QUARTER 3

READING AND WRITING SKILLS

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
In Writing Across Disciplines

Pattern of development
 refers to the logical arrangement of ideas.
 patterns help you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.
 NOTE: Signal words are the connectors which allow you sentences and ideas to have smooth flow from one
to another.

A – NARRATION
 Follows a chronological order of writing.
 Some narratives simply tell what happened or establish an interesting or useful fact.

B – DESCRIPTION (Sensory and Spatial)

 Sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses. The writer uses sensory details
such as sights, sounds, smells, tastes, feelings and textures to create vivid images in the reader’s mind.
 Spatial pattern, arranges ideas by location or physical space.

C – DEFINITION
 Definition is used to give derivation of a word, to tell the component parts of something, to explain word or
expression, and to define a concept.
 Answers the question “What does it mean?”
Types of definition:
1. Formal Definition – definitions provided in dictionaries
2. Informal Definition
 Operational Definitions give the meaning of an abstract word for one particular time and place
 Synonyms or words that mean the same as another word.
 Denotation is the exact meaning of the word
Connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing.
 Definition Paragraph is a definition sentence which is extended into a paragraph by adding
meanings, descriptions, narrations, and other kinds of paragraph development to make clear the
term being defined.

D – EXEMPLIFICATION / CLASSIFICATION
 An exemplification pattern presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea.
 This pattern is used to provide an example of something.

E – COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

 A comparison-contrast pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things and concepts
are similar to or different from one another.
 Comparison examines how subjects are similar, while contrast emphasizes how subjects are different

F – CAUSE AND EFFECT

 A cause-and-effect pattern organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences
of a certain phenomenon. This pattern may discuss both the causes and effects, the causes only, or the
effects only.

G – PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 A problem-solution pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions.
 The problem section usually includes the what, who, when, where, why, and how of the problem. The
other part then presents the major effects of the problem and the possible solution to address it, as well
as the steps in implementing the solution.

H – PERSUASION
 Organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument.
 This pattern presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence that supports the position.
 PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
A well-organized piece of writing is not only clear but also logical and aesthetic.
Existence of organizational markers and coherent flow of ideas are typically the focus
in evaluation of writing (Dayagbil 2016, 63-64).

1 – ORGANIZATION
 Organization is the logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text.
 Part of an Essay: Introduction, Body and Conclusion

2 – COHERENCE AND COHESION

Coherence and cohesion are achieved when ideas are logically, clearly, and smoothly linked to one another;
without it, the reader will not be able to comprehend your composition. Although these two concepts are
interrelated, they are distinct.
 Coherence – occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level. It can be seen through well-
defended and organized points.
 Cohesion – connection of ideas at the sentence level. It can be readily seen in a text through the smooth
flow of the sentences and the connection of the ideas.

3 – LANGUAGE USE
 This enables writers to communicate their ideas without confusing their readers effectively.
 Thus, this refers to the appropriateness of word usage and is known to be one of the clearest indicators of a
well-written text.

Levels of Language Use

 Informal/ Personal – refers to slang, local expressions, text messaging like hey, bes, yow.
 Standard/Academic – these are widely accepted words and phrases found in dictionaries, books, and etc.
 Business/Technical – refers to jargons of specific disciplines like scientific terms and special expressions.

Principles in Writing to Achieve Effective Language Use

1. Use clear and concise sentences.
2. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clinches, and high falutin language.
3. Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” structure.
4. Use precise vocabulary.
5. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view.
6. Avoid sexist language.
7. Use the appropriate level of formality.

4 – MECHANICS
 Mechanics is the technical aspect of writing. It is characterized as a set of conventions on how to spell,
abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a composition. In academic and more formal texts, the following
should be observed.
1. Always use Standard English.
2. Avoid contractions (e.g., shouldn’t).
3. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation.
4. Mention the full name of an institution or organization with the abbreviation in parenthesis, in first mention.
Thereafter, use the abbreviation.
5. Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out while numbers higher than ten should be written in figures.
6. Generally, citations are used in academic and formal texts. However, they are sparingly, used in business texts.

EXPLIXIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS

In a Text

In exploring a text, it is important that you understand what you are reading to get the message of the text. It is
necessary to develop the skill in verifying issues, affirming one's values or even making a decision. At some point,
the author does not only offer information but he/she challenges you to give reactions.

Two Kinds of Information

1 – EXPLICIT INFORMATION
 It refers to information found or read in the text. The meaning is not vague; no further explanation is
needed.
 Readers can see the piece of information stated in the given passage.
 Explicit information is any idea that is clearly stated in detail, with no possibility of confusion. ]
 It does not need clues anymore. You just have to read the written information.
2 – IMPLICIT INFORMATION
 It refers to information not directly stated in the text.
 Readers need to read between the lines to understand the details that the writer is trying to tell.
 Implicit is implied or understood though not plainly or directly expressed. The implicit text gives a clue.
 Figuring out what people are talking about through their actions refer to implied ideas.

Claims are synonymous to belief, argument, assertion, or stand. According to (Tiongson 2016, 20-21), a good claim
should be argumentative and debatable, specific and focused, interesting and engaging, and logical.

For you to be effective reader, you need to use your critical thinking skills. Also, when you read critically you will
identify the approach of the writer to the topic. Even if we are talking about critical reader always remember that
this subject is about reading and writing. It is useful for you to know the types of claims for you to be effective
reader and writer.

1. Claim of fact – is an argument about debatable data, claim of fact is not literary about fact, it’s just talk
about the stand regarding to a debatable topic. For example, climate change does not exist because simply
there is natural cycle.

2. Claim of value – argues whether something is good or bad. It is based on judgment and evaluation on a
philosophical or moral standpoint. However, claim of value is not always based on subjective judgment. A
claim of value is also assessed based on accurate information.

This is an argument based on morality, belief, ethics, or philosophy. It is also called claim of judgment
because the reader has to decide whether the
argument or proposition is right or wrong or has to be accepted or rejected. In other
words, this type of claim is more appealing to the reader’s subjectivity.

3. Claim of policy – is an argument which asserts the implementation of a certain policy. It is also done by
presenting solutions to problems; it can be sometimes response to a claim of fact. A claim of policy also
incorporates judgment coupled with supporting information.

Including in this lesson is the logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are the errors in reasoning that invalidate an
argument.

LOGICAL FALLACY DESCRIPTION

False Dilemma Occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence
of multiple possibilities
Example: Either I go to college or I ended up jobless.
Slippery Slope Occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequence is drawn
Example: If you ban computer to students they can’t do research and that is one of the reason for
them to fail.
Appeal to Force Occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used
Example: If you do not admit that evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group.
Appeal to Pity Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning
Example: Please do not fire me for being absent all month; I have a sick mother and a special child to
support.
Bandwagon Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks
Example: Most Filipinas want to have fair skin because they think they look beautiful. Therefore,
having fair skin must be the real standard of beauty.
Attacking the Person Occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of
attacking the ideas of the argument
Example: I cannot accept your argument because, unlike me, you were not educated at Harvard
University.
Anonymous Authority The authority in question is not mentioned or named
Example: Experts claim that eating peanuts causes pimples.
Hasty Generalization Occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization about a population
Example: Martha, the foreigner from France, is very impolite. French people are mean and rude.
Post Hoc Occurs when the arguer claims that since event A happened before event B, A is the cause of the B
Example: Dina saw a black cat when they went home. Along the way, they crashed into a tree. The
black cat must be the reason why they met an accident.
Denying the Occurs when an argument contradicts one another
Antecedent Example: If you are drinking wine, you have a problem. Therefore, if you are not drinking wine, you
do not have a problem.
 CONTEXT OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT
Hypertext & Intertext

Understanding the use of context in text development provides meaning and clarity to the intended message. It
creates a relationship between the writer and the reader, and helps to communicate one’s point of view and makes
it easier to understand and appreciate the text message. The Context in Text Development serves as a connection
of written or spoken text that instantly links with a word or passage that clarifies its meaning. Context is defined as
the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances that surround the text and form the terms
from which it can be understood and evaluated.

A – HYPERTEXT
The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963
What is Hypertext? It is simply a non-linear way of presenting information, rather than the traditional linear
process of reading from beginning to end. Readers of hypertext may follow their own path , create their own order-
their own meaning out of the materials that connect topics on a screen to related information, graphics, videos, and
music- the information is not simply related to text.

How can you identify hypertext? This information appears as links and is usually accessed by clicking and
shifting to different web pages in a matter of seconds and minutes. The reader can navigate around the internet
and jump to more information about a topic. The World Wide Web (www) is a global hypertext system of
information residing on servers linked across the internet.

Today, it is advantageous to use hypertext in reading for the following factors:

1. Most printed literary materials are already digitized. (downloadable in Portable Document Format/ PDF)
2. Use of new techniques in the study of literature is possible in digital format.
3. Research could be done efficiently and effectively.
4. Reading could be done at ones space.

B – INTERTEXT
What is Intertextuality? It is the interconnection between similar or related works of literature in terms of
language, images, characters, themes, or subjects depending on their similarities in language, genre, or discourse
that reflects and influences an audience’s interpretation of the text. Intertextuality is the relation between texts
that are inflicted by means of quotations and allusion.

Intertext or intertextuality is technically defined as a process of text development that merges two more processes
such as imitation and creation in doing a text. It involves imitation because the author, as highly influenced by
another author comes up with his version of the text consciously or unconsciously incorporating the style and
other characteristics of the text done by that author.

Intertextuality has its roots in the work of a Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). Meanwhile, the
term itself was first used by Bulgarian-French philosopher and psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva in the 1960s.
Intertextuality is said to take place using four specific methods namely: retelling, pastiche, quotation, and allusion.

METHOD DEFINITION
Retelling It is the restatement of a story or re-expression of a narrative
Quotation It is the method of directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a text another author
has made.
Allusion In this method, a writer or speaker explicitly or implicitly pertains to an idea or passage found in
another text without the use of quotation.
Pastiche It is a text developed in a way that it copies the style or other properties of another text without
making fun of it unlike in a parody

HYPERTEXT
 was coined by Ted Nelson in
1963
 a text that is interactive and
can be accessed by clicking on
hyperlinks.
 linking of content on one
website to another
INTERTEXT
both are used to help expand a topic or  term itself was first used by
idea. Even though the method they Bulgarian-French
choose is a bit different the purpose is philosopher and
the same. That is to provide extra psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva
valuable info to its readers so that they in the 1960s
can better understand what the text is  Refers to any references made
trying to say. between texts like books or
movies, etc.
 intertext references are not
generally visible