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appreciable errors in the results. With apparatus of good
quality, a change of 1°C in its temperature is allowable.
10.3 The test current shall not be of such a magnitude as to
produce an appreciable change in resistance of the specimen or
measuring apparatus due to the heating effect. The dimensions
of the specimen should be such that the power dissipated shall
not exceed 0.02 W/in.2 (0.003 W/cm2) of exposed surface. To
determine experimentally that the test current is not too large,
the specimen may be immersed in a bath having a temperature
at which it has been found that the sheet has a relatively large
change in resistance with temperature. The test current shall be
applied and maintained until the resistance of the specimen has
become constant. The current shall then be increased by 40 %
and maintained at this value until the resistance has again
become constant. If the change in resistance is greater than
0.001 %, the test current is too large and shall be reduced until
the foregoing limitation is reached.
10.4 The measurements shall be made in such a way that the
effects of thermoelectromotive forces and parasitic currents are
avoided. When these effects are small, the resistance of the
specimen when measured by a Kelvin bridge may be obtained
by either of two methods. In the first method, the galvanometer
FIG. 1 Test Specimen Showing Terminal Connections zero shall be obtained with the galvanometer key open. The
bridge shall be balanced both with the direct and reversed
connection of the battery, the average value of the two results
temperature, thermometers for measuring the temperatures of being the resistance of the specimen. In the second method, the
the baths, and suitable means for measuring the resistance of zero of the galvanometer shall be obtained with the galvanom-
the specimen. eter key closed and the battery key open. A single balance of
the bridge is then sufficient to obtain the resistance of the
8. Baths specimen.
8.1 Each bath shall consist of chemically neutral oil. The oil
shall be of such quantity and so well stirred that the tempera- 11. Procedure
ture in the region occupied by the specimen and the thermom- 11.1 Connect the test specimen in the measuring circuit and
eter shall be uniform within 0.2°C for any temperature between submerge entirely in the oil bath. For a check on the constancy
0 and 80°C. of the specimen, make an initial resistance measurement at
8.2 In an automatically controlled bath, the temperature of room temperature. Raise the temperature of the oil bath or
the bath at any time during the test at any temperature level transfer the specimen to a bath maintained constant at the
shall not differ from its mean temperature by more than 0.2°C. highest temperature at which measurements are to be made.
In a manually controlled bath, the rate of change of tempera- When the test specimen has attained a constant resistance,
ture shall not exceed 0.2°C/min. record the reading of the measuring device and the temperature
of the bath.
9. Temperature Measurement 11.2 Decrease the temperature of the test specimen to the
9.1 The temperature shall be measured by a calibrated next lower temperatures either by cooling the bath and main-
temperature measuring device of suitable precision and accu- taining it constant at the next lower temperature, or by
racy. The thermometer shall have sufficient sensitivity to removing the specimen to another bath maintained at the lower
indicate temperature changes of 0.1°C. It shall be sufficiently temperature. When the resistance of the specimen has become
accurate to measure temperature differences to 0.2°C in the constant, again make observations of resistance and tempera-
range from 0 to 80°C. ture.
11.3 In this manner make a series of determinations of the
10. Resistance Measurements change of resistance with temperature for the desired descend-
10.1 The change of resistance of the specimen shall be ing temperature range.
measured by apparatus capable of determining such changes to 11.4 Take measurements at a sufficient number of tempera-
0.001 % of the resistance of the specimen. A Kelvin double tures to determine the characteristics of the material. In order to
bridge, digital ohmmeter, or equivalent is suitable for this calculate a resistance-temperature equation, tests at three
purpose (see Appendix X1). temperatures are required. If an independent check is to be
10.2 The temperature of the measuring apparatus shall not made, make observations of at least five temperatures. For
change during the test by an amount sufficient to introduce plotting a curve, six or more observations are generally made.
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11.5 Note the temperature of the measuring apparatus at resistance in ohms per ohm in going from 25°C to t1, and ∆R2
frequent intervals during the test of each specimen. the similar change in going from 25°C to t2. That is:
∆R 1 5 ~ R 1 2 R 25! /R 25 (7)
12. Resistance-Temperature Equation
and
12.1 Express the results in terms of the constants in an
equation of the following form: ∆R 2 5 ~ R 2 2 R 25! /R 25 (8)
2
R t 5 R 25@ 11α ~ t 2 25! 1β ~ t 2 25! # (1) Then
where: α 5 ~ ∆R 2 2 K 2 ∆R 1 ! /K ~ K11 ! ∆t (9)
Rt = resistance of the specimen in ohms at temperature, β 5 ~ K∆R 1 1∆R 2 ! /K ~ K11 !~ ∆t ! 2
(10)
°C, t,
R25 = resistance of the specimen in ohms at the standard If K = 1, this simplifies to:
temperature of 25°C, α 5 ~ ∆R 2 2 ∆R 1 ! /2∆t (11)
t = temperature of specimen, °C, and β 5 ~ ∆R 1 1∆R 2 ! /1 ~ ∆t ! 2
(12)
α and β = temperature-resistance constants of the material. NOTE 5—A useful alternative method of calculation is presented as
Temperature of maximum or minimum resistance follows: The resistance-temperature equation is referred to 0°C, and
= 25°C − (α ⁄2β) relative resistance values are used. For example, over the useful range
NOTE 3—This equation will yield either a maximum or a minimum, from 15 to 35°C, the resistance-temperature curve of manganin is
depending on which exists in the temperature range in question. However, parabolic and of the form:
this equation is normally used for those alloys such as manganin, having P t 5 P 0 1At1Bt2 (13)
a temperature-resistance curve approximating a parabola with a maximum
near room temperature. where:
Pt = ratio of the resistance of the specimen at t °C to the
13. Calculation of Constants resistance of the standard resistor at 25°C,% ,
13.1 The values of α, β, and R25 may be determined by P0 = ratio of the resistance of the specimen at 0°C to the
selecting the measured values of Rt at three well-separated resistance of the standard resistor at 25°C, %, and
temperatures, inserting the values of Rt and t in the preceding A and B are constants calculated from resistance measure-
section equation to form three equations, and solving simulta- ments made at different temperatures. One method of measure-
neously the three equations for R25, α, and β. ment used in production testing is to compare the resistance of
13.2 When the measurements have not been made at exactly the test sample to that of a stable resistor of known character-
25°C, or at other suitable temperatures, the calculation may be istics maintained at reference temperature 25°C. The resistance
simplified by plotting a curve from the observed values of is approximately the same as the test sample and measurements
resistance and temperature, from which curve R25 may be read usually are made directly in percentages (for example,
directly. Two additional points may then be selected on the 100.008 %). If measurements are made at four temperatures t1,
curve, preferably one at t1, at least 5°C below the reference t2, t3, and t4 between 15 and 35°C, and the corresponding ratios
temperature of 25°C, and a second temperature, t2 near the of test sample resistance to standard resistor are measured in
highest temperature measured but satisfying the following percentages as P1, P2, P3, and P4, then the constants A and B,
relation: the peak temperature, and temperature coefficient may be
calculated from the following equations:
K ~ 25 2 t 1 ! 5 t 2 2 25 5 K∆t (2)
P3 2 P1 P4 2 P1 P2 2 P1
NOTE 4—Example—If t1 is 10°C below the reference temperature then 1 22
t3 2 t1 t4 2 t1 t2 2 t1
t2 should be 10 or 20 or 30°C etc., above the reference temperature for B5 (15)
t 3 1t 4 2 2t 2
greatest ease of calculation, so that K = 1 or 2 or 3, respectively.
The peak temperature is − (A/2B) and the temperature coeffi-
13.3 If R1 is the resistance at the temperature t1, and R2 is cient between temperature t and the peak temperature in per-
the resistance at the temperature t2, then: cent per degree Celsius is (A + 2Bt)/2. Then
α 5 @ ~ R 2 2 R 25! 2 K 2 ~ R 1 2 R 25! # /R 25K ~ K11 ! ∆t (3) α 5 ~ A150B ! /100 (16)
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TABLE 1 Illustrative Form for Reporting Test Data and Calculations
NOTE 1—The following table, with test values inserted for purpose of illustration, is only a suggested form for recording test data and calculations on
temperature-resistance characteristics.
Apparatus Kelvin bridge for comparing the specimen with standard resistor
Standard resistor No. 38472, 0.0100000 Ω made by Richard Roe
Ratio coils A = 1000; B = 1000
Material Manganin, Specimen No. 1. From Shipment Received .... Jan. 14, 1937
Maker John Doe
Size 0.020 by 3 by 72 in. Approximate Resistance of Specimen .... 0.01 Ω
RECORD OF TEST
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APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 There are several methods by which the Kelvin bridge must be adjusted under three different conditions. These
(Fig. X1.1) may be so balanced that the ratio of the unknown adjustments may be made in the following order:
to the standard is the same as the ratio of the two arms. The X1.1.2.1 With switches S1 and S2 open, balance with double
following method is indicated as being a satisfactory method ratio dials, A and a,
for specimens having a resistance of 0.01 Ω or more. X1.1.2.2 With S1 open and S2 closed, balance by adjusting
X1.1.1 It is important that all the resistances except the ratio the balancing resistor r1, and
arms shall be kept as small as possible. In particular r1, r2, r3, X1.1.2.3 With S2 open and S1 closed, adjust r2.
and r4 should be less than 0.01 of the resistance of the ratio
X1.1.3 This cycle must be repeated until no change in the
arms. The resistance of the connection between X and N should
double ratio dials is required at the end of the cycle over that
be less than the sum of X and N.
at the beginning.
X1.1.2 The balance is made by a series of approximations.
X1.1.4 When the above balances have been obtained the
The two sets of ratio arms, A, B, and a, b, should have the same
resistance X of the unknown is represented by the equation:
values and, whenever adjusted, the two should be adjusted
simultaneously so that at all times A = a and B = b. The bridge X 5 N·a/b
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