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    Ahmed Sayed
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    lec 5.1

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    5 views9 pages

    Lec 5.1

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Sayed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 9
    1-Fire Alarm Systems Saving lives is the first consideration after starting an indoor fire; Therefore, it is required to inform the people who are inside the building, and warn them as soon as the fire breaks out, until it gets out, before the fire extends and intensifies and becomes difficult for them to escape, so there must be a way to announce and report the fire inside the buildings and facilities. 6-1- Manual Warning System: This system depends mainly on the human element in its operation and is divided into two types: 6-1-1- The Simplest Type of Alarms, Which are simple devices that make sounds, such as bells, which are hand- knocked. However, this type of device has a limited effect and performs the required purpose in a simple and limited space that is interrupted by some problems when used. It may hinder Smoke or flames are used by any person from continuing to ignite them, and they are prevented from making any attempt to fight the fire. 6-1-2- Electrical Alarm System It is based on two types, the first is operated with buttons that are installed throughout the building, and one of them results in setting alarm bells on site to announce the danger. And the other type depends on its operation on the installation of an internal communication network for the building. 6-2- Automatic Fire Alarm System: The fire detection and alarm system is an electronic electrical system whose primary function is early detection when a fire occurs somewhere within the area in which this system is applied and the aim of it is to save the lives of the people present in that place in addition to preserving and controlling the property, and the speed in detecting the fire from the beginning is an important factor in reducing the losses resulting from that, by finding the necessary measures to control and contain the danger before it spreads in the place. 6-2-1- Basic components of an asic automatic fire alarm system : The basic idea of the system is to detect the pfesonce ofa fire by wildy on of its effects, and then triggering alarms to allow the occupants to evacuate it, and to give a si i pan " 5 gnal to the fire fighting Specialists (Figure 6-1), as it consists of five main components. We shall be satisfied with the main c i 1 tr only the input elements. onto} Naik an Fire Alarm Control Panel Components Figure 6-1 ‘Semone Devectors auooe Devices HIVAG Pane & Dampers raeyooores Trane TTT [—) Id ae BS) — Vette Devers Ooo Locks & Hote Peveere Ss SS OT, ob = 6-2-1-1- Fire Alarm Automatic Control unit: For large modem buildings, such as residential buildings, hotels, hospitals, residential buildings and industrial facilities, are equipped with panels to give an alert to immediately contact the firefighter or the police in the event of a fire in the building. It is the mind of the system and consists of An electrical control panel from the system receives the signal to start the fire from the capacitors and gives the operating signal for alarm and extinguishing devices and other components of the system, and contains the switches and the necessary mechanical and electrical control devices, and the panel is also equipped with a means for conducting the connections of the system to ensure its safety and validity, and also to clarify the false prediction (Alarm without fire) which sometimes occurs, due to a defect in the system, it has been provided with an acoustic warning device, which it issues in the event of a fire alarm Figure 6-2. Fire Alarm Control Panel Components Conditions that must be met in place of the control panel (automatic fire alarm): (a)- A place of little danger in relation to fire. (b)- The place has a moderate temperature, tidy and well-ventilated. (c)- This place must contain detection devices and alarms for fire. (d)- The place is on the ground floor From a public building that is easy to enter and exit from, and an average place and as close as possible to exit. (e)- The place where the painting must be vacant, otherwise the board must be equipped with a mechanism for transferring all the signal (faults - warning) to another known place and if the painting is a public place it is necessary. (f)- It must be equipped with a lock in addition to the aforementioned. An indicative scheme between the protected area and zoning, emergency exits, extinguishers’ places and fire fighting devices must be installed near the board. 6-2-1-2- Automatic Detection Devices (Detector Heads): 1- Fire (Flame) Detectors: used in places The open exterior, where smoke or heat detectors cannot work, or in places with dust and fumes, or in places with high ceilings, such as aircraft hangars where smoke and flame detectors are used together, where the response of the smoke detector is reduced due to the large size of the place. It is used in places subject to rapid and large fire such as gas stations, and its varieties vary according to the variety of fuels that are likely to be fired. There are three main types of flame detectors, which are: 1- Infrared detectors and Ultra Violet UV detectors based on the premise that many materials emit certain invisible rays when heated, and these detectors contain elements that detect invisible rays and give a signal for the alarm circuit to operate. 2- Photoelectric Detectors, which are detectors that contain photoelectric baths, so that they depend on the principle of changing the electrical conductivity of some materials when exposed to light. 3- Flame Flash Detectors are one of the models of photoelectric baths that are affected only by the light rays emitted by the flame flash specifically. Factors that affect the performance of the fire detector (flame): 1- Sunlight, and some special measures can be taken to avoid it being affected by the splendor. 2- Lightning. 3- X-rays. 4- Powerful searchlights. 2- Thermal Detectors: They are affected by the unusual rise in temperature and work by one of the following means: (A)- Metal strips or wires that expand when the temperature rises. (B)- Melting of an alloy of a metallic substance upon a rise in temperature. (C.}- Electrical conductors whose resistance changes when the temperature rises. @)- Pipes containing gases and liquids that expand when the temperature rises, and this device is installed in places exposed to one of the factors that do not allow the use of a smoke detector, especially in places where a lot of Fumes and gases, which may result in false alarms, if smoke detectors are used, heat detection is also used in places where flammable fires can occur and are almost without smoke. There are three types (Classes) of these devices are: Class I: The constant temperature, where the device responds when the temperature of the place exceeds the set temperature of the device, and it is of the types: 1- Double plate thermostats: It is the most common type of thermostat as it depends on the different coefficient of The thermal expansion of two different metals fastened together, so that this causes the movement of an element connected with them, so that it cuts off the electrical current within the thermostat and thus separates the electrical current coming from the source see Figure (6-3). Low Expansion Suus 5 ) Canmet Soued Ports Insulator at ap rebel i a ; Adusting Expentirg f Serewa Odter Shell j Electrical Ginss Beads beads Watt Insutavon Hermotc Seat Secton of spot typo rate compensafon dotoctor 2- The fast-moving disc thermostat: It is a device that contains a metal disc that excites heat in the form of the seat of the normal state, so that its shape changes to convex when the temperature rises to a certain temperature, and one of the features of this device is that Automatically retums to its original position when the temperature drops see Figure (6-4). 3- Linear thermostat: The sensitive element consists of a double wire made of two different metals separated by a heat-sensitive cover Directly connected with both wires. When the pre-set temperature rises, then the cover melts between them and each of the two wires touches so that the alarm is triggered, and one of the disadvantages of this device is that it does not retum to its original position automatically, but rather the two wires must be separated from each other. Normally Open Alarm Contacts Figure (6-4). Class I: A device that detects the rate of change of the amount of temperature during a limited period of time. The operation of these sensors depends on the speed of the temperature rise to a predetermined speed. Sensors of this type contain two operating or control elements, one of which gives an alarm when the temperature rises Quickly, and the second works to delay giving the warning at low speeds, the temperature is less than the speed the device is intended for. Most thermal detectors are designed to affect and respond if the temperature exceeds from 57 to 82 degree centigrade, and there are other types that are affected by lower temperatures depending on the nature of the assets and the extent of their flammability. The advantages of these devices are many and muttiple: 1- They can be changed so that they operate faster than devices with a degree. 2- Constant temperature under all conditions can be used and is effective over a wide temperature range. 3- They can be restarted and calibrated quickly. 4 They can be given specific tolerance and temperature difference. 3 Class II: Sensors with a constant temperature and a specific speed for temperature rise. Types of thermostats have been developed so that they depend on roasting at a rapid temperature rise so that the part that is heated at constant temperature covers the state in which The speed of temperature increase is low, and thus it can warn of slow-buming fires. This type of sensor consists of a metal canister containing a very small air vent and a flexible membrane that holds a metal connection plate. When this case is exposed to heat, the air inside is heated and expands if it exceeds the capacity of the opening Breathing in the air drainage, then the elastic membrane is activated, which in turn moves the flexible plate to close the electrical circuit, but when the temperature change is slight, then the air expands in the air, allowing it to exit from the small opening without moving the membrane. This sensor acts as a constant- temperature excitation, and when the metallic ring is melted at high temperature, the spring G expands, pushing the C-membrane to connect the circuit-breaker D. See Figure (5-6). Vent for Rate-of Rise ‘Aiorm Contact for Operation eand Combination of Rate

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