Smooth endoplasmic reticulum interconnected membrane-bounded channels that

facilitate movement of materials inside the cell

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Organelle responsible for lipid synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum organelle that serves as a transport channel

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Organelle that is particularly with attached ribosomes

Ribosomes responsible for protein synthesis

True True or False: Ribosomes are considered to be both membrane- & non-membrane
bound organelles

True True or False: Although ribosomes are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, they
can also be found elsewhere such as surrounding the cytoplasm.

Golgi apparatus organelles characterized by flattened and rounded vesicles

Golgi apparatus Packaging areas of materials inside the cells that are pinched off for
secretion to be sent to other organelles

Golgi apparatus Modification and packaging of proteins

Lysosomes rounded or irregular-shaped organelles

Lysosomes Contain hydrolytic or digestive enzymes for destruction of worn-out or defective

parts of the cell

Lysosomes act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting obsolete or un-used
materials in the cytoplasm, from both inside and outside the cell

Lysosomes act as suicide bags or sacs of a cell

Lysosome, hydrolytic enzymes, encapsulate When something toxic enter the cell, the
________ will sacrifice itself and make sure that the toxic or defective products are kept away
from the cell. ________ will be activated and try to ________ the worn-out cell.

Proteins Enzymes belong to what class of macromolecules?

False True or False: Enzymes are lipids.

True True or False: Enzymes are proteins.

Protein CHON

Carbohydrates/lipids CHO

Nucleic acids CHONP

Peroxisome contains digestive enzymes that digests fatty acids and amino acids

Nutrient Digestive enzymes contained in peroxisomes are _____-focused

Peroxisome Organelle that helps in the synthesis of cholesterol

C In the process of synthesizing enzymes, which of the following displays the correct
sequence of subcellular structures involved? A. Nucleus → Golgi complex → RER B. Nucleus →
Golgi complex → SER C. Nucleus → RER → Golgi complex D. Nucleus → SER → Golgi complex

Concentration gradient Diffusion is dependent on the ____ ____

Simple diffusion Diffusion of lipid-soluble substances across a bilayer

Phospholipid bilayer a semi-permeable layer that filters or limits entry of substances

into the cell

Facilitated diffusion Passive transport of water-soluble substances through protein

carriers

Active transport Requires additional energy (ATP) input; movement of molecules against a
concentration gradient

High to low Simple diffusion: concentration gradient?

High to low Facilitated diffusion: concentration gradient?

Low to high Active transport: concentration gradient?

Low to high Osmosis: concentration gradient?

No Simple diffusion: does it require ATP expenditure?

No Facilitated diffusion: does it require ATP expenditure?

Yes Active transport: does it require ATP expenditure?

Yes Osmosis: does it require ATP expenditure?

Osmosis net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Water In osmosis, WATER/SOLUTE moves.

Isotonic Solution that has equal concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell

Hypotonic Solution that has lower concentrations of solute than that inside the cell

Hypertonic Solution that has higher concentrations of solute than that inside the cell

Hypertonic higher pressure solution (osmosis)

Hypotonic lower pressure solution (osmosis)

Hypertonic solution wherein water inside the cell exits

Hypotonic solution wherein water enters the cell

Hypotonic when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the
concentration inside the cell

Hypertonic when the concentration of solute molecules inside the cell is lower than the
concentration outside the cell

Hypotonic when the concentration of solute molecules inside the cell is higher than the
concentration outside the cell

Hypertonic when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the
concentration inside the cell

Hypertonic Hypertonic or hypotonic: too salty

Hypotonic Hypertonic or hypotonic: too watery

Hypotonic Hypertonic or hypotonic: cytolysis

Hypertonic Hypertonic or hypotonic: plasmolysis

Hypertonic Hypertonic or hypotonic: cells shrink

Hypotonic Hypertonic or hypotonic: cells burst

Cell wall The ____ in plant cells prevents the cell from bursting.
Plant Plant or animal cell: plasmolysis

Plant Plant or animal cell: flaccid cells

Plant Plant or animal cell: turgid

Plant Plant or animal cell: turgor

Animal Plant or animal cell: crenation

Animal Plant or animal cell: cytolysis

B Organs need to be maintained and preserved in 0.25 M NaCl solution to appear normal.
If a kidney were to be stored at 1 M NaCl during kidney transplant operation, what will happen?

A. Kidney cells will swell.

B. Kidney cells will crenate.
C. Kidney cells will plasmolyze.
D. Kidney cells will become flaccid.

cell division Reproduction is achieved through?

Reproduction ______ is achieved through cell division

binary fission prokaryotes undergo a type of cell division known as?

mitosis eukaryotes undergo a type of cell division known as?

Mitosis Cell division that is responsible for sexual and asexual reproduction, as well as,
growth and differentiation

Karyokinesis division of nucleus

Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm

Nucleus Karyokinesis is the division of the?

Cytoplasm Cytokinesis is the division of the?

M phase Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis happen in what phase of the cell
division?

S phase (Interphase) What phase of the cell division is DNA replication?

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Process of Mitosis in
plant cells

Chromosomes The PMAT in mitosis involves CHROMOSOMES/DNA OR GENETIC

MATERIAL

Interphase What stage of mitosis is known as the rest stage?

Interphase What stage of mitosis has the highest rate of metabolic activity?

Interphase Certain processes of this stage of mitosis are actually periods of heavy metabolic
activity in preparation for cell division.

Interphase What stage of mitosis is responsible for DNA replication and protein synthesis?

DNA replication and protein synthesis The interphase stage is specifically responsible for
these (2) biological processes.

G1 What phase in the interphase stage is where synthesis of nucleotides occurs?

G1 What phase in the interphase stage is where materials needed for cell division is
prepared?

G1 What phase in the interphase stage is where enzymes needed for DNA synthesis are
accumulated?

S What phase in the interphase stage is where DNA replication occurs?

S What phase in the interphase stage is where DNA is doubled?

2 when a cell enters mitosis, the cell already has ______ sets of the genetic material

genetic material when a cell enters mitosis, the cell already has 2 sets of the ______
______

mitosis when a cell enters ______, the cell already has 2 sets of the genetic material

False True or False: When a cell enters mitosis, the cell already has 2 sets of chromosomes

G2 What phase in the interphase stage is called the pre-mitosis phase?

G2 What phase in the interphase stage is where mitosis proteins are produced?

G2 What phase in the interphase stage is where the cell prepares for division?
G2 What phase in the interphase stage is when the cell organelles are doubled?

Pre-mitosis phase G2 (Gap or growth phase 2) is also called?

Prophase What stage of mitosis signals the actual start of mitosis?

Prophase Chromosomes start to condense consisting of 2 sister chromatids. What stage of

mitosis is this?

Prophase What stage of mitosis is when the nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate?

Prophase What stage of mitosis signals the actual start of mitosis?

Prophase Centrosomes move to opposite poles of the nucleus. What stage of mitosis is
this?

Metaphase Spindle fibers are attached to the centromere of the chromosome. What stage of
mitosis is this?

Metaphase Chromosomes line along the equatorial plate. What stage of mitosis is this?

Metaphase All sister chromatids are attached to spindles. What stage of mitosis is this?

G1 What stage of mitosis is the 1st check point?

G2 What stage of mitosis is the 2nd check point?

Metaphase What stage of mitosis is the 3rd check point?

Anaphase The cohesion in the chromosome breaks separating the two strands of
chromosomes. What stage of mitosis is this?

Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten thus pulling the chromatids to the opposite poles. What
stage of mitosis is this?

Telophase The nucleus is completely divided into two. What stage of mitosis is this?

Telophase The nuclear membrane appears. What stage of mitosis is this?

Telophase Formation of a cell plate. What stage of mitosis is this?

Phragmoplast a cell plate is also called _____ in plants?

Cell cycle checkpoints control mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of cell division in
eukaryotic cells

Cyclin-dependent kinases Cell cycle checkpoints are controlled by?

Cyclin-dependent kinases enzymes that are activated when a cell that is being prepared for
cell division does not have the complete requirements to undergo such processes.

G1, G2, Metaphase What are the 3 checkpoints in mitosis?

A Which of the following phases DO NOT have a role as cell-cycle checkpoints? A. S phase
B. G1 phase C. G2 phase D. Metaphase

Cytokinesis The cytoplasm is separated. What stage of mitosis is this?

Cytokinesis Two identical daughter cells with identical DNA and chromosome number (2n)
are formed. What stage of mitosis is this?

Meiosis cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.

4 At the end of meiosis, how many daughter cells are produced?

Five germ cells undergo meiosis. How many daughter cells are expected in the process? A. 5 B.
10 C. 20 D. 40

Ten germ cells undergo meiosis. How many daughter cells are expected in the process? A. 5 B.
10 C. 20 D. 40

Reduced In meiosis, the chromosome number is REDUCED/INCREASED.

Meiosis 1 Meiosis 1 or 2: homologous pairs separate

Meiosis 2 Meiosis 1 or 2: sister chromatids separate

Meiosis 1 Meiosis 1 or 2: Homologous pairs with its partner then separate

Meiosis 2 Meiosis 1 or 2: two chromosomes (unduplicated)

Prophase 1 What stage of meiosis is when chromosomes duplicate, become visible and are
now composed of sister chromatids?

Leptotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is the first?

Leptotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is “compaction”?

Leptotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is when homologous search occurs?

Leptotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is when search for homologous pairs
occurs?

Zygotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is the second?

Zygotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is “bivalents”?

Zygotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is when homologs find each other?

Zygotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is when cross-over happens?

Pachytene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is the third?

Pachytene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is “tetrad”?

Pachytene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is when chromosomes shorten and

thicken?

Pachytene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is when the synapsis is completed?

Pachytene What substage of prophase I in meiosis which is the official end of synapsis?

Diplotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is the fourth?

Diplotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is “chiasmata”?

Diplotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is when non-sister chromatids of

homologous chromosomes exchange parts during chiasmata?

Diplotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis is “genetic variation”?

Diplotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis does genetic exchange happen?

Diakinesis What substage of prophase I in meiosis is the fifth?

Diakinesis What substage of prophase I in meiosis is “terminalization”?

Diakinesis What substage of prophase I in meiosis is crossing over is completed?

Diakinesis What substage of prophase I in meiosis does spindles form and the nucleolus
disappears?
Diakinesis What substage of prophase I in meiosis does unecessary materials present in the
cell are taken out for the process of cell division to succeed?

Synapsis fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis

Chiasma point of contact

Chiasma physical link between 2 chromatids belonging to homologous chromosomes

(pair)

Chiasma exchange of genetic material

Leptotene-zygotene-pachytene-diplotene-diakinesis five substages of prophase I in

meiosis (x-x-x-x-x)

Leptotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis does replicated chromosomes condense?

Zygotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis does synapsis begin?

Pachytene What substage of prophase I in meiosis does a bivalent form and crossing over
occurs?

Diplotene What substage of prophase I in meiosis does the synaptonemal complex

dissociate?

Diakinesis What substage of prophase I in meiosis does nuclear membrane fragmentation

happen?

Diakinesis What substage of prophase I in meiosis marks the end of prophase I?