Name.

MD ATIQUR RAHMAN

ID :20183290317

Department: civil engineering

Homework 7

Q. 1. How do temperature action and deformation action occur?

Answer: When the temperature changes, the statically determinate structure does not produce internal
force because it does not restrict the temperature deformation. However, it does not produce internal
force. However, due to the material's property of combined expansion and cold contraction, the
statically determinate structure can freely produce displacement in accordance with its constraint
conditions, which can be calculated by the virtual work principle of the deformation system.

Q. 2. How did the explosion happen? What is the difference between explosive action on ground
structures and underground structures?

Answer : The energy released suddenly in a very short time in a small enough volume produces a
pressure wave (shock wave) of a certain amplitude which propagates from the explosion source to the
limited space.

ground structures

 The average pressure of the top cover, side wall and back wall of the structure is the sum of the
overpressure of shock wave and the dynamic pressure, and the calculation formula is the same
as above. The difference is that due to eddy current and other reasons, the side wall, the top
cover and the back wall are subjected to suction under the shock wave pressure, so the Cd value
is negative.
 For rectangular structures, the pressure waves acting on the front and rear walls not only differ
in value but also in duration. Therefore, the structure is subjected to tremendous compression,
and the whole structure is subjected to tremendous horizontal thrust due to the pressure
difference between front and rear walls, which may cause the whole structure to move and
overturn.

underground structures

 Whether groundwater or surface water can pass through the pore of soil, connect or dissolve
into the structural basement determines whether it can reach the full buoyancy state.
 When it is not possible to determine whether the foundation is permeable or not, the
combination of permeable and impermeable conditions with other loads should be taken as the
most disadvantageous one.
Q. 3.What is the purpose of prestressing? How many ways to apply prestress ?

Answer : Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering
stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are subject to loading.
It combines the high strength compressive properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel.

Pre-loading method

1. External and internal preloads

2. Pre-tensioning and post-tensioning
3. Pre-bending beam preload

Q. 4. What is the difference between pre-tensioning and post-tensioning?

Answer : pre-tensioning

1. Pre-tensioning is done in the factories thus suitable for precast construction works
2. In this type of concrete, the pre-stressing cables called the strands are tensioned before casting
the concrete and then concrete is casted enclosing the tensioned cables.
3. Small sections are to be constructed
4. Loss of prestressing isn’t less (about 18 %)
5. In this method, similar prestressed members are prepared.

post-tensioning

1. Post-tensioning can be done in factories as well as on the site

2. In this type of concrete, the strands are enclosed within a duct in the form and then concrete is
casted. The process of tensioning the strands is carried out after the concrete attains its
sufficient strength.
3. Size of a member is not restricted, long-span bridges are constructed by post-tensioning
4. Loss of prestressing isn’t more (about 15 %)
5. In this method, products are changed according to a structure.

Q. 5. True or false

1) True
2) False
3) True
4) False