WEEK #: 1 INCLUSIVE DATES: QUARTER: 1 SCORE

Competencies: 1. Differentiating the language used in academic texts from

various disciplines (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-2).
2. Using knowledge of text structure to glean the information
that you need (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-4).

ACADEMIC TEXT AND TEXT STRUCTURE

The Academic Text or the academic language embodies the language that is used for
academic discipline.

Academic writing in English is linear; it has one central point or theme with every part
contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions or repetitions. Its objective is
to inform rather than to entertain.

Most of the writing you do outside of university and the texts you read are likely to be very
informal and conversational. Academic subjects are generally more complex than everyday
communication and the readers of academic texts are often experts in their field who have
certain expectations about the communicative style and language used in their specialist
subject.
ACADEMIC TEXT NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
Stricter format Formal but not that strict
Yields toward the academe Yields toward the personal means

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES 1

 It has purpose of creating new body of It has a goal which is to communicate
knowledge

Academic writers organize their information intentionally in an organized pattern called text
structures. Text structure refers to how the information within a written text is organized. This
strategy helps you understand that a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and
then its effects; and/or different views of a topic. It helps you in identifying and analyzing text
structures to navigate the various structures presented within nonfiction and fiction texts.

Common parts of Academic Text

I. Title Page - provides information regarding th e title, author, and type of work.

II. Abstract or Summary - provides a brief accou nt of the main content of an academic paper.

III. Table of Contents - gives an opportunity t o gain an idea of what the academic paper is
about at an early stage.

IV. Introduction - it is a soft-start and orientatio n to engage and acquaint with the academic
text.

V. Background - gives the necessary background information to understand the context of the
academic text.

VI. Aim and Issue - provides the terms of referen ce for academic paper.

VII. Theoretical Framework - defines the key concepts, proposes relations between them,
discusses relevant theories and models based on a literature review.

VIII. Method - provides the methodological det ails of the paper.

IX. Results, Analysis and Discussion - involv es the result of the study, its analysis and
discussion.

X. Closure - the end section of the academic pap er. A summary or a concrete conclusion about
the issue and questions can be used to end the academic paper.

XI. List of References - acknowledges the contrib ution of other writers and researchers in your
work.

2 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

XII. Appendices - contains supplementary materials that may be helpful in providing a more
comprehensive understanding of the academic paper.

Common Types of Text Structures

Structure Description Signal Words Examples

Descriptive This type of text structure characteristic is, Information
features a detailed description to illustrate, also, sheets about
of something to give the one example, in products for sale.
reader a mental picture. addition
Cause and Effects This structure presents the as a result of, Warning labels
causal relationship between a because of, thus, naming possible
specific event, idea, or concept for these reasons side effects of
and the events, ideas, or using a product.
concept that follow.
Comparison and This type of text examines the like, in contrast, News articles
Contrast similarities and differences similar to, while, about the
between two or more people, as opposed to, position of two
events, concepts, ideas, etc. whereas political parties
on certain issues.
Order/Sequence This text structure gives first, second, Directions in a
readers a chronological of last, next, then, manual for using
events or a list of steps in a before, another an appliance.
procedure.
Problem and This type of structure sets up a the problem is, A political speech
Solution problem or problems, explains the solution is, proposing a
the solution, and then the difficulty is solution for a
discusses the effects of the social problem
solution

Competition and Cooperation

Explanations of the interrelation between competition and cooperation have evolved over
the time. Early research into competition and cooperation defined each of them in terms of
the distribution of rewards related to each. Competition was defined as a situation in which
rewards are distributed unequally on the basis of performance, cooperation on the other
hand, was defined as a situation in which rewards are distributed equally on the basis of
mutual interactive behaviour among individuals. By this definition, a competitive situation

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES 3

requires at least on competitor to fail for each competitor that wins, while a cooperative
situation offers a reward only if all members of the group receive it.

Researchers have found definitions of

competition and cooperation based upon
rewards inadequate primarily because
definitions of these two concepts based
upon rewards depict them as opposite.
In current understanding, competition is
not viewed as opposite of cooperation,
instead, cooperation is viewed as integral
component of competition. Cooperation is
necessary among teammembers, perhaps in a
sporting event or in a political race, in
order to win the competition, it is equally
important to understand that cooperation is of great importance between teams in that same
sporting event or ground rules of the game or election in order to compete.

Interestingly, the word competition is derived from a Latin verb which means “to seek
together.” An understanding of the derivation of the word competition supports the
understanding that cooperation, rather than evoking a characteristic at the opposite extreme
of human nature from competition, is in reality a necessary factor in competition.

ACTIVITY 1

Using the Comparison and Contrast type of text structure, fill in the table below to list down
five (5) similarities and differences of “competition” and “cooperatio

COMPETITION COOPERATION
DIFFERENCE SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCE

PHOTO: Vecteezy.com

4 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

 COMPETITION COOPERATION
DIFFERENCE SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCE

General Tips for Writing Academic Papers

By: Marquette University, Milwaukee USA

1. Begin writing your paper as early as you can. Give yourself enough time to research, plan,
write, revise, and rewrite.

2. Decide on a specific research question or topic. It will help you write a well-focused
academic text.

3. Research the topic and find valid dependable resources to use in your paper. You can use
the library university resources which contain a variety of types of scholarly information. Also,
it will enable you to use different search engines until you find the information you need to
develop your ideas.

4. Make sure you take notes and bibliographic information of the resources you chose to use
in your paper. Write your notes using your own words. Include the name of the author, title
of the work, the publication information, and the page numbers. Indicate whether the words
you are using are quoted, summarized or paraphrased.

5. Avoid plagiarism. This means do not use other writers’ ideas as if they were your own.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES 5

You have to document every borrowed idea by citing the original source and writing a
reference list. There are rules for borrowing ideas that are explained by different writing styles.
If you cheat by stealing other peoples’ ideas, you will put yourself at risk of being expelled or
punished severely.

6. Make sure your paper has the three essential parts of the essay. Your paper should include:
an introduction which provides a general idea about the topic and introduces the topic in an
interesting way. Also, it includes the topic statement that expresses the aim or the focus of
your paper; the body paragraphs that will develop your thesis statement; a conclusion that
could be a restatement, a summary, or a final idea that closes the discussions.

7. Revise and edit your paper. You should revise your paper several times for ideas,
organization, unity, coherence, grammar mistakes, sentence structure, mechanics, and
spelling.

8. Format your paper following the writing style your instructor demands.

Understanding Calories

A calorie, also known as kilocalorie, is a unit of energy. This unit represents the energy
required to heat a kilogram of water on degree Celsius. While people generally link the term
calorie with food, it is a unit of measurement that can be applied to any substance possessing
energy. For instance, there are 8200 calories in a litter (about one quart) of gasoline.

Calories describe the potential energy in

food to maintain bodily functions, grow or
repair tissue, and perform mechanical work
such as exercise. Food calories may take the
form of fat, carbohydrates, or proteins. Once
consumed, enzymes act on these nutrients
through metabolic processes and break
them into their perspective categories of
fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids. These
molecules travel through the blood stream
to specific cells where they are absorbed for
immediate use or sent on to the final stage of
metabolism where they release their stored
energy through the process of oxidation.

PHOTO: Vecteezy.com

6 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

The number of calories burned during an exercise depends on various factors including
body weight and the type of exercise. For example, an individual weighing 59 kilograms
(130 pounds) would expend roughly 500 calories per hour swimming or playing basketball.
However, this same person would burn an estimated 200 walking or playing table tennis. In
order to survive and maintain body weight, the average individual requires approximately
2000 to 2500 calories per day. Gaining or losing weight is a simple process. Add and subtract
7,700 calories over the course of time to gain or lose a kilogram. Nutrition has nothing to do
with it. It is all about calories.

ACTIVITY 2

List down at least 10 academic terms from “Understanding Calories” that are related to
dietary and nutrition and write their non-academic definition.

ACADEMIC TERMS INTERPRETATION

EXAMPLE: Enzymes help produce and speed up chemical reactions in
Enzymes the body which keep humans alive.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES 7

ACTIVITY 3

Answer the following question in not less than 10 sentences but not more than 15 sentences.
Evaluate your answer based on the given rubric.

Why is it important to understand calories?

Criteria Excellent (5) Good (4) Fair (3) Poor (2)

Content Your response Your response Your response Your response
(Response to directly directly did not did not address
the question) addressed the addressed the directly address the question/s.
question/s. You question/s. You the question/s
used alot of used enough but you provided
factual and factual and some relevant
relevant relevant information
statements. statements. that indirectly
addressed the
question/s.
Organization Your output is Your output is Your output is Your output
(Flow of well-organized. organized. You mainly lacked
Thoughts) You connected often organized. You organization.
all the ideas connected the seldom
smoothly. ideas smoothly. connected the
ideas.
Mechanics You observed You somehow You barely You did not
(Output proper output observed proper observed proper observe proper
Format) format. output format. output format. output format.
SCORE:

Prepared by: Checked by:

EAPP TEACHERS Dr. Genevieve M. Sindac
Subject Group Head- HUMSS A

REFERENCES: DepEd (2016). English for Academic and Professional Purposes. Teachers Guide. &
Learners Material. First Edition.
DepEd (2020). Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). English for Academic and Professional
Purposes 8