Vibe TES OF L SCIENCE PS-14) & JEST (BPS- 14) PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD OWAIS QARNI (IBA-JEST, HM & WRITER) FOLLOW BS GEOLOGY, MA ENGLISH, MED FOR VIDEO LECTURES — You{(IQE) CHANNEL “FREE LEARNING FOR LEARNERS” FOR SOFT NOTES £2 PAGE — “MOTIVATIONALSPEAKERWRITER” FOR POF & oetaus(®) 03002556660, 03062794501 UMMGENERAL SCIENCE FOR ALL JOBS PREPARATION Table of Contents. Page No 1 Living Things and Their Environment 01 2 Matter and Its States 06 3 Force and Machines 08 4 Rotation & Revolution of Earth 1 5 Galaxy & Solar System 14 6 Temperature & Heat 20 7 Sound. 23 8 Food & Health. 27 9 Water. 36 10 Structure of Atom. 44 12 Physical & Chemical Changes. 53 13 Transmission of Heat. 60 14 Pollination 67 15 Dispersion of Light 1sGENERAL SCIENCE FORALL JOBS PREPARATION Table of Contents. Page No 16 Digestive & Respiratory System 84 17 Human Body. 95 18 Cell Division. 19 Transportation in Human & Plants 105 20 Sense Organ 112(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST, JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION Topic: Living Things and their Environment + The human beings are the key component of the environment and Also depend on other plants, animals, fellow human beings for their survival. Environment + Is one’s surrounding and all living and non living thi gs in that surrounding. Components of the En ment eae rants) [ramen bane] Sea] [ ant + Living which includes Animals, Plants, and Human Beings + Non-Living thing which includes Sun, water, land and Air Types of Environments(Land, water, Air) Desert * Are very hot, dry and sandy places + Extreme heat and dryness and very little rain throughout the year. + Desert are very hot during the day time and the temperature drops sharply during the night Water bodies * Lake, pond, river, sea, and ocean are water bodies. + Lake and pond are small fresh water bodies that are mostly slow(Keenjhar Lake) + Rivers are relatively big and flow faster. + The sea and ocean are mostly salt water, large, deep and fast, flowing water bodies. ( Indus River and Arabian River) + Deadly dengue Mosquitoes are the habitat in lakes. Mwe could destroy the Dengue Mosquito by introducing a special Mosquito Eating Fish in the water bodies. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 4 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Forest + Has many trees and a combination of herbs, shrubs, plants, seedlings and several varieties of birds, mammals, insects, reptiles, amphibians and small creatures. Urban Environment + That includes cities and towns but not rural areas and villages are thickly populated and developed areas. Grasslands * Are lands with grasses and not large shrubs or trees. The Grasslands are dry areas with little rainfall. + Desert Animals and plants have special hard skin covering which protects them from the heat and loss of water in dryness. The plants have prickly/needie like leaves to avoid water loss. + The camel has a special water storage space in its hump + Animals in grasslands are mostly small in size and have skin color like grasses in the grasslands which protect them from enemies. They have broad feet for fast escape. + In Pakistan, some mountain grasstand animals are chiltan Markhir, Sindh Ibex, Ladakh Urial, Brown Bear, Grey Wolf. Asiatic Black bear and leopard and carnivores such as two species of fox and striped hyena and Asiatic jacker. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS ACCORDING TO EATING HABITS + On the basis of food type, animals can be classified I to three kinds 1. Herbivores: that eat only plant 2. Carnivores : that eat only animals 3. Omnivores: that eat both animals and plants Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION Gias-atiigy _ (Meat ating) Food chain/web chain + The sub is an important element in the food chain as it provides the sunlight energy to the producers, the plant s to produce food. * In the absence of sunlight the entire food chain would become inactive and collapse. * Food chain and food web show the relationship and multiple linkages among the various producers, consumers and decomposes in a food web. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 3 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Food Chain Food Web \ firs ail Oe NN ero wy Figure: Food Chain & Food Web + These linkages are based on the source of energy and food. + The sun plays an important role in this food web as a key source of energy. «Plants are at the beginning of the Food chain and Food web. PALNTS are producers. + Energy comes from the Sun and Plants make food from the energy. + Herbivores are primary consumers and eat plants, vegetables and fruit: Examples sheep and birds are primary consumers and eat plants and plant products. + Carnivores are secondary consumers and eat primary consumers. EX. CAT is a secondary consumers that eats birds/mouse (Primary consumers) «There are a tertiary (third level) of consumer. * Tertiary eat the primary and secondary consumers. + Awild is a tertiay consumers that eats the mouse, the primary consumer and the cat(Secondary consumers) Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 4 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. ‘* Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and consumers. + Omnivores could be secondary and tertiary consumers. + Decomposers: eat all the dead and waste products of producers and consumers, + Decomposing waste and returning useful elements to the soil and environment. + Producers (Plants) are these useful elements to produce food in the presence of sunlight energy. Thus, the plants are at the beginning of the cycle. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 5 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Topic: M ran Matter © Matter is anything that has mass and volume (takes up space) + Ex. Air, table, water + Mass: is the amount of matter in an object. + Volume: is the amount of space something occupied. Matter has three states Figure: Three states of Matter Solids are hard substarice. + They cannot be Compressed. + They have a-definite shape. + The amount of space a material + We cai measure the material objects length, breadth and height with the help of centimeter scale. es Liquids Changes shape. * Are not hard substances + No fixed. # Liquids have a definite volume. The shape of liquid depends on Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 6 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Figure£ ‘ )SolidshaveMass Figure. _(b) Gases have Me Gas # Gasses have no definite shape.. Gasses occupy space but no definite volume. = Gasses can be compressed. Mixtures: + Solids, liquids and gasses mix together to form mixture + There are different type of mixture. Ex. Soft drink + Solution is also a kind of mixture. + The process of separation of solute and solvent from the mixture is called Filtration. + Some materials such as salt‘and sugar dissolve in water. We can identify these material as soluble material. + Some materials such as sand and sawdust do not dissolve in water. These are insoluble. se © The impurities could be _ por) yore, separated through the — es process of filtration through a emis home made water iter of sand and. gravel ora fitration plant. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 7 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Te For ind Machi + A force is a push or pull. +The ST unit of force is the newton, symbol N. Push ull + When you li your school bag, you apply the pull eA force and when you strike a crclet ball with the 2 bat you apply the push force. 4 Effects of Force + Force can change the shape of and object + Force can change the direction of an object + Force can change the speed of an object + Force can change the position of an object. «The greater the force, the greater the distance. Speed + One of the effects of force is to change the speed of an object. + Speed is the shortest distance you covered while walking towards your teacher in the time you look to reach there, ‘+ Speed tells you how much distance. you covered and how much time you spent to cover it. + The world’s fastest speed train js made BY China. + It can travel at the speed of 302 mph(miles per hour).. How to calculate speed? + Formula : Speed = distance / Time ‘Distance measured in km or M. + Time measured in hours(h) or seconds(s) + So, speed willbe measured in Kilometers per hour (Kany) or m/s. Problem: An athlete covers a distance of 150 meters in 30 seconds, Calculate his speed? Data: Distance = 150 m Time = 30 sec Speed =? Figure Fastest spoed tain Solution: speed = Distance / Time = 150/30 = 5 m/s (Answer) a Machines ‘* Assimple machine is something that helps us to do work. In other words, simple machines can make work easier for us. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 8 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. ‘There are many types of simple machines in your surrounding. * Ex. The bottle opener is like @ simple machines. Types of Machine + Alever isa stif bar that rests on a support called fulcrum which lifts A or moves loads e. G, A hammer. + Apulley is a simple machine that lever uses grooved wheels a d a rope to raise, lower or love a load, e.g, for ——_i Pulley raising school flags each day. a + Awedge is an object with at Inclined plane least one slanting side ending in a sharp edge, which cuts material apart e.g. An axe used for splinting wood. Werge Screw + Awheel with rod, called an axle, Figure Simple machine through its centre its or moves loads, e. 9: Screw drivers handle Is whee! and its shafts axle. +A screw isan incined plane wrapped around 2 cinder, used to fasten objects e.g. A wood screw. Compound Machine + Acompoune machine is device which is made up of _ two or more simple machines. Ex, Scissors isa compound machine. PS +The simple machines that you could find in scissors are : lever, screw and wedge. + It's handle works like a lever and edges are wedges. (eal + Inthe toolbox, you may find a hammer which is also a simple machine that helps us do work. sre racinee © _Awhee! barrow is a Co. Kind machine that helps us carty heavy load from one place to another. Ibis made up of lever, screw and wheel and axle. Crane and bicycle are examples of complex machines made up of different simple different machine. ine, Nieitoroe Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST ° Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 10 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION jic: Rotation and Revolution of Earth ‘The Earth ‘© While standing outside we see it as a flat surface. + The earth has spherical shape. Rotati Earth spins on is ans from West to East (counter clockwise ‘© Allthe objects in the sky, sun, moon and stars seem to be moving in opposite direction that i from East to West. ‘© Earth takes 23 hours, §6 minutes and 4.09 seconds ‘© As the earth rotates or spins on its axis, our part ofthe earth moves away from the Sun. ‘+The other parts ofthe earth become bright. ‘© When our side ofthe Earth has day time, the people living on the other sie have nighttime becalse Sut ays are nat shining oni ‘©The ans of the Earth is an imaginary line ‘© Days and nights are produced by the rotation of Eafth Effects ‘© Formation of days and nights ‘© Apparent movements of sun and stars ‘© Knowledge of direction © Sense of time ‘© Deflation(a sudden change in diecton) of winds and oceanic currents ‘+ Rotation of earth causes bulge at Equator ‘© Regular intervals of tides Revolution ; ‘© Earth spins or revolve around the sun ‘© Earth takes one full year to complete one fll revolution around the sun, this path is known as carts ob The pane Maeury that closest to ~~ the Sun takes 88 days to complete : A _ gan ‘one revolution . + ipter takes 4222 dys to complete = = Sererkatn, € » ‘© Earth revolves and covers a stance 595 milion mils in 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.5 seconds, #21 or 22° March marks the point of ‘pring forthe people living inthe ase” swans northern hemisphere ofthe Earth whereas autumn in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. ‘© Atthis time, both the hemispheres receive similar amount of sunlight and the length. ofthe day and night isthe same at al places of the Earth. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST u Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. +21" and 22 June mars the por of Summer in he northern Remphere and wirterin the southem hemisphere, The length ofthe dy becomes longest forte nother hemisphere and shortest forthe southern hemsphere «2a and 238 September marks the reverse ofthe situation At 21 or 2% March, whereas autumn season nthe northern hemisphere and sping in the southern hemisphere sta. + 21% and 22° December mars the reverse stuation ast happened in 2st or Z2ne une where theres winter season inthe northern hemisphere and summer inthe southern hemisphere + Effects + Due to earths ited wth respect to the plane of Earth's rit Earth ted a years tothe Neth Pole Ard a year tothe south ple {The Hemephere thats tied towards the sun ha a longer ay + When is summer in Northern Hemisphere ited towards the sun A wnt in Souther Hemphere + 1F Er’ exs wos nt tited each night and dy evermhere on hi earth would abays be 12 hour ong and thee would be no seasons «Earths closest tothe sun in January ad farthest away in 2 {summers longer than winter inthe northern Heripher + In Souther Hemisphere the winter is nger than summer. ‘Equinox, ‘Means equal day and rights +21 March and 23° September Solstice * Means unequal day length {21,22 December and 21,22 une Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. World Flat Polar Quartic Projection Map Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST a Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Topic: Galaxy and Solar System Galaxy Is massive aggregate of hundreds of milions of stars, all gravitational interacting and, orbiting about a common Centre. There are 125 galaxies according to Astronomers. Iky way Galaxy ‘Disk shaped galaxy that includes our solar system + Inaddition to Sun, there are 200-400 billion other stars +The stars we see isin Miky-way galaxy + Nearest galaxy to Milky-way Galaxy is Andromeda + 100,000 light years in diameter ur soiar system is about 30000 light years avay from the center of Galaxy Big Bang Theory: ‘+The term was first coined by Sir Fred Hoyle in 1950 + In 1927, George's Lemaitre proposed the big bang thecry. He is considered father of Big Bang Theory. Big Bnag theory: once the singularity was created (however it happened), it began to ‘expand through a process called inflation, The universe went from very small, very dense and very hot to the cool expense that Wwe see today. This theory is now reffeted cs Neptune > or ve re Jupiter as Big Bang Theory Solar System + Collection of planets, moons, asteroids, comets, smaller debris such such as meteriods Which are revoiving around the sun. + Suns the centre of our Solar System. Prepared by: Muhammad Owals Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST “ Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. * Everything in the Solar System orbits around the Sun. ‘© The soiar system isthe sun and everything that orbits around it. It includes the planets {and their moons as well as numerous asteroids and comets. These objects are all held in orbit around the sun by the sun’s strong gravity. + Our solar system is elliptical in shape like egg. SUN “The Sun is our closest sta. ‘Sun is the only star we see during daytime. ‘Sun emits light, heat, ultraviolet light - -- which may cause sunburn and skin cancer. \Without sun our planet would simply be a dark, frozen world with no ocean of liquid water. The sun isa large ball of hot gas, about 1.4 milion kilometers across which equals to 109 Earth, according to size. According to weight, its weight as much as 330,000 Earrg and.about 1,300,000 Earth would fit inside the Sun, ‘The sun lies about 150 milion km away. Sunlight takes 8 min ties to reach Earth, ‘Sun is yellowish star, formed about 4.57 billion years ago. It is a member of milkway Galaxy. Yellow dwarf star, and medium size ste. ‘The sun is the biggest object and contain thore than 999% mass. Structure of Sun ‘The core: innermost part, 15 milion centigrade. Nuclear fusion. ‘The Photosphere: the part humart see. 500 km thick, 5500 centigrade ‘The Chromosphere: recdisit layer, temperature range 6000 to 50000 centigrade, this 's visible during solar eclipse when moon biock the Photosphere, ‘The Corona: outermost layer of Sun, one million centigrade temperature, extend for millions of miles from surface of the sun. Fig: Milky-way Galaxy. Fig: Structure of Sun Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 1s Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Solar System divided into following A. Planets & Stars ‘+ Large body that orbits around a star. ‘+ Apianet does not generates it own light + Itreflects the light from stars it orbits, + Planets have low temperature. Pianet, (from Greek planétes, “wanderers"), broadly, any relatively large naturel body that revolves in an orbit around the Sun. + Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, * Five planets are visible to the naked eye( Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupitar and Saturn ‘= Uranus and Neptune require telescopes for their observation ‘The planets are classified into two categories : Terrestrial and Gas Giants. Terrestrial (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) made up rocks. Giants ( Jupitar, Satur, Uranus, Neptune) made up of gas Ph ee eed ot Figure“) Distance ofthe planets from the Sun Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 16 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Earth Vey Mars Mercury lercury + Made up of iron +The surface of mercury is covered with craters. thas no atmosphere and no moon, Venus ‘+ Second brightest object ip the night sky after the Moon. + Has volume, mountains, sand just lke Earth Venus is also called sister planet of Earth, + But Venus has no moon. Earth + Biggest ofall terrestrial planets. ‘+ About 30%, Earth's surface is covered with land, while about 70% is covered by oceans. +The Earth has one moon and its name is Luna, + IScalled Red Planet +” Surface of Mars is red, + Evidence suggest that Mars once had rivers, streams, lakes and ocean. ‘+ Ithas largest volcano in the Solar System, which fs known as “Olympus Mons” * Ithas two moons; Deimos, Phobos. Supitar ‘© Stormy and colorful planet.. Jupiters great red spot is where a giant storm has been raging for at least 300 years. ‘+The spot at the lower right is also called "The Eye of Jupitar” because of its shape. ‘+ Jupitar is a gas giant because it does not have @ solid surface, Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST uv Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. * Jupiter has 50 conformed moon, while 12 moons are in the process of confirmation. * Ganymede is the largest moon of our solar system. Saturn ‘+ Itis similar to Jupiter and the 2 largest pianet in our solar system. ‘Saturn is wider in the middie and narrower near its top and bottom, + Ibis know for its rings. RING A and Ring G ‘+ The rings are not solid but are made up of particies of ice, dust and rocks. ‘+ 53.confirmed moon and 9 stil need confirmation + Titan ‘is the moon of Saturn and itis the second largest moon in the solar system. ‘Titan is larger than the pianet Mercury. Uranus + Ithas gas giant. + Extremely cold and Also called ice giant + Ithas 27 moons. +The largest moon is Titania, Neptune ‘Smallest of the four gas giants. + Itis windy place. Neptune has 13 moons. Dwarf Planet ‘Pluto is no more considered as a pianet now but (Dwarf Pianet) + According to the definition adopted by the AU in 2006, a dwarf planet is, “a celestial body orbiting a star that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity but has not Cleared its neighboring region of planetesima's and is nota satelite STARS + Star gen@rates its own light + Astor has very high temperature B. Satellite Satellites move continually round the Earth or around another planet. C. Asteroids A large rocky body in space, in orbit around the Sun. D.Metzoroid: much smaller rocks or partices in orbit around the Sun E.. Comets: Comets are basically dusty snowballs which orbit the Sun. They are made of ices, such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia and methane, mixed dust. These materials came from the time when the Solar System was formed. ‘Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 18 9, 03062794501 ‘#YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Perry Fig: some Dwarf Planets. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 13 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501, For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Te Tem; Temperature + Temperature tells how hot an object is. «The measurement of the hotness and coldness of an object is called temperature. + The instrument used to measure temperature is. called thermometer. Heat ‘+ Heat is a from of energy which flows from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature. + Asa result of this flow of energy from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature, the warmer materials cool down and the cooler materials warm up. ‘+ Heat energy is measured in Joules (3). Joule is the unit of energy used by the international Standard of Units (SI) James Prescott Joule, an English Physicist, established that the various form of energy ‘mechanical, electrical and heat are basically the same and can be changed from one form into another. woe | oe satin <> Figure: Heat Flow From High to Low temperature Figure Hot and Cold Materials Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 20 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Temperature and Thermometer + Take a Luke warm bowl of water, a.cold yas. bowl of water and a bow! of water at room “*™ temperature. + Touch each water one by one and feel the difference. + Thermometer is the instrument that is, seale used for measuring temperature accurately + Clinical thermometer is used to measure body temperature. + Laboratory thermometer is used in laboratories. eestor, al Figuie/ Measuring Scales of Temperature Scaled of Temperature (Farheinght and rade) ‘There are two common Scales for measuring temperature. ‘+ When you measure in Fahrenheit, the freezing point of pure water on the Fahrenheit scale is 32°F and boiling point (at sea level) is 212 °F. + Meanwhile, the freezing point of water on a Centigrade scale is 0 °C and boiling point is 100°C. + 98.4 °F is the normal body temperature, + Mercury. is. used in clinical thermometer (a very darigerous substance) 100°C 20°F FREEZING POINT 10°C 32°F (OF WATER Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. ‘Surrounding Temperature 0 °C Surrounding Temperature OF6. The temperature at the Sun ‘Surface is 5,500 degrees CClsiue oF 10,000 degrees Fehrenhet, Forma Depe ofkotcss Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION Topic: Sound + Sound is a pressure wave which is created by @ vibrating object. + Sound can be produced by tape recorder, Rice grains, A tissue paper, ete, High and Low Sound ‘+The faster are vibration, the higher is the sound, + The slower the vibrations are, the lower is the sound + If you blow across the top of a flute, the air inside it vibrates. caceiaee If the flute is hotter, the air inside vibrates faster by being blown are produces a higher sound. ‘+ Sound is also a form of energy but itis not measured in joules, as heat energy. + Sound is described in terms of intensity in, Decibels. Sound is described in the way It is perceived by healthy human ears. A sound that produces at an intensity level of abaut 135 decibels in common term is, called “loundness”. Which is loud enough to cause physical pain, Medium of Sound ‘+The matter that sound travels through is called the medium. + Sound travels fester through solids than liquids and gasses because solids are denser and compact loser and support the fast transfer of sound. +The outer space is very quiet because outer space is a vacuum with no air as a medium for sound to travel through. + All the explosion activity happening cn the Sun cannot be heard on Earth 25 there is no medium for sound to travel through from The Sun to the Earth Pleasant and Unpleasant Sound + Sound is essential to our daily lives, but noise is not. + Noise is generally described as an Unwanted sound or sound which produce unpleasant effects and discomfort on the ears. y) Figure Unpleasant sounds When sound becomes noise? Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 23 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. * When Is elther interferes with normal activities such as sleeping, conversation, nel or disturb one's quality of life, a + Noise is measured in the units of Ey decibels and is denoted by dB. tsi ye ¥ + Noise which is more than 115 €B isnot 1 BEG, erable. - — tolerable im. +The industrial limit of sound in the we industries must be 75 dB, according to ie: ip wo Mee Fig, “wid pollution Effects of Noise Pollution ‘+ Prolonged exposure of noise to a person will démage their eardrums which may result in a permanent hearing loss. + Other effects may include headaches, iritability, and in extreme cases fright and hair loss. ‘Sources of Noise Pollution Food mixer, grinder, vacuum cleaner, washing machine and dryer, cooler, air conditioners, loud speakers of sound systems and TVs, iPods and ear phones, computer games, dogs barking etc. Pens CCC OM ome lum cu Pet tee oe ues wr a et SO cue mc Cornmercial and | Printing presses, manufacturing industries, Industrial Activities| construction sites, tractors, small factories, etc. CO CM RCS? eR eon cs Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 4 Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION Measures to Reduce and Control Noise Pollution: Listed below are a few things people and governments can do to make our communities and living places quieter. Use of curtains, rug, dari and carpets. Use double glazed windows. Use soundproof rooms for noisy machines in industries “and factories. 4. Ban vehicles that honk, bikes with damaged exhaust pipes and noisy trucks. 5. Built houses away from industries, airports;-bus terminals and railway stations. 6. Law enforcers should check the misuse’of loudspeakers in ‘outdoor parties and public announcements systems. Have silence zones near schools ;colleges and hospitals. Plant trees along roads to réduc® noise pollution as they absorb sound, 9. _ Enforce the wearing of Ear pads in the Factory Area. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST 2s Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PSTJEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Summary se Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION. Topi ind Hi Major Food Groups and their properties. + Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats, Minerals and Vitamins Carbohydrates: * The term carbohydrate is itself a combination of the “hydrates of carbon”. + They are also known as "Saccharides” which is a derivation of the Greek word! “Sakcharon” meaning sugar * Carbohydrates are mainly sugars and starches that the body breaks dow glucose ‘* Are the major source of quick energy for human body. Minerals + in foods minerals that our bodies need to develop and function nornaly * Are found in fruits, vegetables, meat, grains, and sea foods. + Minerals help in body/s growth and keeping it healt. Vitamins + Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. * mainly found in fruits and vegetables. + Vitamins protect us from many disease:. Difference between Minerals and Vitamins + Vitamins are organic substances, meaning they are made by plants or animals. ‘+ Minerals, however, are-inorganic elements, which mean they come from tthe earth, soil and water and are absorbed by plants. We absorb minerals from the plants we eat, into Proteins. + Large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino aci specific order. + Meat, Milk, Eggs, Pulses provide us proteins. They are called body building foods. They help our body grow and repair tissues and muscles. Fats + Fats are nutrients that give you energy. ‘Are found in Oil, Butter and Margarine. + Fats are also found in seeds and nuts. ‘+ Foods in this group also give us energy and warmth, ‘Fat. Provides twice as much energy as the same amount if carbohydrates. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST Fo Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners)(GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES FOR PST,JEST & ALL OTHER JOBS PREPARATION ‘Animals such as the Blue Whale have a thick layer of fat under their skin which protects them from the cold temperatures of the sea. aes ‘+ Important food group that do not provide energy but require for proper functioning of the body. + Our body needs a sufficient amount of vitamins, Vitamin Sources Function A Carrots, Cod-liver Prevents night oil, etc. blindness Prevenis various skin diseases, keeps the B complex | wnest grains, Fresh "etYoUS sytem heathy g aa and prevents Beriberi; MESS. a disease which drains energy Strengthens the Immune. Oranges, Guava, | “system and prevents a Lemons, mainly y : Cc Citrus fuits and | disease called Scurvy; Sastatina, which causes swollen eg 5 and bleeding gums. Strengthens Bones and iver oi, | Teeth, and prevents a D Milk, Cod liver oll, | Gi sease called Rickets; Sunlight, etc. : which causes bones to become soft and weak. : Increases or assists the K Deeeteniace production of Platelets; * which clot blood. Minerals ‘+ Important food groups minerals do not provide energy but are required for body's growth and keeping us healthy. ‘© Our body needs 21 essentials minerals such as calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, phosphorus and potassium in large quantities. Prepared by: Muhammad Owais Qarni, US, E-Teacher 2020, HM & IBA-JEST Contact no: 03002556660, 03062794501 For Videos of Lectures visit: #YouTube_Channal: (Free Learning For Learners) 28