BTech: Boiling Heat Transfer_2017 Department of Chemical Engineering This Practical Manual belongs to Student Name: Student Number: Department of Chemical Engineering: Steve Biko Campus, $4 L1 : PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000 — Tel: (031) 373 2218 Fax: ( 031) 373 2285 www.dut.oc.za- Department of Chemical Enginsering: BTach Practical Manual | 2017 Boiling Heat Transfer Introduction Bolling and condensation are vital inks in the transfer of heat from @ hot to a cooler region in countless. applications, eg: thermal and nuclear power generation in steam plants, refrigeration, refining, heat transmission, efc. Boiling When a liquid at saturation temperature is in contact with the surface of a solid (usually metal) at a higher temperaiure, heat is transferred to the liquid and a phase change (evaporation) of some of the liquid occurs. ‘The nature and rate of this heat transfer changes considerably as the temperature difference between the surface and the liquid is increased, Although ‘boiling’ is @ process familtar to everyone, the production of vapour bubbles is a very interesting and complex process Due to the surface tension, the vapour inside a bubble must be at @ higher temperature that the surrounding liquid. The pressure difference increases as the diameter of the bubble decreases, and is insignificant when the bubble is large. However, when the bubble is minute, an appropriate pressure difference exists. (An analogy may be drawn with the inflation of a child's balloon — it is difficult to inflate when the balloon is small, but it becomes easier as the diameter increases). ‘The pressure inside a bubble is the vapour pressure corresponding with the temperature of the surrounding liquid. Thus, when no bubbles exist (or are very small) it is possible for the liquid temperature in the region of the heat transfer surface to be well above the temperature of the bulk of the liquid. (This will be close to the saturation temperature cosresponding with the pressure at the free iquid-vapour interface.) ‘The formation of bubbles normally associated with boiling is iafluenced by the foregoing Convective Boiling When the heating surface temperature is slightly hotter than the saturation temperature of the liquid, the excess vapour pressure is unlikely 19 produce bubbles, The locally warmed liquid expands and the convection currents carry it to the liquid-vapour interface where evaporation takes place and thermal equilibrium is restored. 7 Thus, in this mode, evaporation takes place al small temperature differences and with no bubble formation. 1 | Boling Meat Transfer Practicalcoparment of Chemical Engineering: BTech Prac! Manual | 2017 a Nueleate Boiling ‘As the surface becomes hotter, the excess of vapour pressure OWT the liquid pressure increases and tventuaty bubbles are formed. These occur at nucleating points OF the hot surface where minute gas pockets, existing in surface defects form the nucleus forthe formation of a bubble. ‘hs soon a8 a bubble is formed it expands rapidly as the warmed liquid evaporates into it, The buayancy detaches the bubble from the serface and another starts t0 fon nucleate boing is characterized by vigorous bubble formation ‘and turbulence. Exceptionally high heat ve tfor rales and heat coaficienis with moderate temperature differences ‘occur in nucleate boiling, and in practical applications, boing is nearty always inthis mode Film Boiling ‘Avove a efiical surface-tiquid temperature diference, it's found (hat Ne surfaces becomes ‘vapour reat and tho iquid fs unable to wat the surface. When this happens 15% & considerable reduction in eee cr retegnd if the heat input to the metal isnot immediate reduce ‘match the lower ability of aaa eo taneter heat, the mal temperature wil rise unl radiation fom (he surface plus the limited fim boting heat transfer, is equal to the energy input Ifthe energy input is in the form of work (including electrical energy) there is no limit to the temperature cape could be reached by the metal and ts temporature can rise unt failure or a ‘burn out occurs, and the many tube failures in the radiant section of the advanced boilers are attributed to this section. Immersion heaters must obviously be designed with sufficient area $9 that the heal flux never exceeds the critical value. ‘the consequences’of a ‘burn out’ in @ nuctoar power plan wil be realy appreciated. 2 Boting Heat Transfer PracaCondensing Heat Transfer Condensation of a vapour onto a cold surface may be ‘flmuise’ or ‘dropwise’ When flimwise condensation occurs, the surface is completely weited by the condensate and condensation is onto the outer layer of the liquid film, the heat passes through the film and into the surface largely by conduction. By treating a surface with a suitable compound it may be possible to promote ‘dropwise’ condensation, ‘When this occurs the surlace is not wetted by the liquid and the surface becomes covered with beads of liguig which coalesce to form drops which then fall away leaving the surface bare for a repetition of action, Heat transfer coefficients with drowise condensation are higher than with filmwise owing to the absence of the liquid fil Boling and condensing heat transfer are indispensable links in the production of power, all types of ‘efining and chemical processes, refigeration, heating systems, etc There is constant pressure for more heat transfer units with high heat transfer rates end a clear understanding of the bolting and condensing processes is essential for every mechanical and chemical engineer, ‘The Hilton Boiling Heat Transfer Unit has been designed to improve the understanding of boiling and condensing heat transfer and enables both a visual and analytical study of these processes. 8 | Bolling Heat Transfer PracticalEquipment Specifications Dimensions of the heating surface: Condenser surface area: Maximum permitted surface temperature: Heater cut off temperature: Fluid Quantity of fiuid: Dimensions of the glass chamber: ‘Specific heat capacity of water: 1 bar = 105 Nm? = 100 KN? Department of Chemical Engineering: BTesh Practical Manual | 2017 Effective length = 42mm Diameter = 12.7mm Surface area = 0.0018m? {including area of end) 0,032m* 220°C 160° 4.1-dichloro-1-fluroethane (R141b) C Cl, F-CHs Liquid to be above heating element Approximately 0.55 L. Normal internal diameter = amm Length = 300mm Volume = 0.0015m" 4.18 kd kg" 4 | Boling Heat Teanser PracticalDeosrerof chanical Engreing BTeeh Pasa ant | 207 Description of the Unit ‘A hiigh ‘watt density electric heating element in a coppar sleeve submerged in R141 liquid is mounted horizontally in a vertical glass chamber, The temperature of the copper slaeve is measured by a thermocouple and digital indicator. ‘The electrical input to the healer is controlled by a phase angle controller, the actual heat transfer rate being displayed on the digital wattmeter. A controller incorporated in the temperature indicator ewitches off the electrical input if the temperature of the heating surface exceeds a pre set value. ‘At the upper end of the chamber is the condenser, a nickel plated coll of copper tube through which ‘cooling water flows. This coil condenses the vapour produced by the heat input and the liquid formed returns to the bottom of the chamber for re-evaporation, ‘A condenser water flowmeter is used in conjunction with glass thermometers measuring the condenser water temperatures, enables the rate of heat transfer at the condenser to be measured. The logarithmic mean temperature difference during condensation may also be datermined, Glass thermometers are also mounted inside the glass cylinder to indicate the temperature of the liquid and vapour. 6 Air Venting ‘A vent valve is situated on the top of the condenser and this allows air thai has been admitted to the system to be vented into the void inside the instrument, Air that enters the system usually from the charging valve as part of an experiment will be swept to the condenser where it will collect around the condenser coils. The air will remain in this area and effectively Present an insulating barrier to vapour transfer, condensation and hence heat transfer. The net result will be @ condenser pressure that is far greater than should be the case for the condensing temperature indicated, Unless demonstrating the effects of air in a condenser it will be necessary to vent the air from the system, To vent air from the condenser it is necessary to increase the condenser pressure to approximately S0KN m? above atmospheric pressure Witn the heater power set to about 150 watts, close the control valve on the condenser water flowmeter. This will cause the condenser pressure 10 rise. The time taken to reach SOKN.m” above atmospheric Pressure will Gepend upon the local ambient temperature. Once S0kN.m’ is reached the vent vaive should be briefly opened and gas will be heard to enter the void inside the panel. Close the valve well before the gauge pressure reaches OkN.m*. Open the control valve on the condenser water flowmeter and allow the condenser pressure to fall to normal value. 5 | Boling Heat Transfer PracticalDepadient of Chemical Enginsanng: 2¥acn Practical Manual | 2017 Operating Procedure © Turn on the electrical supply. + Open the cooling water tap and adjust the cooling water supply into the column, + Take note of the following’ the temperature indicalor reads the temperature of the metal in degrees celsius and the thermometer in the liquid within the column reads the liquid temperature in degrees celsius, + Sot heat input to 20 watts + Open the cooling watar and slowly adjust it until condenser pressure of 40kPa is reached. + Please note that the condenser pressure will have {o be kept constant at 40 KPa throughout the prac. You will be required fo adjust the cooling water flowrate consistently throughout the prac in order fo maintain this constant pressure. Convective Bolling occurs at low-heat inputs and liquid will be seen to collect and drip off the condenser coils, indicating that evaporation is proceeding at a slow rate, Nucleate Bolling occurs when the metal liquid temperature difference is stil less than 20°C. Film Boiling will occur at high heat input suddenly reduced, [340watts reduced to 40watts}. You might have fo try different heat input adjustments [high to low] fo find the ertical conditions for nucleate to film boiling transition. ee | oe | ee Tent] ain Deeavaton wats | “mene | sorgeratre srenperature | wseerTomy | woretng Convctng 1 ra Te vere) | curt | owate | late, is) imu wo w ~ t 6 | Boling Heat Transles PracticalCalculation Procedure follows: Twwiea! results: Water flow rate: Water Temp In: Water Temp Out Saturation temp of liquid! Heat Input: Heat transfer rate at cooling coll, Heat transfer rate from heater, Log mean temp difference: | | | | | Overall heat transfer coefficient: sO Heal transfer to surroundings (by difference), Department of Chemical Engineesing: Tech Practical Manual | 2017 = 29.0°C a= 124w a, a ®, a ‘The overall heat transfer coefficient between the condensing vapour and the water may be found as MCp(tou — Tia) 5.5 x 10° x 4180 (25.0 -20.5) W s0aw 424 a-a, 124 -104 20w boty 28.0 -20.5 8.5K = bate 29.0-28.0 40K [0-04 / in [(/O3} [8.5 ~ 1.0]/ In [8.5/4.0] 60K Oy Oy 104 / [0.032 x 6.0}, 542. Wm? Kt 7 [Boling Hoat Traneler PracticalBoiling heat Transfer Unit I HOSSEA Con Linked Up-Crade Options | | Boling Heat Transtor Pract Deparment of Chemical Engheenng: BTech Practical Manus! | 2017