (radians) YD T= torque LL = length of the shaft G = modulus of rigidity J = polar moment of inertia of the cross ‘T= shearing stress & = elongation R = mean radius __ _ d = diameter of the spring wire n= number of turns Gsteei = 83 GPa; G = modulus of rigidity Esooi = 200 GPa oO Y on & D subsoti lie, on youtulve, 2 fb ENGINEERING ECONOMY Si SIMPLE INTEREST Fl Mode of interest |_m I= Pin ‘Annually 1 | Semi-Annually | 2 F=P(1+in) Quarterly 4 P = principal amount Semi-quarterly 8 F = future amount Monthly 12 tal interest earned ‘Semi-monthiy 2A ite of interest 7 jumber of interest periods aren LS. Ordinary Simple Interest days ‘months n= SE a 360 12 ANNUITY Note: interest must be effective rate Exact Simple Interest da Ordinary Annuity a= a — ordinary year days AlG+ "=i = G8, m= 365 eepyear i COMPOUND INTEREST = Ald +i" —1] F=P(1+i (49% Nominal Rate of Interest WR A= uniform periodic amount or annuity Se n=mN Perpetuity or Perpetual Annuity A ER=(1+/)"-1 at RY" ER=[14+—— | -1 m ER®> NR; equal if Annual i = rate of interest per period NR = nominal rate of interest number of interest periods per year {otal number of interest periods N= number pf years, ER = effective rate of interest m Effective Rate of Interest P=P,+P, p [aan il +) i gfe iL? 1a ia aral Perpetual Gradi UNIFORM GEOMETRIC GRADIENT ra{tedtatent ‘frst C= intial cash ow ofthe geometric grant series eich cecurs one period aftr the present {= fixed percentage or rate of incroaso subsorilbe, on youtube, Bf @erginerdmath DEPRECIATION Straight Line Method (SLM) = oS n Dm = md Cm= Co- Din ‘d= annual depreciation Go = first cost Gm = book value r= salvage or scrap value 1n= life ofthe property Dn = total depreciation after m-years m= m" year Sinking Fund Method (SFM) COD (G.-6,)i a+a"-1 © d d(l+)"-1) - i Cm = Co- Dm i = standard rate of interest D, Sum of the Years Digit (SYD) Method ic -c) 2@emt) d,, = (Cy [zene | D,=(C, ~¢,[eentie neta} mn) syp= at) & 2 © CO )2 Declining Balance Method (DBM) fe, G, é Matheson Formula Cc, Ck)” d,, = kC,(1--)"" Dm = Co- Cm k= constant rate of depreciation CAPITALIZED AND ANNUAL COSTS Oo CC=C,+P CC = Capitalized Cost Co = first cost P = cost of perpetual maintenance (Ai) AC = d+ C, (i) + OMC AC = Annual Cost d= Annual depreciation cost. terest rate OMC = Annual operating & maintenance cost Y

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