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Lab 1
Objective
Designing a power supply circuit to provide a stable 3.3, 5 and 12 voltage outputs,
testing the circuit using a software simulation program and implementing it on a
bread board.
Software Requirements
Hardware Requirements
Performing Simulation
3- Change the capacitor C1 and the resistance R4 and calculate the ripple factor
before the regulator in each case using an oscilloscope then verify these
results using theoretical analysis.
4- Generate and draw the signal with capacitor and without capacitor as shown
in figure 2 below
a. Transformer
Using the ohm test in your Avometer, Measure the resistance of the
primary winding, it should be in the range of 400 -600 ohm. Measure
the resistance of the secondary winding, it should be in the range of 1-
5 ohm. Otherwise, the transformer is damaged.
b. Diode
Use the diode test on your Avometer. Put the positive probe of the
Avometer on the anode and the negative terminal on the cathode, it
should give a value in the range of 0.4 – 0.8. reverse the probes and it
should give open circuit. Otherwise, the diode is damaged.
c. Resistor
Use the ohm test in your Avometer. It should give a resistance close to
the expected one. If it gives open circuit or short circuit the resistor is
damaged.
d. Capacitor
Observation value
Discussion
The first block in a dc power supply is the power transformer. It consists of two
separate coils wound around an iron core that magnetically couples the two
windings. The primary winding, having Np turns, is connected to the 220-V ac
supply, and the secondary winding, having 𝑁s turns, is connected to the circuit of
the dc power supply. Thus, an ac voltage 𝑣s given by equation 1 develops between
the two terminals of the secondary winding.
𝑣𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐿𝑃
= =√
𝑣𝑠 𝑁𝑆 𝐿𝑠
By selecting an appropriate turns ratio (𝑁p /𝑁𝑆 ) for the transformer, the designer can
step the line voltage down to the value required to yield the particular dc voltage
output of the supply. For instance, a secondary voltage of 12-V rms is used in this
circuit. This can be achieved with a 20:1 turns ratio.
Bridge rectifier
The diode rectifier converts the input sinusoid Vs to a unipolar output, which can
have the pulsating waveform indicated in Figure 3. Although this waveform has a
nonzero average or a dc component, its pulsating nature makes it unsuitable as a dc
source for electronic circuits, hence the need for a filter.
Capacitor Filter
The variations in the magnitude of the rectifier output are considerably reduced by
the filter block in Figure 3. The output of the rectifier filter, though much more
constant than without the filter, still contains a time-dependent component, known
as ripple. The ripple voltage peak to peak can be calculated from
𝑉𝑠(𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘) − 1.4
𝑉𝑟𝑝−𝑝 =
2 ∗ 𝑓𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝐶
Regulator
To reduce the ripple and to stabilize the magnitude of the dc output voltage against
variations caused by changes in load current, a voltage regulator is employed. Such
a regulator can be implemented using a zener shunt regulator configuration.
Alternatively, and much more commonly at present, an integrated-circuit regulator
can be used.