2- Fires and methods to extinguish them Fires usually start on a small scale because most of them arise from small sparks due to negligence and following methods of fire prevention, but they quickly spread if they are not extinguished, leaving huge losses and risks in lives, goods, money and facilities, and due to the presence of large quantities. Of the flammable materials all that surrounds us from the things and the various locations of our presence and the environment surrounding us at home, the street, the school, the workplace, the places of the picnic and recreation and other sites which, if the rest of the elements of the fire were available, would have caused us and our possessions high cost losses. Therefore, we must take preventive measures from the dangers of fires to prevent their occurrence and eliminate their causes, and to achieve the possibility of controlling them in the event of their outbreak and extinguishing them as soon as possible with the least losses, and the risks that may result from fire can be summarized as the following three types: 1- Personal risk: It is the risks that expose the lives of individuals to injuries, which necessitates the provision of measures to escape from the dangers when the fire occurs. 2- The destructive risk: What is meant by the destructive risk is the destruction that occurs in buildings and facilities as a result of the fire and the severity of this destruction varies according to the materials contained in the building itself. The risk that results in the building intended for storage is not expected in the case of buildings used as offices or for housing, in addition to the fact that the buildings designated for a specific purpose differ in the degree of the impact of fire in them as a result of many factors, including the type of materials in them, the extent of their combustibility and the way they are distributed inside the building to In addition to its economic value, all this means that the quantity and nature of the building components is what controls the severity of the fire, its continuation, and the destructive impact that it produces. 3- Exposure risk: (The danger to neighborhoods) is the risk that threatens the nearby sites of the fire place, and therefore it is called the external danger, and it is not required that there be direct contact between the fire and the building exposed to danger. This risk usually arises as a result of exposure to combustible materials that make up or that the building contains to the heat and flame of the external fire. Therefore, when planning to establish a fueling station, it is pasture when constructing it to be in a non-residential area or taking into account that the residential buildings are at a certain distance where These are assumed to be displayed Buildings at high risk from a situation of a fire occurring in this station and this is what is called exposure risk,2- The destructive risk: What is meant by the destructive risk is the destruction that occurs in buildings and facilities as a result of the fire and the severity of this destruction varies according to the materials contained in the building itself. The risk that results in the building intended for storage is not expected in the case of buildings used as offices or for housing, in addition to the fact that the buildings designated for a specific purpose differ in the degree of the impact of fire in them as a result of many factors, including the type of materials in them, the extent of their combustibility and the way they are distributed inside the building to In addition to its economic value, all this means that the quantity and nature of the building components is what controls the severity of the fire, its continuation, and the destructive impact that it produces. 3- Exposure risk: (The danger to neighborhoods) is the risk that threatens the nearby sites of the fire place, and therefore it is called the external danger, and it is not required that there be direct contact between the fire and the building exposed to danger. This risk usually arises as a result of exposure to combustible materials that make up or that the building contains to the heat and flame of the external fire. Therefore, when planning to establish a fueling station, it is pasture when constructing it to be in a non-residential area or taking into account that the residential buildings are at a certain distance where These are assumed to be displayed Buildings at high risk from a situation of a fire occurring in this station and this is what is called exposure risk, 6-3-Fires and Fire Extinguishers-FIRE SAFETY: Introduction: This lecture explains briefly what are fires? What are its causes, as well as the different types of fires, as you talk about the different fire extinguishers and the methods of their use. 6-3-1- What is a fire? It is simply very fire is a chemical reaction that includes the rapid oxidation of flammable materials. The source of ignition, but recently this concept changed so that the ignition elements became four elements instead of three, and the fourth element was added: the chemical chain reaction, which led to the formation of the fire pyramid (Tetrahedron) instead of the ignition triangle as shown in Figure 6-9. Therefore, the four ignition elements are: (A)}-Fuel (Combustible Substances) (B)-Air (Oxygen) (C.}-Heat (Sources of Ignition) (@)-Chain Chemical Reaction. JUGLY pal - A ea, Jeet We will talk in the following about each of these elements in some detail: (A)- Fuels (the flammable substance): Flammable materials are in the form of: solids, Liquid materials , gaseous substances. Solids: such as wood, cloth, papers, cardboard. Liquid materials: such as car gasoline, solvents, alcohols. Gaseous substances: butane, acetylene, hydrogen. The thing that bums from the fuel is the vapors it produces, and these vapors if union to the air in the correct proportions for each A substance that found a source of ignition to ignite. 4‘All materials need oxygen in order to ignite, and the percentage of oxygen in the air is about 21 %, and the percentage of oxygen must not be less than 16 % for the fire to continue, and each substance must combine with oxygen in certain proportions of its own in the so- called Flammability Limits, and each substance has what is called a strong ignition range (LEL) and a maximum range of ignition (UEL). (C.)- Heat (ignition sources): The heat in the energy required to increase the temperature of the flammable substance to the point that it generates a sufficient amount of vapors for it to occur Ignition, and ignition sources are many and multiple, including: 1- Electricity: one of the most common sources of ignition in proportion to the occurrence of fires is electricity, through: - Overloading. - Failure to properly connect the wires. - Damage to electrical wires or damage to their insulation. - Damage to electrical equipment and devices. 2. Smoking: Smoking comes in second place after electricity, causing fires, and most of these fires occur due to the fall of cigarettes or the remnants of smoldering cigarettes on the furniture or when smoking during sleep. 3- Hot work (cutting and welding): Fires occur due to welding and cutting work in places that contain flammable materials with their fingerprint flying sparks, or because of molten metal in the event that welding and cutting operations are carried out without taking the necessary safety measures. 4& Direct flame includes: Cigarettes, lighters, matches, heaters and heaters that may ignite adjacent flammable materials. S- Hot surfaces: such as ovens, boilers, and hot surfaces, where heat is transferred from them to the breeding materials or adjacent to them through thermal conductivity and causes these materials to ignite. 6- Self-ignition: of some materials with a chemical reaction (oxidation) that causes the temperature to rise and these materials maintain temperatures and not We allow it to be kept in the surrounding atmosphere and these materials are: vegetable and animal oils and paint residues, and when pieces of cloth are used to clean these materials and leave the pieces of the cloth for long periods, and it causes oxidation and high temperature and continues to rise in temperature and does not leak into the atmosphere until it reaches the point of ignition of the pieces The cloth and thus these pieces ignite, causing a fire. 7- Static electricity: produces static electricity as a result of friction between two things (such as the flow of petroleum materials into oil pipelines) and these charges accumulate until they reach an extent in which they come out in the form of sparks where this sparks may cause the occurrence. Fire in any flammable materials nearby 8 Friction: In the cvent of friction between the parts of the machines with each other, there may be a rise in temperature that may cause the fire to ignite. Ed flammable near these equipment and machines @)- Chain Chemical reaction: The fire continues to ignite as long as the three clements (substance, heat, and oxygen) are present in the correct proportions, and these elements produce effective chemicals known as free radicals, and the fire continues and is known as the chemical reaction Chain.6-3-2-Types of fires-(Fire Classes): The fires are divided into types according to the type of burning fuel, and there are five types of fires according to the American system: 1- Type (A) fires: Are the fires that occur in solid materials such as wood, papers, closes, rubber and some types plastic Figure(6-10) and one of the best extinguishing materials that are used to extinguish this type of fire in water, as well as some dry powder extinguishers, type (ABC). 2-Type (B) fires: They are the fires that occur in flammable liquid and gas materials such as motor gasoline, kerosene, solvents, and alcohols (Figure 6-11). Among the best extinguishing materials used to extinguish this type of fires are: foam, carbon dioxide, halon, and powder. It is not preferable to use water to fight this type of fires, > it — an increase a Gl Ao Tonys Jeo Ww age 3- Type (C) fires: They are the fires that occur in equipment, appliances, and electrical equipment (Figure 6-12). Carbon dioxide, halon and (ABC) are used to extinguish these fires, and it does not use water or any other extinguishing materials that contain water, such as foam at all to extinguish this type of fire, as water is a good conductor of electricity, so it may electrocute the person using the extinguisher. 4 Type (D) fires: They are the fires that arise in minerals such as sodium, potassium and magnesium (Figure 6-13) and a special type of dry powder is used to extinguish this type of fires. 5- Type (K) fires: It is a modern type of fire that was recently added to the types of fires and i is concemed with fires that occur with vegetable oils in kitchens, as shown Gage x VW yes Ties‘After learning about the different types of fires, we will lear about the different types of fire extinguishers. 6-3-3- Types of Fire Extinguishers: There are six types of fire extinguishers: 1- Water extinguishers. 2- Foam extinguishers. 3- Dry powder extinguishers. 4- Carbon dioxide extinguishers. 5- Halon extinguishers 6- Liquid powder extinguishers (for kitchens). and due to the lack of prevalence of the first two types, (water and foam) will shed light on other types (powder, carbon dioxide, halon). 1- Powder extinguishers: Use powder extinguishers according to the type of powder inside them to extinguish fires that arise In solids (A), liquids and gases (B), as well as in extinguishing fires that arise in electrical appliances and equipment (C), it is usually indicated on the extinguisher. Types of fires that are suitable for extinguishing. It is not preferred to use powder extinguishers to extinguish fires that arise in sensitive electrical devices. Such as computers, as the powder particles may cause damage to these devices. Powder extinguishers extinguish fires by surrounding the burning fuel with a layer of powder separating the fuel from the oxygen in the air. Interfered with the chemical chain reaction and absorbs free radicals on the surface, thereby stopping this chain reaction and extinguishing the fire. Therefore, powder extinguishers are considered one of the fastest extinguishing materials. There are two types of powder extinguishers: namely, the powder extinguishers compressed by air and the powder extinguishers that are pressed by the gas cylinder carbon dioxide, and we will deal in this lecture to the type compressed by the air as it is the most widespread. 2. Air-pressed powder extinguishers: The extinguisher is filled with powder material (Figure 6-15), usually sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, type ABC, or Monex powder, according to the extinguisher’s capacity, and then the extinguisher is compressed by compressed air in the right of the indicator in the hour of pressure on it to tum green when using the extinguisher. ‘When using extinguishers, The safety screw is removed and the operation hand is pressed, which in tum allows the compressed air inside the extinguisher to exit with force, usually pushing the powder out of the extinguisher to a distance of six meters or mors. Dry Chemical Extinguisher (ABC) Wi have gauge = tay nave nose Ga Fieg. vowse " V -Y0 Jen3- Carbon dioxide extinguishers: The extinguisher is filled with carbon dioxide gas under oil that may reach 200 sand per square inch, and when used, the safety pin is pulled and fallen, by operating or opening the valve for the type supplied with an overhead valve) and the gas comes out Pressed to the outside of the extinguisher as shown, Fig. 6-16. 4- Halon extinguishers: The extinguisher is filled with Halon material (BCF) which is an evaporating substance that has a great ability to extinguish fires and is compressed by nitrogen until the indicator indicates in The pressure watch fixed on the extinguisher turns green, and when used, the safety pin is pulled and the operation hand is pressed, so nitrogen gas pushes the Halon material out of the extinguisher to a distance of 6 meters or more, and the halon interacts with the loose cracks that form the chemical chain reaction of the fire and extinguishes it Immediately, because the Halon substance is one of the substances that have a harmful effect on the ozone layer that protects us from the danger of ultraviolet rays from the sun, so its use has been stopped and currently, alternative materials that are not harmful to ozone are used. 6-3-4- Extinguishing fires: Extinguishing any kind of fire must remove one of the four factors that cause fire, which are fuel, oxygen, heat, and the chemical chain reaction that forms the quadruple pyramid of fire, and this is done by following one of the following four methods: 1- Starvation of fire: Starve the fire by depriving it of flammable materials (Fig. 6-17) that are considered fuel feeding the fire by transporting the goods and materials available at the place of the fire away from the influence of heat and flame. Flammable liquids can also be withdrawn from the tanks in which the fire is located. 2-The fire suffocates: The fire to silence the fire and prevent oxygen from reaching it (Fig. 6-18), and this is done either by covering the fire with foam or by using carbon dioxide gas that replaces the oxygen as well by using Halon or powder.3- Cooling down the fire: Cooling the fire to reduce the temperature (Fig. 6-19) This is the most common method of extinguishing fires, using water, and this method mainly depends on the ability of water to absorb the heat of burning materials. 4 Stopping the chaim reaction of fire: Some of the extinguishing materials are able to stop the restless reaction of fire, and these materials are in powder and Halon (Figure 6-20). 6-3-5- General Rules for Fire Extinguishing: 1- The fire must be fought with the direction of the wind and not the opposite. 2- Move away from the fire by about 3 - 5 meters and start fighting. 3- Do not fight the fire from the middle, but from the front Backward. 4 Move the extinguisher to the right and left during firefighting. 5- Always fight the fire from the bottom up. 6- Do not leave the place of the fire before making sure it is completely extinguished. Aagiy ype Ju! Je Lc Call 5g) ad zag ne V-4 Jeo — \\gasOOtC~C~S~S How to use fire extinguishers: The initials of the English word PASS are used to express the steps for using fire extinguishers as shown in the following table: PULL the pin, this unlocks the lever and P allows you to discharge the extinguisher wed! Ge Se! AIM low: point the extinguisher nozzle (or hose) at the base of the fire aslo! ans tae 3! wom! SQUEEZE the lever above the handle: this discharges the extinguishing agent reat te se SWEEP from side to side moving carefully toward the fire eS sk os att at sidle to sicteAssignment # 6 1. What is meant by fire alarm systems? What are its types? 2, What is the main purpose of using fire extinguishing systems? 3, What are the basic components of a fire alarm system? 4, What conditions must be met at the location of the control panel (for fire alarm)? 5. List the types of automatic detectors with detector heads. 6. What factors affect the performance of a fire (flame) detector? 7. The number of types of thermal detectors. 8. What are the factors that affect the performance of the fire detector? 9. The number of types of smoke detectors. 10. What are the factors that affect the performance of a smoke detector?