Name : Ratih Aulia Fitri

Nim : 1830104065

Class : TBI 5 C

Linguistics For ELT

VOCAL TRACT

1. Types Of Humans Vocal Tract.

The vocal tract is the area from the nose and the nasal cavity down to the vocal
deep in the throat. understanding the vocal tract is an important aspect of learning to
accurately produce sound. type of human vocal tract:
A. Oral cavity refers to the mouth. It includes the lips, the lining inside the cheeks and
lips, the front two thirds of the tongue, the upper and lower gums, the floor of the
mouth under the tongue, the bony roof of the mouth, and the small area behind the
wisdom teeth.
B. Nasal cavity is the uppermost section of vocal tract.nasal cavity is the inside of
your nose. It is lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nose moist by
making mucus so you won't get nosebleeds from a dry nose. There are also little hairs
that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your
lungs.

2. How Human Use Vocal Tracts To Produce Sounds

Human To produce sounds by manipulating these organs. The air flow come
up through the trachea through the glottis between the vocal folds past the epiglottis
into the pharynx where the uvula is if the velum is down air will flow through the
nasal cavity and out through the nose that said regardless of whether the velum is up
or down air will flow into the oral cavity, this is the role of vocal tract that use to
produce the sound.
For example : When say the word cat ( /k/, /ea/, / t/)

3. English consonants
 There are 3 criteria of consonan:
a. Voicing refers to the activity of the vocal folds.
 Voiceless : condition when air passed
through open vocal. (s)
 Voiced : condition when air passed
through vibrating (z)

b. Place Of Articulation.

Refers to the area in one of the resonating cavities (larynx and mouth) where
the articulators are opposing some kind of stricture or obstacle to passing of air.

1) Bilabilal, sounds produce both lips(p) (b) (m)

2) Labiodental, sounds produce by uper teeth and the low lip (v) (f).
3) Interdental, sounds produce between upper and lower teeth (θ) (ꝺ).
4) Alveolar, sounds produce between tongue or near ridge behind upper front teeth (t)
(d) (s).
5) Palantal, sounds produce between hard palate or roof of the mouth (ʃ) (ʒ) (j)
6) Velar, Produce at the velum or soft palate (k) (g)
7) Glottal, sounds produce at the glottis or space between vocal folds (h) (g).

c. Manner Of Articulation

Refers to the way the articulators are set so that the resonance effect is possible. Is
how the air flow is constructed in the vocal tract.
1) Stop Sound
stop sound is an oral occlusive, where there is occlusion(blocking) of the oral
vocal tract, and no nasal air flow, so the air flow stops completely. example = P, t,
k, b, d,g
2) Fricative
Example v, θ, z, ʃ
3) Affricative
Example ʧ, ʤ
4) Nasal,
 where there is occlusion of the oral tract, but air passes through the nose. example
m, n, ɿ
5) Liquid (i) (ɹ)
6) Glide (w) (j)
7) Tap sound, rapid flick of the tongue to some place articulation