STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Stormwater drainage System

Stormwater drainage is an integral component of both site and overall stormwater

management design. Good drainage design must strive to maintain compatibility and minimize
interference with existing drainage patterns; control flooding of property, structures and roadways for
design flood events; and minimize potential environmental impacts on stormwater runoff.

The purpose of a storm drain is to collect storm water runoff from the roadway and convey it
to an outfall. Storm drain design generally consists of three major parts:

 System planning which includes data gathering and outfall location;

 Pavement drainage which includes pavement geometrics and inlet spacing;

 Location and sizing of the mains and manholes.

Stormwater drainage System

Such as a public sewer or a private treatment facility (septic tank). This system is often known
as the DWV System (Drainage, Waste and Vent). The complete drainage system is subdivided into four
(4) sub-systems, as follows:

 Soil Drainage System

 Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage System

 Storm Drainage System

 Vent System

Stormwater Run-off

 Is rainfall that flows over the ground surface. It is created when rain falls on roads, driveways,
parking lots, rooftops and other paved surfaces that do not allow water to soak into the ground. 

 Stormwater runoff is the number one cause of stream impairment in urban areas.

Where does Stormwater Go?

In every location there are two stormwater drainage systems, the minor system and the major
system.

 The minor drainage system is designed to remove stormwater from areas such as streets and
sidewalks for public safety reasons.
  The minor drainage system consists of inlets, street and roadway gutters, roadside ditches,
small channels and swales, and small underground pipe systems which collect stormwater
runoff and transport it to structural control facilities, pervious areas and/or the major
drainage system (i.e., natural waterways, large man-made conduits, and large water
impoundments).

Drainage System Components

 Paths taken by runoff from very large storms are called major systems. The major system
consists of natural waterways, large man-made conduits, and large water impoundments. In
addition, the major system includes some less obvious drainageways such as overload relief
swales and infrequent temporary ponding areas.

 The major system includes not only the trunk line system that receives the water from the
minor system, but also the natural backup system which functions in case of overflow from or
failure of the minor system. Overland relief must not flood or damage houses, buildings or
other property.

 Three considerations largely shape the design of minor system and major system: Flooding,
Public safety and Water quality.

Storm Water Inlets

 These are the openings through which the surface runoff and storm water is admitted and
conveyed to the storm water sewer or combined sewer.

 The inlet is a box of concrete or brick masonry with the clear opening not more than 25mm.

 Maximum spacing depends on road surface, it varies between 30 to 60 m.

Storm Water Inlets

Storm water inlets may be categorised into 3 types:

1. Curb Inlet

2. Grate Inlet

3. Composite inlet

Storm Water Inlets

Storm water inlets may be categorised into 3 types:

1. Curb inlet – These are vertical openings in the road curbs through which the storm water flows.

 They are preferred where heavy traffic is anticipated.

  Curb inlets are less affected by blockage. Extended curb inlets, using lintel supports, can be
used to increase capacity.

The Storm Drain

Classification of Storm Drain

Size of the Storm Drain

STORM DRAIN PIPE SIZING

Roof Leader

Group 5

Cabanes, Ma. Cristina C.

Castillo, Jessie A.

Martinez, Elaine Charlotte

THANK YOU

DOMESTIC WATER HEATING

CEREZO, EDRICH MARK D.

ELCANO, MARK FERDINAND F.

MADRIAGA, SARAH G.

MARTINEZ, ERICSON A.

OBILLO, MARVIN R.

DOMESTIC WATER HEATING

OVERVIEW AND DEFINITION

◦ Domestic water heating is the process of warming water for personal use, and it can consume
a large amount of energy.

◦ Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its
initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and
space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

2
DOMESTIC HOT WATER USE

1. BATHROOM – Typically all hot water is used in the bathroom. The amount of water you will
consume will depend on whether you prefer to take showers or bathes.

2. LAUNDRY – The laundry is another room that places demand on your hot water system.

3. KITCHEN – The amount of water you use in the kitchen will vary depending upon whether you
have a dishwasher and if so, how it is set up.

HOT WATER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

HOT WATER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

TYPES OF WATER HEATERS

STORAGE TANK WATER HEATER

o Storage heaters work by heating water through electric heating elements or gas or oil burners

and storing the heated water in its own tank.

o Storage heaters can typically provide instant hot water volume from 2 gallons to 400 gallons.
They are sized according to the peak demand of the user.

o This tank features two valves, the temperature control valve, and the pressure control valve.

o This is the most common type of water heater among family homes, but you are limited to
how much hot water you can hold.

TANKLESS WATER HEATER

o Tankless water heaters produce an endless supply of hot water, take up less space, have a
lower risk of leaking, are safer, and have a significantly longer lifespan on average.

o This on-demand style of operation results in their most significant advantages like energy,
extended life, less wait time for hot water, space saving and more safety.

o Disadvantages: Higher initial costs and trouble keeping up with multiple demands.

HEAT PUMP WATER HEATER

 o Heat pump water heaters use electricity to move heat from one place to another instead of
generating heat directly.

o Unlike other types of water heaters, you shouldn’t install an HPWH in a small closed closet
because it wouldn’t have enough warm air to power the heat pump.

o Heat pump water heaters require installation in locations that remain in the 40º–90ºF (4.4º–
32.2ºC) range year-round and provide at least 1,000 cubic feet (28.3 cubic meters) of air space
around the water heater.

SOLAR POWERED WATER HEATER

This style of water heater may be the most energy-efficient of them all and relies on roof-mounted
solar panels as its energy source. The energy is transferred to a closed loop system containing a heat-
conductive material, which then heats the water in the tank. This can save lots of money on sunny
days and works particularly well for those who live in warm, sunny climates. However, this system
often requires a backup plan, such as natural gas or electricity, so that the water heater can continue
to run on cloudy days

CONDENSING WATER HEATER

The condensing water heater may be the absolute best option if your family’s home uses primarily
natural gas as its energy source. This type of water heater funnel heated exhaust from the natural gas
system and uses it to heat the water, which is held in a tank much like the conventional version of the
water heater. The gas fumes funnel through a coil placed at the bottom of the tank to heat the water.
Therefore, very little energy is used (aside from gas already burned elsewhere, like by your oven or
heater) to heat the water for your home.

TYPES OF FUEL IN WATER HEATING

One of the most important considerations when buying a water heater is the type of energy or fuel it
will use. There are several factors that come into play when thinking about the fuel type of a water
heater:

1. Consider the availability of that type of fuel — relative to your locality and the specific
installation needs.

2. Consider the cost of that energy type and compare it with other energy options relative to the
initial cost and subsequent operating costs.

3. The type of fuel will determine the energy efficiency of the water heater; and hence will play a
huge role in decision regarding the size of the water heater that will be bought.

ELECTRICITY
This is the most widely distributed energy source for water heaters. Electricity is used to power most
types of water heaters including conventional storage, tankless, and heat pump water heaters.
Moreover, electricity is also used to power combination water and AC systems, such as tankless coil
and indirect water heaters.

FUEL OIL is used to power conventional storage water heaters and indirect combination water and
space heating systems. Inquiring its availability in the region where water heater will be installed is a
must.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

These systems draw heat from the ground during winter and from indoor air during summer to warm
and cool the house. To heat water, geothermal heat pump AC systems are fitted with specially
designed heat exchangers. This energy source is suitable for powering tankless or demand-type water
heaters during the summer and conventional storage water heaters during the colder winter, spring,
and fall seasons. In countries like United States, geothermal energy is available in homes that use
geothermal heat pump AC systems

Natural Gas And Propane are used to power conventional storage and tankless/instantaneous water
heaters. They can also be used to fuel combination water and AC systems, such as tankless coil and
indirect water heaters.

SOLAR is ranked among the most energy efficient water heaters, solar is used to power solar water
heaters. Although it’s clean, free and renewable, it requires substantial initial costs.

CHOOSING THE TYPE OF HOT WATER SYSTEM

There are two main types of hot water systems: Storage water heaters and continuous flow water
heaters sometimes referred to as instantaneous water heaters. Both can be suitable for most
households, although there are restrictions on the installation of gas fired hot water systems
indoors.

1. STORAGE SYSTEMS
A. MAIN PRESSURE TYPE
B. LOW PRESSURE TYPE

2. CONTINUOUS OR INSTANTANEOUS FLOW SYSTEMS

STORAGE SYSTEMS

o Storage hot water system heats water to the temperature you select then stores it in an
insulated tank, ready for use throughout the day.
 o As hot water is used, it is displaced by incoming cold water, which in turn is heated. Storage
systems constantly heat incoming water even if there is no demand for the hot water.

o The hot water in the storage tank is maintained at the set temperature usually 140°F and is
thermostatically controlled. They are suitable for most applications and can be installed inside
or outside.

These units are available to supply hot water either at mains pressure, or operate at low pressure.

1. MAIN PRESSURE TYPE – Main pressure storage systems provide hot water at a similar
pressure as your cold water supply. It means multiple outlets can be used simultaneously
without affecting your hot water pressure.

2. Low PRESSURE TYPE - In this type, hot water is delivered at lower pressure than mains
pressure units. They are normally located in the roof space of a home, and the pressure
depends on the vertical distance between the tank and point of use. Constant pressure units
are often cheaper to purchase and have much longer life expectancies than mains pressure
systems. Correctly plumbed, they will provide satisfactory service. They are also known as
‘gravity feed’ systems.

CONTINUOUS OR INSTANTANEOUS FLOW SYSTEMS

o Continuous flow systems save you money as they only heat the amount of hot water you
need. The system begins heating water as soon as the tap is turned on and stops heating the
moment you turn the tap off.

o With continuous flow system, the hot water is always available on demand and there is little
chance of running out of hot water. And because a large tank to store pre-heated water is not
required, continuous flow systems tend to be compact and can be mounted on an external or
internal wall, or even in a cupboard.

Features of instantaneous water systems include:

 Water is heated only when required and therefore does not require a storage tank.

 The first cost of these units is low compared to storage type.

 These units saves energy by not having to constantly heat a storage tank of unused water, and
guarantees a constant supply of hot water.

 As water is heated instantaneously, they do not ‘run out’ of hot water.

 These are smaller in size than storage systems, and can be mounted on a wall or in a cupboard
(gas units must have a flue).
  These are connected to the mains water supply and deliver hot water at a slightly reduced
pressure

 The standard units can generally deliver adequate hot water to one or two points
simultaneously. High powered, high efficiency units can serve larger households.

 It is vital that units are sized according to the maximum number of hot water outlets likely to
be used simultaneously.

 Some units have electronic remote controls for precise temperature control.

QUICK DELIVERY OF HOT WATER

For remote fixtures, a means of heat maintenance must be provided. Many builders tend to install
two or more heaters in a facility for no other reason than to get hot water to the fixtures more
quickly. Yes, it helps if the heaters are placed near to the fixtures but remember hot water volume is
not the issue here. If means of quick distribution are employed, a single water heater could be more
than sufficient. Two common methods to approach this problem are:

1. ELECTRIC TRACER SYSTEM

2. PUMPED RECIRCULATION SYSTEM

ELECTRIC TRACER SYSTEM

o Self-regulating heat tracing tape is applied to the piping to maintain the water temperature.
Heat tracing uses electrical energy to maintain water temperature, and it eliminates the need
for return piping and components required in a recirculation system.

o Heat tape systems may be utilized if cost justified but are considered less desirable due to
reported system malfunctions and difficulty in locating the malfunction point. The system is
good for retrofitting applications or freeze protection applications.

PUMPED RECIRCULATION SYSTEM

o The pumped recirculation system utilizes a circulating pump and parallel supply & return
piping for distribution of hot water.

WHY RECIRCULATION SYSTEM?

o The domestic hot water system design guides from ASHRAE and ASPE suggest that it is
acceptable to have a hot water system without pumped recirculation, as long as the distance
from the water heater to the farthest fixture does not exceed 100 feet.
 o This recommendation however gained importance with an advent of the Energy Policy Act of
1992, which require restricting flow rate of the plumbing faucets and which in turn result in
increased delay to get hot water at the remotest fixture.

WHY RECIRCULATION SYSTEM?

o ASPE recently suggested changing the 100-foot distance guideline to include a time delay of
maximum 10 seconds wait time for residential and office buildings. ASPE also recommends 11
to 30 seconds as marginally acceptable for other building types depending on the application.
Any wait exceeding 30 seconds shall consider being unacceptable. Therefore, most modern
hot water systems must use recirculation pumps to meet this strict criterion.

o Recirculation system is provided to reduce wait time for water use, to minimize hot water &
energy waste caused during the waiting period, and to prevent degradation of the system
supply water temperature.

Few things must be carefully considered with recirculated hot water return (HWR) piping:

1. ROUTING - Route hot water re-circulation lines as close to fixtures as possible; the closer you
can get the recirculated line to the fixture, the less time it will require getting hot water at the
fixture.

2. BALANCING VALVES - If the building has multiple hot water mains, each branch should have a
balancing valve and check valve before connecting to the hot water return main. This prevents
short cycling of the hot water through the closest circuit of piping or the path of least
resistance.

3. MINIMUM PIPE SIZE - The piping pressure drop changes as the flow rate changes. The
pressure fluctuation in hot water system fixtures is therefore relatively consistent. It is
recommended to use a minimum pipe size of ¾” for hot water return system piping where the
distance is greater than 50ft. A ½” pipe flowing 3gpm shall have a head loss of 16.5’ per 100’
length of pipe. If the piping circuit is 300 feet long, the pump head required would be 49.44
feet. Any attempt to reduce the pipe sizes to save cost need to be carefully evaluated. It must
be noted that the cost savings for 1” pipe to ¾” is minimal.

TYPES OF WATER PIPES

COPPER

o The most used for pipes of any type, it is extremely reliable and resistant.

o Corrosion is also very rare in copper pipes, while it produces excellent results in delivering hot
water.
 o Copper is perfect for auxiliary plumbing systems in heaters, as they demand a more
straightforward installation but perfect heating performance, which copper offers.

o Standard sizes are ½" and ¾". The rigid copper pipe is recommended for new installation,
while flexible for repairs, retrofits or where solid cannot be run.

GALVANIZED STEEL

o Almost as famous as copper, galvanized steel is one of the standard materials used for house
plumbing systems. It works excellent for heaters as well, yet it is more prone to rusting in the
long term.

o Galvanized steel is excellent for both auxiliary and re-circulating systems. However, it is not
used as much as before due to slightly causing water-changing effects.

o Provides great insulation and heat transfer and Easier to install than copper.

PEX (CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLYNE)

o PEX is a type of plastic which is composed of polybutylene mixed with polyethylene.

o This type of the pipe is incredibly flexible, so it becomes amazingly easy to install.

o It will keep the water working efficiently, but it can’t be connected directly to a water heater
as it could be affected by the high temperature and over time.

o It works great for a re-circulating system, as it is also a little cheaper than copper and steel
while delivering superior flexibility for easier installation methods.

PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

o PVC is simply plastic, normally white or grey which comes in various thickness, diameters, and
configurations depending on the use.

o It is highly versatile, durable, and reliable.

o PVC tends to create much more contaminants inside, while also being slightly less resistant to
hot water. Usually, PVC is better for cold-water piping while for hot water systems is not
recommended as it can deform.

CPVC (CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

o CPVC is the same PVC material but with additional chlorine that provides more durability and
resistance to contaminants and corrosion.

o CPVC helps to make clean water pipes drinkable even and works with both hot and cold water
effectively.
 o One of the best things about CPVC is that it comes with superb insulation. Also, it is cheaper
than both copper and galvanized, yet it delivers amazing flexibility none of these can offer.

10

HOT WATER TEMPERATURE

o For combined heating hot water and domestic hot water systems, when the heating hot water
system exceeds 140°F the IPC code requires a temperature actuated mixing valve conforming
to ASSE 1017 to limit the domestic hot water temperature to a maximum of 140°F.

o The minimum temperature to prevent Legionella Bacteria growth is 122°F. Above 122°F and
up to 131°F, Legionella bacteria survives, but will not multiply. At 131°F, it takes about 5 to 6
hours for the bacteria to die. At 140°F, the bacteria dies in about 32 minutes. At 151°F, the
bacteria dies instantly.

On-site sewage treatment

definition

01

Primary treatment equipment

02

SECONDARY TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT

03

definition

01

definition

On-site sewage treatment (OSST) systems, traditionally called septic systems, usually consist of the
building sewer, which leads from the building into a septic tank and then into a distribution box that
feeds the fluid (effluent) into a drainage field or disposal field.

Primary treatment equipment

02

Septic tank

Septic tank

Aerobic tank
Aerobic tank

pump tank

pump tank

Sand filters

Two types of sand filters

The effluent is dispersed throughout the upper portion of the granular bed through perforated pipes.
The effluent then flows by gravity through the granular material until it reaches another series of
perforated pipes, where it flows to a pump tank.

It requires a recirculating pump tank. The pump is used to mix filtrate with incoming septic tank
effluent. The effluent is circulated several times through the sand filter media before it’s pumped to
the drainage field.

intermittent sand filter

recirculating intermittent sand filter

Sand filters

Trash/grease tank

Trash/grease tank

cesspool

cesspool

SECONDARY TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT

03

Absorption drainage field

Absorption drainage field

Absorption drainage field

Gravel-Less Drain Fields

Gravel-less drain fields

Gravel-less drain fields

Gravel-less drain fields

Evapotranspiration Bed Drainage Field

Evapotranspiration Bed Drainage Field

Evapotranspiration Bed Drainage Field

Low-Pressure Dosing Drainage Field

Low-Pressure Dosing Drainage Field

Low-Pressure Dosing Drainage Field

Leaching Chamber Drainage Field

Leaching Chamber Drainage Field

Subsurface Drip Drainage Field

Subsurface Drip Drainage Field

Subsurface Drip Drainage Field

ALTERNATIVE
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
SYSTEMS

definition

01

treatment method/equipment

02

definition

01

definition

Alternative wastewater treatment systems serve as an option for the sewage treatment systems
described previously. They may be required because one of the systems described earlier cannot be
used or because they are too costly (e.g., the geological conditions are not suitable).

treatment method/equipment

02
Privy/Latrine

Privy/Latrine

Composting Toilets

Two types of composting toilets

Self-contained composting toilet is a smaller unit in which the toilet receptacle and composting tank
comprise a single self-contained unit located on the bathroom floor. These units have traditionally
been installed for intermittent use such as in vacation homes.

Bi-level composting toilets are relatively large, two-story, watertight containers equipped with a chute
that connects the toilet receptacle to the composting unit located in the basement. The bottom of the
composting unit often has an inclined floor where solid wastes decompose and slide to the lower end
as new waste enters at the upper end.

Self-Contained

Bi-Level

Self-Contained Composting Toilet

Incinerating Toilet

Incinerating Toilet

Holding Tanks

Holding Tanks

LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS,

FIRE PROTECTION WORKS,
and FIRE ZONING

LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM

IN BUILDINGS

Life Safety System in Buildings

Life safety system - Any interior building element designed to protect and evacuate the building
population in emergencies, including fires and earthquakes, and less critical events, such as power
failures. This broad definition includes architectural systems that provide emergency egress and
protected areas within buildings through physical layout and construction and mechanical systems.

Life Safety System in Buildings

In addition, life safety systems include power, communication, and control systems that the electrical
contracting firm is involved with, including emergency detection and notification; emergency and
standby power systems; emergency and exit lighting, and similar systems. 

Life Safety System in Buildings

Life safety systems involve more than detection and notification of an emergency condition—they
also include supervisory, control, and communication functions. The supervisory function of a life
safety system monitors and reports on the status of detection and notification devices, sprinkler, and
other fire suppression systems; critical doors and dampers; and other related equipment and systems.

Life Safety System in Buildings

The control function automatically reacts to an emergency to ensure the safety of building
inhabitants, facilitate building evacuation, and aid in firefighting and rescue operations. Control
functions include the operation of fire doors and smoke dampers, elevator capture and shutdown,
initiating smoke removal and stairwell pressurization among other critical functions. The
communication function goes beyond alarms to include the fireman’s telephone, emergency public
address systems and wireless intercommunication systems, which need to be tested and maintained
regularly.

Life Safety System in Buildings

Life Safety System in Buildings

The panel, which measures approximately 15 in. (380 mm) wide by 16 in. (400 mm) high by 6 in. (150
mm) deep, has a capacity of 99 analog detectors and 99 monitor/control modules. Integral
programming provides drift compensation and sensitivity adjustment for analog detectors, detector
maintenance (dirt accumulation) alert, and automatic cyclic sensitivity adjustment, plus standard
diagnostics. Custom graphics and the video display can be arranged to display floor plans, device
locations, and the like. Relay control can be used for control of the building’s air-handling unit,
elevator interlock, and security/access system interlock. Notification circuits connect to the central
station, remote station, proprietary alarms, or municipal alarms.

COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING ALARM SYSTEMS

The requirements for these buildings are so varied that no specific recommendations can be made. A
few suggestions, however, are in order:

• Presignaling, where permitted, is recommended for buildings that do not readily tolerate an
evacuation alarm

Life Safety System in Buildings

• In schools, particularly for the elementary grades, rapid, orderly evacuation of the building is the
primary requirement. Consideration must be given to the uniqueness of the sound of the fire alarm
gongs to allow no possibility of confusion with program gongs where the latter are used. Also,
because regular fire drills are mandatory in most schools, the system must be arranged to provide this
facility.

• Public buildings should have an auxiliary alarm connection to the fire department.

• For medium-sized buildings, an accurate cost estimate frequently indicates an advantage of

addressable analog systems over addressable systems because of the high detector maintenance costs
of the latter. Similarly, addressable systems frequently have an economic advantage over hard-wired
systems because of the high labor costs for wiring.

HIGH-RISE OFFICE BUILDING FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS

Fire codes now require that high-rise buildings be equipped with an emergency voice/alarm
communication system. This system provides full control of transmission and building wide
distribution of all tones, alarm signals, and voice announcements on a selective or all-call basis.
Specifically, it makes possible:

• Two-way active communications from the firefighters’ control and command post (usually in the
lobby) to at least one fire station per floor, all mechanical plant rooms, elevator machine rooms, and
air-handling (fan) rooms.

• Distribution to selected areas of alert tones, signals, and prerecorded messages on independent
channels. (A complete system of loudspeakers covering all areas of the building is an integral part of
the system.)

FIRE PROTECTION WORKS

FIRE PROTECTION WORKS

Fire safety is integral for business owners. A fire can spark in an instant and spread within
seconds. Businesses investing in fire protection systems realize significant benefits when the systems
perform as expected. These systems reduce damage to the building, expensive equipment,
documents, and inventory. Fire suppression systems, smoke detectors, and sprinkler systems are all
types of fire protection systems that help with fire detection and protecting building occupants and
equipment.

HOW A FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

It is important to understand the functionality of fire protection systems. Systems work in different
ways, but all have a common goal to detect a fire and protect the building, its occupants, and
valuables. A common fire protection system is a smoke detector and a sprinkler. If a fire sparks,
smoke sets off the detector causing the sprinkler system to activate. The water protects against the
spread of fire. While this is an effective method, when dealing with certain critical equipment or
special hazards, automatic fire suppression systems using clean agents are a better choice. These
systems detect and suppress fire while leaving no residue.

FIRE PROTECTION WORKS

Common Fire Protection Systems

Wet Fire Sprinkler Systems The wet-pipe system employs automatic sprinklers attached to a piping
system connected to a water supply. The water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by a
fire. Only those sprinklers which have been operated by heat over the fire will discharge water.

Dry Pipe Systems The dry-pipe system employs automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system
containing air or nitrogen under pressure. When released, the water flows into the piping system and
discharges only from those sprinklers which have been operated by the fire. Dry-pipe systems are
installed in lieu of wet-pipe systems where piping is subject to freezing.

FIRE PROTECTION WORKS

Special Hazard Fire Protection Systems Special systems are designed to detect and extinguish fires in
locations where standard suppression systems are not appropriate or adequate.

Dry Chemical Fire Suppression Systems Pressured dry chemicals, used in conjunction with the proper
detection system, can extinguish a fire before it becomes detectable to the eye, thus protecting
resources from damage and businesses from any major interruptions.

Special Hazard Fire Protection Systems Diagram

Dry Chemical Fire Suppression Systems

FIRE PROTECTION WORKS

Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems Carbon dioxide is a clean and non-flammable gas that is commonly
used as a fire-extinguishing agent for areas that are not typically occupied by people. CO2 efficiently
and effectively extinguishes fires without leaving any toxic or liquid residue that might damage
property or equipment.

Foam Fire Suppression Systems Foam extinguishing systems are effective for rapidly controlling and
extinguishing flammable liquid fires.

Schematic Diagram of Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems

Foam Fire Suppression Systems Schematic Diagram

FIRE PROTECTION WORKS

Automatic Sprinkler Fire Suppression Systems Automatic sprinkler systems are the most common
automatic fire suppression systems. They consist of automatic sprinklers that operate at a
predetermined temperature and automatically distribute water upon a fire in sufficient quantity at
least to contain, and possibly to extinguish, the fire. The water reaches the sprinklers through a
system of overhead piping.

Automatic Sprinkler Fire Suppression Systems

COMPONENTS OF FIRE PROTECTION WORKS

Heat Detectors - Heat detectors commonly are used to detect fires. They are not as prone to false
alarms and are less expensive than smoke detectors. However, the response of heat detectors may
not be adequate in many instances, which limits their usefulness. Heat detectors are slower to
respond to fires than are smoke detectors because heat detectors cannot respond to smoke. Heat
detectors typically are best suited for detecting fast-growing fires in small spaces. Heat detectors are
also a means of fire detection in locations that smoke detectors cannot protect due to such
environmental effects as mist, normally occurring smoke, and high humidity.

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

Combination heat detectors can combine the two operating principles of reaching a fixed temperature
and reaching a set rate of rise. Smoke and heat detectors also can be combined into a single unit. It
should be noted that some combination smoke/heat detectors activate when either condition is
reached, while others require both the smoke and heat mechanisms to operate. In most cases, little
benefit, if any, results from the combination detector which requires both heat and smoke to cause an
alarm.

Combination heat detector

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

Smoke Detectors One cannot overemphasize the benefits of smoke detectors. However, smoke
detectors are not usable in all environments and their effectiveness varies depending on the fire
scenario and occupant capability. The two basic operating mechanisms currently used in smoke
detectors are photoelectric and ionization.

Smoke Detector

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

Projected beam detector. Here the operating principle is the same as a light-obscuration based
detector but the light emitter and the receiver are physically separated across large areas (e.g., the
length of a room). Smoke at any location between the two components can result in an alarm. These
detectors also can be used in conjunction with mirror systems so that the projected beam is directed
in several directions before ultimately striking the receiver.

Projected beam detector

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

Flame Detectors. Another method of fire detection is detectors that are sensitive to the light waves
emitted by fires. These typically operate by detecting ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) energy. These
detectors are extremely quick to operate and typically are used only in high hazard areas such as
industrial process facilities, fuel-loading areas, and areas where explosions may occur. Explosion
suppression systems protect them. One problem with IR detectors is that they will respond to
sunlight, creating an unwanted alarm problem.

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

Manual Fire Alarm Boxes (Pull Stations) Very common initiating devices, the manual fire alarm boxes
usually are referred to as manual pull stations. These are simple devices which operate manually, i.e.,
they require that a person operate the mechanism. These are found throughout building hallways,
near exits, and at other strategic locations such as a nurse's station or security center.

Manual Fire Alarm Boxes

(Pull Stations)

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

Signal Circuit Appliances When a fire alarm system goes into an alarm condition because of the
operation of an initiating device, several activities can occur. NFPA 101 and the building codes may
require that a signal be sent to the fire department. Activation of the fire alarm panel may cause other
events to happen. In most cases the fire alarm system also provides audible and visual indications that
an alarm condition has occurred. This latter function is the most important when considering an
occupied building.

Signal Circuit Appliances

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

Hydrants -Early methods of obtaining water for firefighting purposes were crude. Water systems used
hollowed-out logs for water mains. Pits were dug at specified intervals to expose the mains. A hole
was made in the main and a wooden plug was inserted. These plugs were known as "fire plugs," and
this term is still sometimes used to identify hydrants. When a fire occurred, the wooden plug was
removed from the main, water filled the pit, and fire apparatus drafted from the pit. However, the
flow of water was so meager that the system was seldom effective.

Hydrant

COMPONENTS OF FIRE
PROTECTION WORKS

Fire extinguisher, portable or movable apparatus used to put out a small fire by directing onto it a
substance that cools the burning material, deprives the flame of oxygen, or interferes with the
chemical reactions occurring in the flame.

Fire extinguishers

FIRE ZONING

FIRE ZONING

Fire Zones are areas within which only certain types of buildings are permitted to be constructed
based on their use, occupancy, type of construction, and resistance to fire.

FIRE ZONING

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

TYPE I – non-combustible materials, such as concrete and steel. The roof is also of non-combustible
material, such as concrete or steel.

TYPE II – non-combustible materials, such as concrete and steel. the roof covering material is
combustible. layer of asphalt waterproofing, with a combustible felt paper covering covered with
another layer of asphalt.

TYPE III – has masonry-bearing walls but the floors, structural framework, and roof are made of wood
or other combustible material; for example, a concrete-block building with wood roof and floor
trusses.

TYPE IV – These buildings have masonry walls like type III buildings but the interior wood consists of
heavy timber.

TYPE V – A combustible type. Wood-frame construction. The interior framing and exterior walls are
wood. These buildings are built with 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 studs and load-bearing walls, wood floor trusses, or
wood floor joist and wood roof framing.

FIRE-RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS FOR FIRE PROTECTION

(a) Exterior bearing and nonbearing walls of Types II and III constructions shall have one-hour fire-
resistive rating; while those of types IV and V shall have four-hour fire-resistive rating.

(b) Interior bearing walls, permanent partitions, floors, and roofs of Types II to IV constructions shall
have one-hour fire-resistive rating; while those of Type V shall have three-hour fire-resistive rating for
walls, one-hour fire-resistive rating for partitions, and two-hour fire-resistive rating for vertical
openings, floors, and roofs.

(c) Structural frames of Types II and III constructions shall have one-hour fire-resistive rating; those of
Type IV shall have two-hour fire-resistive rating; and those of Type V shall have three-hour fire-
resistive rating.

(d) Exterior doors and windows shall have three-fourths-hour fire-resistive rating for all types of
construction.

Concept of Fire Zoning is based on the land use pattern of the city or town. The concept of Fire Zoning
includes:

Demarcation

Number and Designation of Fire Zones

Change in Fire Boundaries

Overlapping of Fire Zones

Temporary Buildings or Structures

Restrictions on Existing Buildings

FIRE ZONING

DEMARCATION- The city or area is demarcated into distinct zones based on fire hazard inherent in the
buildings and structures according to the type of occupancy. The zones in which these areas are
divided are termed as “Fire Zones”.

DEMARCATION

FIRE ZONING

NUMBER AND DESIGNATION OF FIRE ZONES- The number of fire zones in a city or area under the
jurisdiction of the authority depends upon the existing layout, types of building construction,
classification of existing buildings based on occupancy and expected future development of the city or
area. In large cities or areas, three fire zones may be necessary, while in smaller ones, one or two may
be adequate.

FIRE ZONING
The fire zones shall be made uses of in land use development plan ad shall be designated as follows:

Fire Zone No.1

Residential

Educational

Institutional

Assembly

Small Business

Retail Mercantile

Under developed areas

FIRE ZONING

Fire Zone No. 2

Business Zones

Industrial Buildings

Areas which are under developed

Fire Zone No. 3

Areas having high hazard industrial buildings

Storage buildings

Buildings for hazardous use

FIRE ZONING

CHANGE IN FIRE BOUNDARIES- When the boundaries of any fire zone are changed, or when it is
intended to include other areas or types of occupancies in any fire zone, it shall be done by following
same procedure as for promulgating new rules or ordinances or both.

OVERLAPPING FIRE ZONE- When any building is so situated that it extends to more than one fire zone,
it shall be deemed to be in the fire zone in which the major portion of the building or structure is
situated.

When any building is so situated that it extends equally to more than one fire zone, it shall be deemed
to be in the fire zone having more hazardous occupancy building.
OVERLAPPING FIRE ZONE

FIRE ZONING

TEMPORARY BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES- Temporary buildings and structures shall be permitted only
in Fire Zones No. 1 and 2 as the case may be, according to the purpose for which these are to be used,
by special permit from the authority for a limited periods and subject to such conditions as may be
imposed in the permit.

Such buildings and temporary structures shall be completely removed on the expiry of the period
specified in the permit.

Adequate fire precautionary measures in the construction of the temporary structures and buildings
shall be taken in accordance with good practice.

FIRE ZONING

RESTRICTION OF THE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION FOR NEW BUILDINGS

These shall be as follows:

Buildings erected in Fire Zone No. 1 shall conform to construction of Type 1, 2, 3 or 4

Buildings erected in Fire Zone No. 2 shall conform to construction of Type 1, 2, or 3

Buildings erected in Fire Zone No. 3 shall conform to construction of Type 1 or 2

FIRE ZONING

RESTRICTION ON EXISTING BUILDINGS- The existing buildings in any fire zone shall not be required to
comply with the requirements of the Code unless these are altered, or in the opinion of the Authority,
such building constitutes a hazard to the safety of the adjacent property or to the occupants of the
building itself or is an unsafe building.

In the event of alteration, it shall be necessary to obtain permission of the Authority for such
alteration consistent with fire hazard.

Alterations/modifications/renovations shall be accomplished so as to ensure conformity with all the

safety requirements of the new buildings.

Such alterations shall not in any way bring down level of fire and life safety below that which existed
earlier.

Any addition or alterations or construction of cubicles or partitioning, for floor area exceeding 500 m2
for all high rise buildings shall be with the approval of local fire authority.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) SYSTEM

1.

COOLING SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

2.

HEATING SYSTEM

3.

HOW HVAC SYSTEM WORKS

4.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HVAC OPERATION

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT HVAC SYSTEMS

HEATING

Heating’s purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via central
heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a
central location

VENTILATING

Ventilating or ventilation (the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space
to provide high indoor air quality

AIR CONDITIONING

An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and/or humidity control
for all or part of a building.

INTRODUCTION

01

People living in hot or cold climates might go for a single stage system, designed to produce
just heating or cooling.

Zoned systems, on the other hand, have been designed to heat or cool individual parts of your
home. This is done by designing zone valves and dampers inside the vents and ductwork that
selectively block the flow of air.
02

H TYPES OF HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEM

COOLING

• Furnaces

A furnace works by blowing heated air through ducts that deliver the warm air to rooms
throughout the house via air registers or grills

HEATING SYSTEMS

• Boilers
 Boiler systems distribute the heat in hot water, which gives up heat as it passes through
radiators or other devices in rooms throughout the house.

HEATING SYSTEMS

HEATING SYSTEMS

COOLING SYSTEMS

COOLING SYSTEMS

COOLING SYSTEMS

COOLING SYSTEMS

COOLING SYSTEMS

03

How Does An HVAC System Work

HVAC System Work

Your air return is the part of your system that marks the starting point of the ventilation cycle. This
return sucks in air, draws it through a filter, and then passes it into the main system. Pro tip: Make
sure to dust your returns frequently as debris and dust can easily build up on your filters.

Air Return

• Your filter is the second part of the air return in which the air is drawn through. Pro tip: Make
sure to change your filters regularly to keep your system in tip-top shape.

Filter

HVAC System Work

Another part of your system is the exhaust outlets where the exhaust created by the heating system is
expelled. Pro tip: Check your chimney flue or vent stack annually and tune it up if necessary.

Exhaust Outlets

Your ducts are the channels in which the heated or cooled air passes through. Pro tip: Get your ducts
cleaned every 2 to 5 years in order to keep everything in working condition.

Ducts

HVAC System Work

This part of your system can be a bit trickier, but often problems originate here first. Pro tip: If
something isn’t working right check for a tripped breaker or dead batteries in your thermostat.

Electrical Elements

This is likely the part of your system you think of when someone mentions an HVAC system. The
outdoor unit houses the fan which provides air flow. Pro tip: Keep your unit clear of debris and
vegetation as it can cause serious problems if plants are sucked into your fan.

Outdoor Unit

HVAC System Work

As a part of the outdoor unit, the compressor is responsible for converting refrigerant from a gas to
liquid and sends it to the coils. Pro tip: If something isn’t working quite right, check your compressor.
It is often the cause of many system failures.

Compressor

Usually another part of the outdoor unit, coils cool the air as it passes through with a little help from
the refrigerant. Pro tip: Check your coils annually. If they freeze up you may want to check your filter
and/or refrigerant levels.

Coils

HVAC System Work

The blower draws in warm air through the main section of the unit. Pro tip: The more efficiently this
air moves through, the more durable your system will be.

Blower

Coils

What Is Included In An HVAC System

Since we now know that HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, we know that
those are the three main parts included in the entire system.

The heating element usually refers to a furnace or boiler. It includes a pipe system for the fluid
carrying the heat or duct work if you’re working with a forced air system.

The ventilation element is either natural or forced and when it is forced it is more often than not used
for air cleaning purposes as well.

As many of us know the third and final element of an HVAC system is air conditioning which is the
exact opposite of heating. It’s main focus is to remove the existing heat from the interior of the home.

04

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HVAC OPERATION

TYPES OF HVAC OPERATION

Heat pumps are an efficient system that extracts heat from a cold space (such as the outdoors during
winter), and then warms and releases it into a room so as to control the temperature inside. When
used for heating, heat pumps use the same refrigeration-type cycle that is used in an air conditioner,
but rather than release the air outside as a cooling system would do, it pushes air in the opposite
direction (i.e. back into the room to be heated).

HEAT PUMP

HEAT PUMP
AC OPERATION

TYPES OF HVAC OPERATION

Rooftop units are also often known as air handlers, and as their name suggests, they’re a large HVAC
system that is placed on a rooftop in order to moderate the temperature of a large space. Inside the
big boxes that you see on top of office or apartment buildings are a blower, heating and cooling
elements, filter racks, and chambers and dampers.

ROOFTOP UNIT

ROOFTOP UNIT
AC OPERATION

TYPES OF HVAC OPERATION

Water source heat pumps are relatively uncommon as they require proximity to a body of water;
geothermal heat pumps, however, are rapidly escalating in popularity. Regardless of whether it’s a
system drawing on water or the ground, these pumps offer both heating and cooling systems that
transfer heat into or out of the ground by taking advantage of the more moderate temperatures of
the earth to boost the efficiency of the system.

WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP

WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP

AC OPERATION

TYPES OF HVAC OPERATION

Packaged air conditioners look a little like the rooftop units, but are designed for smaller domestic
use. Where window and mini split air conditioners are good for small room cooling of up to around
five tonnes, central air conditioning systems are designed for loads in excess of 20 tonnes. For that
reason, the packaged air conditioner has been designed to accommodate the needs of anyone who
fits between those two frames.

PACKAGED HVAC

PACKAGED HVAC

TYPES OF HVAC OPERATION

The term ‘split system’ simply refers to an air conditioning unit where key components are separated
and deployed in different places. They come in two forms - mini split (also called a ‘ductless system’)
and a central system.

SPLIT SYSTEM HVAC

SPLIT SYSTEM HVAC

TYPES OF HVAC OPERATION

The smallest of all systems, the ductless or mini split air conditioner is designed for small deployments
such as a single large room, or multiple small rooms. They require minimal wall space, and the
compressor and heat exchanger unit can be located further away from the main building, allowing
greater flexibility in use.

DUCTLESS SYSTEM

DUCTLESS SYSTEM

Thank you for listening!

ACOUSTICAL CONTROL IN BUILDINGS

Branding Guidelines

Aglosolos • Estorel • Calpotura • Lanot • Perez

Engineering Utilities 2

INTRODUCTION

Sound is present in all buildings and affects people in a space.

Controlling all aspects of sound entering or leaving a room or building space is the essence of good
acoustical design.

Sound flowing between rooms or spaces in a building in all directions can create negative indoor
experiences.

Controlling the transfer of unwanted sound between spaces reduces noise, improves the indoor
environment, contributes to sustainable design, and is ultimately good for the people who use the
building.

SOUND GENERATION

Amplitude

SOUND

FREQUENCY

Sound has been observed to travel in oscillating waves that radiate out from the source.

The time it takes to complete that one cycle of a sound wave is measured in hertz .

One Hz is equal to a frequency of one cycle per second.

The human ear can typically hear frequencies or sound “pitch” between about 20 Hz up to around
20,000 Hz if the person is fairly young; older adults may hear frequencies up to about 15,000 Hz.

Sound exists above and below this range, but our ears don’t hear it, unlike some animals, such as dogs
or bats, that do indeed hear very high-pitched sounds or elephants that can hear lower sounds .

WAVELENGTH

The wavelength of a sound wave is the distance between the start and end of a sound wave cycle or
the distance between two successive sound wave pressure peaks.

Numerically, it is equal to the speed of sound in the material, such as air divided by the frequency of
the sound wave.

For example, the wavelength of a 100 Hz tone at room temperature is 1,130 feet/second divided by
100 Hz , which is equal to a wavelength of 11.3 feet.

By comparison, dividing the speed of sound by a much higher pitch of say 10,000 Hz would produce a
much shorter wavelength of 0.113 feet or a little more than an inch.
AMPLITUDE

The amplitude of a sound wave is visually its height from bottom to top, but is in fact indicative of the
strength of the energy in that wave.

It is measured in decibels (Db), such that the higher the dB rating, the more energy, and hence the
louder the sound that we hear.

The common range begins at 0 dB (threshold of hearing) to around 130 dB (threshold of pain), with
human speech being in the middle around 50 to 65 dB.

The most widely used sound level filter is the A scale, expressed as dBA. Using this filter, a sound level
meter is less sensitive to very high and very low frequencies.

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Determined by ASTM E90 test methods to measure airborne transmission loss specifically in interior
walls and ceiling/floor assemblies. Sound generated on one side of a wall will energize the wall
structure and set it in motion, much like a diaphragm. The wall itself becomes the transmitter of the
sound energy, which can be heard on the opposite side of the wall by the listener .Hence, the ASTM
test methods used to determine STC ratings have focused on this direct transmission process.

The higher the STC rating, the more efficient the construction is, meaning it blocks the transmission of
sound from one side of the assembly to the other.

SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS

A fundamental measurement of the ability of a material or building assembly to block or reduce the
amount of sound passing through it.

It is measured in decibels at different frequencies to determine how much sound transmission is lost
at each measured frequency.

Generally speaking, a TL of 10 means that the sound is 10 dB quieter on the listening side compared to
the sound-originating side.

Transmission Loss is the difference in decibels between a source room and a receiving room.
Ex. 100dB – 20dB = transmission loss of 80.

TRANSMISSION LOSS

The Noise Isolation Class (NIC) is a single member rating used to measure noise reduction between
two areas or rooms. It provides an evaluation of the sound isolation between two enclosed spaces
that are acoustically connected by one or more path.

NOISE ISOLATION CLASS

An impact sound is produced by the collision of two solid objects. Typical sources in a building are
footsteps and objects dropped or thrown onto an interior surface. (for example, wall, floor, or ceiling)

The impact insulation class is a number rating, based on standardized test performance, for evaluating
the effectiveness of assemblies in isolating impact sound transmission.

IMPACT INSULATION CLASS

A measure for rating the performance of a ceiling system as a barrier to airborne sound transmission
through a common plenum between adjacent closed spaces, such as offices.

CAC for ceilings is similar to an STC rating for walls, but is specific to suspended ceiling conditions
where a dividing wall is constructed only to the ceiling height, thus allowing sound to pass through a
plenum space above the ceiling.

CEILING ATTENUATION CLASS

C
SOUND AND INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

With an understanding of the principles of sound generation and sound transmission, we can focus on
the impact of sound and noise on the indoor environment. We have all likely experienced situations
where unwanted background noise has interfered with normal activities in a room or space. The
response, if we are talking, is typically to speak louder. In fact, it is generally accepted that most
people would need to speak at least 15 decibels (dBA) louder than the background noise level in order
to be heard at all.

This observation and others has led to the development of national standards, such as ANSI Standard
S12.60: Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements and Guidelines for Schools, which
establishes some very stringent thresholds for background noise. Specifically, for core learning spaces
of 20,000 cubic feet or less, the one-hour steady-state background noise levels should not exceed 35
dB, while those more than 20,000 cubic feet should not exceed 40 dB. This is the same low level of
sound that one would experience in a quiet office.

With an understanding of the principles and requirements of sound control, we can turn our attention
to some ways to achieve the needed acoustic performance.

First, we can address the source by replacing the source sound with a quieter one when that is in our
control, such as locating quieter rooms away from noisier ones. Second, we can address the listener’s
location by blocking sound from entering the space with solid, heavy material that resists the
transmission of airborne sound waves. Third, we can consider the path that sound travels from the
source to the receiver and not only seek to resist transmission, but use lighter, porous materials that
can absorb or soak up the sound waves.

These three ways to control sound are the basis for the strategies discussed in the following
paragraphs.

When looking at walls, it is all about the design and details of the wall assembly. Sound striking a
surface of a wall causes that surface to vibrate, much like the diaphragm of a drum. The more massive
the wall, the less the amplitude of vibration of the wall. This results in less noise being transmitted to
the room on the other side of the wall.

In cases of exterior walls in large commercial buildings where OITC is being addressed, this sheer mass
approach may be a viable one. Since most new exterior walls are filled with insulation and fairly well-
sealed for thermal performance, the good news is that those same measures should help notably with
acoustical performance. If heat energy flow can be restricted in a wall then sound likely will be, too.

For interior walls and partitions, lighter-weight framed walls are more common. In a conventional
framed interior partition (e.g. ½-inch gypsum wallboard on either side of 2-by-4 wood studs on 16- or
24-inch centers) sound vibration is readily transmitted through the gypsum board, the studs, and the
air space between the studs to the opposite side of the wall where it is heard as noise.
In this case, the sound reducing property of the air space is negated by the studs, which form a direct
structural connection between the two wall surfaces and allow the sound to pass through.

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In order to improve the amount of transmission loss and the corresponding increase in STC ratings in
lightweight walls, several strategies are common.

The use of light-gauge steel studs at 24 inches on center, instead of wood studs at 16 inches on center,
can help increase the values in some scenarios since the thin steel stud may provide less of a
connection between the two wall faces and allow less sound energy to be transmitted.

One of the most cost effective and straight forward things to do is install 3½-inch-thick fiberglass
acoustical insulation in the stud cavity of either wood or steel framed assemblies. Taking the effect of
the insulation into account with ½-inch gypsum board on both sides, the performance improves in a
wood framed wall to STC 39 and in a steel stud framed wall to STC 48. To improve the wood framed
assembly, resilient channels can be used to isolate the materials and raise the STC rating.

Such resilient channels, of which there are several types and designs available, can be installed across
the face of the studs before the gypsum board is installed, thus eliminating direct mechanical
connection of the gypsum wallboard to the studs. With the combination of insulation, ½-inch gypsum
board on resilient channels (one side) spaced at 24 inches vertically, the STC rating of a wood framed
wall can be increased to STC 48.

Adding additional layers of gypsum board on one or both sides is also effective since it provides some
increased mass, which can reflect more sound and decrease the amplitude of vibration, thus reducing
the transmitted noise level on the other side of the wall.

Using two layers of ½-inch gypsum board on wood framed walls with insulation brings the STC rating
up notably from 39 to 55 and up to STC 57 if resilient channels are used. In steel stud framed walls
with two layers of ½-inch gypsum board and insulation, the performance increases from STC 49 up to
STC 55. If 5⁄8-inch gypsum board were used in two layers on each side, instead of ½-inch, the
performance can increase by an additional STC rating level of 2 to 4.

When it comes to selecting the acoustical insulation to use in assemblies like these, it is incorrect to
assume that higher-density insulation within the wall system provides better sound transmission loss.
Comparative tests conducted at nationally recognized acoustical laboratories have shown that
increasing the density of the insulation while maintaining a constant thickness does not have a
significant effect on the STC rating of the construction.

It is also incorrect to assume that heavy insulation in the stud cavities increases the STC because it
adds weight to the wall. Actually, to increase the STC of a wall by adding weight, the weight must be
added to the faces of the wall, not its core.
For these reasons, mineral or rock wool insulation has not been shown to perform better than low-
density fiberglass insulation when comparing identical thicknesses. These same tests show that
insulation thickness within the wall cavity is the most important property, and that complete filling of
the cavity between wall surfaces provides the best wall performance.

Beyond this isolation of surfaces, it is appropriate to consider all of the gaps and openings that can
exist around framing and other wall materials. Avoiding direct pathways through penetrations of the
wall is important, including things like electrical outlets and other things that are commonly run in
stud-space cavities.

Using an acoustical sealant will help fill the gaps around openings and at connections and prevent
sound from being transmitted through these wall penetrations. Acoustic sealants commonly include
silicone, latex, or acrylic-based formulations acoustically engineered to block sound with non-drying
and non-hardening characteristics that allow it to retain its acoustic properties over time.

SOUND MITIGATION IN CEILING AND FLOORS

At the basic level, airborne sound can be attenuated in ceilings in a manner similar to walls by adding
sound absorptive insulation in ceiling and floor systems, adding resilient channels, and additional
gypsum board. In framed construction with floor/ceiling joists, the techniques and performance are
similar to wall construction techniques.

For suspended ceilings, some insulation is designed specifically to be used in the plenum space above
to economically improve both noise control and possibly thermal performance in new or existing
ceiling systems. When placed on top of a suspended ceiling at a floor-to-ceiling partition, this type of
insulation has been shown to help reduce the transfer of sound over the partition between rooms. As
such, it can improve the ceiling attenuation class (CAC) rating on the order of 4–10 points.

In multi-story buildings, the ceilings are also a floor for the story above. The measures described,
along with appropriate sealing, will still work very effectively in these cases for airborne sound.
However, the sound transmitted due to impacts need to be addressed differently. In this case, a
material is needed to reduce the transmission of sound from people walking, dropping things, or
operational activities.

In some cases, the flooring itself can help reduce sound, such as carpeting or cushioned vinyl flooring.
However, that typically isn’t enough to address areas with a fair bit of activity. Rather, the most
effective approach is to install a continuous layer of material with a high impact insulation class (IIC)
rating between the subfloor and the finish flooring.

To increase both the STC and IIC ratings of a floor/ceiling construction, fiberglass insulation should be
installed in the joist cavity, with a resilient ceiling system below the joists for best results. The IIC
rating of a floor/ceiling assembly should be equal to or better than its STC rating to achieve equal
performance in controlling both airborne and structure-borne sound.
As with partition and wall construction, penetrations in sound-rated floor/ceiling assemblies should
be caulked airtight. Lighting fixtures and other items should be surface mounted, not recessed to
avoid the penetration of the ceiling surface.

ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS

Acoustical materials are a variety of foams, fabrics, metals, etc. used to quiet workplaces, homes,
automobiles, and so forth to increase the comfort and safety of their inhabitants by reducing noise
generated both inside and outside of those spaces.

ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS

MASS LOADED
VINYL

ACOUSTIC FOAM

ACOUSTICAL
ABSORBERS

CONSIDERATIONS

There are a few subjective measures associated with sound, among them loudness and quality.

Loudness is expressed in units of phons to provide a qualitative measure, a phon being defined as the
pressure level in dB of a 1000 Hz. tone against which a person compares another pure or complex
tone.

Another measure, the sone, is defined as the loudness of a 1000 Hz., 40 dB tone. A relationship can be
plotted between phons and sones.

Quality is the subjective measure of the pleasantness or unpleasantness of sound which can make
sounds of the same loudness appear more or less disturbing.

CONSIDERATIONS

Music typically combines fundamentals and harmonics to produce a pleasing sound, whereas in the
case of noise, the frequencies are irregular and random.

Among the attributes used to describe sound quality are pitch and timbre.

Pitch is determined mainly by frequency, then intensity and wave shape while timbre is determined
mainly by wave shape, then by intensity and frequency. It is these differences that enable us to
distinguish the same note played on a brass horn and a woodwind as coming from different
instruments.
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR TIME

BUILDING CONVEYING
SYSTEMS

GROUP 11

DOMINGO, CHRISTIAN JOEL

GALAS, MICHAELLA

MENDOZA, KATHERINE

RABARA, RAYMOND

ROSARIO, JONAMYR

ELEVATOR TECH/COMPONENTS

MICHAELLA GALAS

01

ELEVATOR CLASSIFICATIONS AND DESIGN CRITERIA

JONAMYR ROSARIO

02

WALKWAYS, RAMPS AND SAFETY

03

ESCALATORS: COMPONENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS

04

RAYMOND RABARA

KATHERINE MENDOZA

REPORT

BUILDING
CONVEYING
SYSTEMS
 Building conveying systems mechanically move occupants and goods. In most buildings, these
systems include passenger and freight elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, moving ramps and
walkways, and lifts for people and wheelchairs.

ELEVATOR

An elevator is a conveying device used to move people or freight vertically, usually between
floors of a building. There are two basic types of elevator technologies:

HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS

Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are powered by a piston that travels inside a cylinder.
An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder to move the piston. The piston smoothly lifts
the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the release of the oil for a gentle descent.

Holed Hydraulic Elevators

also known as direct acting lift, the elevator car is mounted on a piston that travels inside a
cylinder.

the piston is mounted inside the hoist way to raise and lower the car

Holeless Hydraulic
Elevators

also known as indirect acting lift, extends the rise of the holeless elevator to 18 meters (60 ft), without
the need for a belowground cylinder.

Roped Hydraulic Elevators

HYDRAULIC
ELEVATORS

TRACTION ELEVATORS

Traction elevators are the most common type of elevators. Elevator cars are pulled up by
means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave. Steel cables,
called hoisting ropes, support the elevator and counterweight during normal operation. There are
typically three to eight cables for each elevator.

Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. As the name implies, the
electric motor in this design drives a worm-and-gear-type reduction unit, which turns the hoisting
sheave. While the lift rates are slower than in a typical gearless elevator, the gear reduction offers the
advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave.

TYPES AND DESIGN SPEEDS

BASIC ELEVATOR
COMPONENTS

ELEVATOR CAR

This is the main part of Elevator which is designed for enclosed transport of passengers &
goods

“The space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more elevators,
dumbwaiters or material lifts. It includes the pit and terminates at the underside of the overhead
machinery space floor or grating, or at the underside of the roof where the hoist way does not
penetrate the roof.

HOIST WAY

it is an assembly of an electric motor, brake, and power transmission or hydraulic system that supplies
the power for movement of a car.

DRIVE UNIT

ELEVATOR COMPONENTS

HALL LANTERN

is a corridor mounted signal light, nearby hall station, indicating than an elevator car is
approaching that landing and the direction in which the car is to travel.

Elevator doors are also meant for entry and exit. Elevator door is of two types: Manual doors and
Automatic doors.

Manual doors: These types of doors are opened with the help of a person who wants to enter the lift.

Automatic doors: Automatic doors are the type of doors which are automatically opened as it is
powered by a door operator and usually have a full height photo-electric curtain to sense the
entry/exit of persons

ELEVATOR DOORS

has no hoist way door openings or landings on the lower part of a hoist way. It allows the elevator to
service only the upper floors of the hoist- way. Most building codes require an access door every three
floors for rescue purposes.

BLIND HOIST WAY

ELEVATOR
COMPONENTS

HALL STATION
 it is a control panel located outside the elevator doorway in the corridor that houses the call
button.

it is an apparatus located at the bottom of elevator designed to protect people. Buffers can stop a
descending car by accumulating or dissipating the kinetic energy of the car.

BUFFER

it is a panel mounted in the car that contains: the car operating controls, call register buttons, door
open and close, alarm emergency stop, key switches, and other buttons that are required for
operation.

CAR OPERATING STATION

ELEVATOR
COMPONENTS

GOVERNOR

– it is a speed-monitoring device on traction elevators that triggers the safety when the elevator
moves too quickly.

all cars have an emergency exit, which is a removable panel. Removable only from the top of
the car, the emergency exit permits passengers to be evacuated from the elevator during an
emergency.

EMERGENCY EXIT

it allows cars to return to a predetermined landing in the event of a power failure. These systems
typically operate on generator power.

EMERGENCY POWER OPERATION

ELEVATOR
COMPONENTS

EMERGENCY STOP SWITCH

is a hand-operated switch in the car push button station that, when thrown to the off position,
stops the elevator and prohibits its running.

ELEVATOR
COMPONENTS

PASSENGER
ELEVATORS

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELEVATORS
FREIGHT
ELEVATORS

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELEVATORS

DUMB WAITERS

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELEVATORS

MAN LIFTS

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELEVATORS

ELEVATOR DESIGN CRITERIA

 
TABLE 24.2 STANDARD DIMENSIONS AND REACTIONS
OF PASSENGER ELEVATORS.

TABLE 24.3 RECOMMENDED CAPACITY AND DESIGN STRATEGIES

FOR PASSENGER ELEVATORS IN VARIOUS OCCUPANCIES.

RECOMMENDED PERFORMANCE OF ELEVATORS

ESCALATORS

BASIC ESCALATOR
COMPONENTS

BASIC ESCALATOR
COMPONENTS

BASIC ESCALATOR
COMPONENTS

TABLE 24.6 BASIC DESIGN CAPACITIES OF ESCALATORS.

Escalator Arrangement

Escalator Arrangement

Escalator Arrangement

Escalator Arrangement

Escalator Arrangement

A moving walkway is a power-driven, continuous, slow-moving conveyor belt that transports

people horizontally. They are also called moving sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator, and
travelator. An inclined moving walkway, also called a moving ramp or power ramp, is a moving
walkway that transports people on an incline, up to a 12° angle of inclination. Moving walk- ways are
more accessible to those in wheelchairs, as they are usually thought easier to use than getting in and
out of small elevators.

The pallet-type walkway is a continuous series of flat metal plates, called pallets, that are
joined together to form a walkway. Usually there is a metal or rubber surface (extra traction).

Moving belt walkway systems are comprised of a mesh metal or rubber belt with a rubber
walking surface that move over metal rollers. Once on the walkway, riders can stand or walk. Some
riders complain that the rollers below the belt tend to cause a “bouncy” feel.

WALKWAYS AND RAMPS

An inclined moving walkway.

A pallet-type walkway is a continuous series of flat metal plates, called pallets, that are joined
together to form a walkway.

WALKWAYS AND RAMPS

Walkways are typically installed in pairs, with one for each direction of travel. Walkways
typically operate at 90 to 120 fpm (27 to 37 m/min) and are up to 500 ft (~150 m) long.

OTHER SYSTEMS

LIFTS- is a machine that is used to carry people and things to different levels in a building. Some lifts
uses a platform or compartment housed in a shaft to transport people and goods. It has different
types with different uses and purpose.

Types of accesibility lifts:

1) Vertical platform lift

2) Inclined platform lift

3) Inclined stairway chairlift

4) Emergency evacuation device

5) Portable wheelchair lift

6) Limited use/limited application elevator

Vertical platform lift- This mini-elevator travels in a straight vertical path and contains a one- or two-
passenger cab with 42 in high walls. Its maximum travel height is 14 ft, with up to three stops, and is
generally housed in a hoist way.
Inclined platform lift- A folding platform with 6 in to 8 in safety walls and wraparound safety arms that
travels along the incline of an existing stairway. Designed for one passenger, the number of stops and
maximum travel length is limited by practicality.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

VERTICAL PLATFORM LIFTS

For maximum level changes of 2.50 m, vertical movement platform lifts may be installed adjacent to
the stairs.

For level changes of more than 1.20 m, the lift should be placed in a closed structure with doors at the
different accessible levels.

Vertical platform lifts can have a variety of opening for entry and exit.

INCLINED PLATFORM LIFTS

Inclined movement platform lifts consist of three elements: a railing, an electric generator and a
moving platform or seat.

The operating system of the lift can be either lateral or suspended.

Inclined movement platform lifts can be installed along the stair wall, as long as they do not obstruct
the required width of the exit. The seat or platform can be folded when not in use.

The minimum width of the stairs should be 0.90 m to allow the installation of a lift.

Platform lifts can be installed on all types of stairs including switch-back stairs i.e. those with a
rotation angle of 180 and spiral staircases.

LIFT SIZE

The minimum width of the lift platform should be 0.90 m and the minimum length should be 1.20 m.

Inclined stairway chairlift- A one-passenger folding seat that travels along the incline of an existing
stairway.

Emergency evacuation device- Transportation device with rubber-tracked wheelbase that transports
persons with disabilities down stairways and out of buildings that may be under threat of fire,
hurricane, earthquake, or bombing.

Portable wheelchair lift- A device that transports persons with disabilities up and down stairs when a
permanent lift is not available.

Limited use/limited application elevator- Small-scale fully automatic elevators with shallow pits that
can be utilized in limited use applications.
Car Lift- specializes in the vertical rise of the car from the ground. It is installed in small parking
garages where ramps are not feasible. The platforms are raised and lowered hydraulically and are
connected to steel chain gears. In addition to the vertical motion, the platforms can rotate about its
vertical axis (up to 180°) to ease driver access and/or accommodate building plans.

Some types of car lifts:

PEOPLE MOVERS- An automated people mover (APM) is a fully automated, grade-separated mass
transit system. An APM system typically serves relatively small facilities such as airports, down- town
districts, or theme parks, but is sometimes applied to considerably more complex automated systems.
It may use technologies such as monorail, duo-rail, automated guideway transit, or magnetically
levitating (maglev) method. Propulsion may involve conventional on-board electric motors, linear
motors, or cable traction.

MATERIAL-HANDLING EQUIPMENTS- encompasses a diverse range of tools, vehicles, storage units,

appliances and accessories involved in transporting, storing, controlling, enumerating and protecting
products at any stage of manufacturing, distribution consumption or disposal.

CATEGORIES:

1) Storage and Handling Equipments- Storage equipment is used to hold materials during times when
they are not being transported. The equipment that falls under this description is usually non-
automated storage equipment. Products such as pallet racking, shelving and carts, among
others,belong to storage and handling.

SOME EQUIPMENTS UNDER MATERIAL HANDLING:

2) Engineered Systems- Engineered systems cover a variety of units that work cohesively to enable
storage and transportation. They are often automated. Examples of engineered systems are
Automated Storage and Retrieval System(AS/RS), conveyor systems, and Automatic Guided
Vehicles(AGV).

3) Industrial Material Handling Trucks-  refer to the different kinds of transportation items and
vehicles used to move materials and products in materials handling. These transportation devices can
include small hand-operated trucks, pallet jacks, and various kinds of forklifts.

SOME EQUIPMENTS UNDER THIS CATEGORY:

4)Bulk Material Handling- refers to the storing, transportation and control of materials in loose bulk
form. These materials can include food, liquid, or minerals, among others. Generally, these pieces of
equipment deal with the items in loose form, such as conveyor belts or elevators designed to move
large quantities of material, or in packaged form, through the use of drums and hoppers.
PATERNOSTER- is a special type of elevator consisting of a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar
concept moves only a small platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once
seen in multistory industrial plants. Passengers can step on or off at any floor they like.

SAFETY

Elevators, escalators, and walkways are potential sources of injuries and deaths to the general
public. Most elevator accidents and deaths involve falls into elevator shafts (including where an
elevator door opened and there was no elevator car) and getting caught in the elevator door or
between the elevator and door or shaft.

SAFETY

The most frequent escalator accidents are as a result of passenger actions: loose clothing
(including shoelaces); fingers becoming entrapped when people fall; children's fingers or feet
becoming caught; and footwear being caught. Several instances of multiple injuries were caused when
an escalator suddenly sped up or reversed its direction of movement.

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