-The speech process can be performed in two basic manners:speaking and writing.

-Language is the basic code of communication between people and animals.

-The priorities of speech:we don’t need any light,our hands are free,we can shout from
one place to another,we cam give more informations within certain interval of time.
-The priorities of writing:the written word is stronger than the spoken word,it could be
documented for a long time,it could be easily conveyed or transmited but writing has no
time menagment.
-Speech is an activity of the human organizam by which the sounds of the language are
produced,transmitted through the air and received.
-The two basic elements of this process is the speaker (the one that produces the
sounds)and the listener(the one who is actually reciving the sounds).
-There is an air chanel between them,through which speech sounds are transmited.
-The stages of the speech process are:
1. In order to have a speech sound the speaker has be careful about the
language,because the thoughts can not be transmited directly.
2. The speaker activites his nervous system to move speech organs.
3. The vocal organs are involved.
4. Speech sounds are vibrating by air molecules with their frequency and
amplitudes.
5. Coming from the outher ear sounds waves are going further to the middle ear
and to the inner ear.
6. Vibrations are transport in to electrical impulces and are sent to the brain.
7. The listener identifies the sequences of sound to make the words so the speaker
can produce them.
Psychological phase 1&7
Neurogical phase 2&6
Psysiological phase 3&5
Physical phase 4

-Every human bein uses the vocal organs in order to perform speech.
-Those organs are used for many basic functions:breathing and feeding.
-There’re 3 types of vocal organs for:
1. Initation-for starting the air to move
2. Phonation-for producing the voiced sound
3. Proped articulation-for movements above the windpipe
-The sounds can be devided into pulminic and not pulmonic.
-Pulmonic can be egressive and ingressive.
a) Exhaling(breathing out)
b) Inxaling(breathing in)
-Unpulmonic can be:clicks(sounds when we imitate horse ride or sth else)
-In order to produce a voice sounds,we use:
1. The vocal cords
2. Two folds of ligament and elastic tissue
-They’re placed within the lungs.
-We can activate those vocal cords in 3 ways:
1. When they are closely put and when they vibrate
2. When they are tightly close with a very small air stream
3. When the vocal cords are wide open like when we produce voiceless sounds
using the glottis.
-The vocal organs are devided into:Movable and Fixed.
*Movable:
a) The tongue(tip,blade,front,central,back)
b) The velum
c) The uvula
d) The lips
e) The lower jaw
g)The vocal cords
*Fixed:
a) The teeth
b) The alveolar ridge
c) The palate
d) The pharynx wall
Speech sounds are activated together,one being called articulator(active and moving
participant) and point of articulation(passive,static or less movable participant)

-Sounds usually take initial part or they have main rule in speech process.
-They go along together with their modulations,variations and alternatives.
-Speech sounds differ not because of the different speaker but much often some
speakers differe in reapiting sounds imperceptibly.
-The speech system has two essential characteristics:
a) It conteins finit number of units
b) It contains certain rules for combaining those units.
-Every speech system has his sub.system-verbal code.
-The sub system and the verbal code have two types of units:
a) Distinctive features or property which are taken an essential.
b) Speech sound types mean technicaly termed
-Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound(meaning full)
-A group of phoneme forms morpheme.
-Morpheme is linguistic unit with semantic meaning.
-phoneme-morpheme-lexeme-phrase-sentence
-Redundancy is a means by which a language fights against disturbance in
communication.(redundancy-the possibility to predict the presence of linquistic unit
merely in the basis of the presence of another unit with which it is always
coupled)Example-(advance) warning,add (an additional),add (up),(added) bonus,
(affirmative) yes.
-The kind of disturbance is called-noise.
-The scientific field which studies speech sounds is called-Phonetics.
-Phonetics branches into three narrower regions:
 Articulatory phonetics(dealing with the physiological state of the speaker)
 Acoustic phonetics(dealing with the acoustic or physical aspect of speech sounds
 Auditory phonetics(dealing with the physiological state of the hearer)
-The term phonetics has double usage:
1. With a wider meaning to denote all kinds of scientific research connected
with speech sounds.
2. With a narrower meaning to denote only those investigations that are
concerned with particular speech sounds,sounds in process as distinct
from the invastigations of speech sounds in system.
-Sounds from the viewpoint of a particular language are dealt with in scientific discipline
called –Phonology.