Theory of Equations Part 2

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Theory of Equations Part 2
Long Answer Questions:
1. If α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
α 2 + β 2, β 2 + γ 2,γ 2 + α 2
Sol: 1st Method
Let α , β , γ are the roots of the equation
x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0
∴ α + β + γ = 6, αβ + βγ + γα = 11
Let y = α 2 + β 2 = α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 − γ 2
= (α + β + γ ) − 2 (αβ + βγ + γα ) − x 2
2
= 36 − 22 − x 2
⇒ x 2 = 14 − y
⇒ x = 14 − y
Substitute x = 14 − y in x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
⇒ 14 − y −6 14 − y + 11 14 − y − 6 = 0
⇒ (14 − y ) 14 − y − 6 (14 − y ) + 11 14 − y − 6 = 0
⇒ −6 (14 − y + 1) = 14 − y [ −11 − 14 + y ]
⇒ − 6 (15 − y ) = ( 14 − y ) ( y − 25)
Squaring on both sides
i.e.,  −6 (15 − y )  =  14 − y ( y − 25) 

2 2
⇒ 36 ( 225 − 30y + y 2 )
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= (14 − y ) ( y 2 − 50 y + 625)
⇒ 1800 − 1080 y + 36 y 2
= 14 y 2 − 700 y + 8750 − y 3 + 50 y 2 − 625 y
⇒ y 3 − 28 y 2 + 245 y − 650 = 0
Sol: 2nd Method
Let α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0
It is an odd degree reciprocal equation of class two.
∴ x − 1 is a factor of x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6
1 -6 11 -6
x=1 0 1 -5 6
1 -5 6 0
∴ x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = ( x − 1) ( x 2 − 5 x + 6 )
= ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
∴ The roots of x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0 are
α = 1, β = 2, γ = 3
Now α 2 + β 2 = 1 + 22 = 5
β 2 + γ 2 = 22 + 32 = 13
γ 2 + α 2 = 32 + 12 = 10
Therefore the cubic equation with roots
α 2 + β 2 , β 2 + γ 2 , γ 2 + α 2 is
( x − 5)( x −13)( x −10) = 0

x3 − ( 5 + 13 + 10) x2 + ( 65 + 130 + 50 ) x − 650 = 0
(i.e.,) x 3 − 28 x 2 + 245 x − 650 = 0
2. If α , β , γ are the roots of x3 − 7 x + 6 = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
(α − β ) , ( β − γ ) , ( γ − α )
2 2 2
Sol: 1st Method
Let α , β , γ are the roots of the equation
x3 − 7 x + 6 = 0 ........ (1)
α + β + γ = 0, αβγ = − 6
Let y = (α − β ) = (α + β ) − 4αβ
2 2
6
= ( −γ ) − 4  
2
γ 
24 24
=γ2 + = x2 +
γ x
⇒ xy = x 3 + 24
⇒ xy = 7 x − 6 + 24 [From (1)]
⇒ x ( y − 7 ) = 18
18
⇒x=
y−7
18
Substitution x = in x 3 − 7 x + 6 = 0
y−7
3
 18   18 
  − 7 +6 = 0
 y−7  y−7 
⇒ (18) − 7 (18)( y − 7 ) + 6 ( y − 7 ) = 0
3 2 3
⇒ 5832 − 126 ( y 2 − 14 y + 49 ) + 6 ( y 3 − 21y 2 + 147 y − 343) = 0
⇒ y 3 − 42 y 2 + 441 y − 400 = 0
∴ The equation with roots
∴ (α − β ) , ( β − γ ) , ( γ − α ) is x 3 − 42 x 2 + 441x − 400 = 0
2 2 2
Sol: 2nd Method
α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 − 7 x + 6 = 0
By trial and error method x = 1 satisfy this equation.
∴ x − 1 is a factor of x 3 − 7 x + 6
x=1 1 0 -7 6
0 1 1 -6
1 1 -6 0
∴ x3 − 7 x + 6 = ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x − 6 )
= ( x − 1)( x + 3)( x − 2)
∵ α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 − 7 x + 6 = 0
α = 1, β = − 3, γ = 2
Now (α − β ) = 1 − ( −3)  = ( 4 ) − 16

2 2 2
(β −γ ) = [ −3 − 2] = 25
2 2
(γ − α ) = [ 2 − 1] = 1
2 2
∴ The cubic equation whose roots are
(α − β ) , ( β − γ ) ( γ − α ) , is
2 2 2
( x −16)( x − 25)( x − 1) = 0
⇒ x3 − (16 + 25 + 1) x2 + ( 400 + 25 + 16) x − 400 = 0
x 3 − 42 x 2 + 441x − 400 = 0
3. If α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x – 3ax + b = 0, then prove that Σ (α − β )(α − γ ) = 9a .
3
Sol: Given α, β, γ are the roots of

x3 – 3ax + b = 0
∴ α + β + γ = 0, αβ + βγ + γα = − 3a, αβγ = − b Now Σ (α − β)(α − γ ) =
= Σ α 2 − αβ − αγ + βγ 
= (α 2 + β2 + γ 2 ) − (αβ + βγ + γα )
= (α + β + γ )2 − 3(αβ + βγ + γα )
= 0 − 3(−3a)
= 9a
∴Σ(α − β)(α − γ ) = 9a
4. Solve x 4 + x3 − 16 x 2 − 4 x + 48 = 0, given that the product of two of the roots is 6
Sol: Suppose α , β , γ , δ are the roots of x 4 + x3 − 16 x 2 − 4 x + 48 = 0 -------------- (1)
Sum of the roots ⇒ α + β + γ + δ = − 1 and product of the roots = αβγδ = 48
∴ Product of two roots is 6
Let αβ = 6
48 48
From (1) γδ = = =8
αβ 6
Let α + β = p and γ + δ = q
The equation having roots α , β is
x2 + (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
i.e., x 2 − px + 6 = 0 --------- (2)
The equation having the roots γ , δ is
x2 − (γ + δ ) x + γδ = 0
i.e., x 2 − qx + 8 = 0 ------------- (3)
∴ From (1), (2) and (3)
x 4 + x 3 − 16 x 2 − 4 x + 48
( )(
= x 2 − px + 6 x 2 − qx + 8 )
= x4 − ( p + q ) x3 + ( pq + 14) x 2 − ( 8 p + 86q ) x + 48
Comparing the like terms

p + q = − q, 8 p + 6q = 4
i.e., 4 p + 3q = 2
Solving 4 p + 4 = − 4
4 p + 3q = 2
− − −
q=−6
∴ p = −1+ 6 = 5
Substitute the value of p is eq (2)
x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 3
Substitute, the value of q in eq(3)
x 2 + 6 x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x = − 2, = − 4
∴ The roots of the given
Equation are − 4, − 2, 2, 3
5. Solve 8 x 4 − 2 x3 − 27 x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0 given that two roots have the same absolute value, but are
opposite in signs
Sol: Suppose α , β , γ , δ are the roots of the equation
8 x 4 − 2 x3− 27 x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0
1 3 27 2 3 9
i.e., x 4 − x − x + x + = 0 -------(1)
4 8 4 8
1
Sum of the root α + β + γ + δ = and
4
9
Product of the roots αβγδ =
8
Given β = − α ⇒ α + β = 0
1 1
∴0 + γ + δ = ⇒γ +δ =
4 4
9
Let αβ = p , γδ = q , so that pq =
8
The equation having the roots
α , β is x − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
2
i.e., x 2 + p = 0
The equation having the roots
γ , δ is x − ( γ + δ ) x + γδ = 0
2
1
i.e., x 2 − x+q=0
4
From (1), (2) and (3)
x4−
1 3 27 2 3 9
4
x−
8
x + + = x2 + p
4 8
( )
 2 1 
 x − x + q
 4 
1 3 p
⇒ x4 − x + ( p + q ) x 2 − x + pq
4 4
Comparing the coefficients of x and constants
−p 3
= ⇒ p = −3
4 4
9 9 −1 −3
pq = ⇒q= × =
8 8 3 8
Substitute the value of p in eq--------- (2)
x2 − 3 = 0
⇒x = ± 3
Substitute the value of q in eq----------- (3)
1 3
x2 − ×− =0
4 8
⇒ 8x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0
⇒ ( 2 x + 1) ( 4 x − 3) = 0
1 3
⇒x=− ,
2 4
∴ The roots of the given equation are
1 3
− 3, − , , 3
2 4
6. Solve 18 x3 + 81x 2 + 21x + 60 = 0 given that one root is equal to half the sum of the remaining
roots.
Sol: Suppose α , β , γ are the roots of
18 x3 + 81x 2 + 121x + 60 = 0
−81 −9
Sum α + β + γ = = --------------- (1)
18 2
121
αβ + βγ + γα = ---------- (2)
18
−60 −10
αβγ = = ------------- (3)
18 3
∵ One root is equal to half of the sum of the remaining two
1
Let α = (β + γ )
2
Substitute in (1)
9 −3
α + 2α = − ⇒ α =
2 2
 3
∵ β + γ = 2α = 2  −  = − 3
 2
From (3)
 3 −10
 −  ( βγ ) =
 2 3
20
⇒ βγ =
9
∵ ( β − γ ) = ( β + γ ) − 4βγ
2 2
 20  81− 80 1
= ( −3) − 4   = =
2
 9  9 9
1
∴β − γ =
3
β + γ =− 3
1 −8 −4 −5
Add 2β = − 3 = ⇒β = ,γ =
3 3 3 3
−3 −4 −5
, and
2 3 3
7. Find the condition in order that the equation ax 4 + 4bx3 + 6cx 2 + 4dx + c = 0 many have a pair
of equal roots
Sol: Let α , α , β , β are the roots of the equation ax 4 + 4bx 3 + 6cx 2 + 4dx + e = 0
4b 2 6c 2 4d e
⇒ x4 + x + x + x+ =0
a a a a
4b
Sum of the roots, 2 (α + β ) = −
a
2b
⇒α + β = −
a
⇒ αβ = k ( say )
Equation having roots α , β is
x2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
2b
⇒ x2 + x + k =0
a
4b 3 6c 2 4d e
∴ x4 + x + x+ x+
a a a a
2
 2b 2 
=  x2 + 2 x + k 
 a 
4b 3  4b2  4bk
= x4 + x +  2 + 2k  x 2 + x + k2
a  a  a
Comparing the coefficient of x
4d 4bk d
= ⇒k =
a a b
Comparing the coefficient of x 2 ,
6c 4b 2
= 2 + 2k
a a
6c 4b 2 2d
⇒ = 2 + ⇒ 6abc = 4b 3 + 2a 2 d
a a b
∴ 3 abc = 2b 3 + a 2 d
Comparing the constant terms
e d2 e
k2 = ⇒ 2 = ⇒ ad 2 = eb 2
a b a
∴ The required conditions are
3abc = 2b 3 + a 2 d , ad 2 = eb 2
8. (i) Show that x 5 − 5 x3 + 5 x 2 − 1 = 0 has three equal roots and find this root.
Sol: Let f ( x ) = x5 − 5x3 + 5x 2 − 1
f ' ( x ) = 5x 4 − 15x 2 + 10 x
(
= 5 x x 3 − 3x + 2 )
f ' (1) − 5 (1) (1 − 3 + 2) = 0
f (1) = 1 − 5 + 5 − 1 = 0
x − 1 is a factor of f ' ( x ) and f ( x )
∴ 1 is a repeated root of f ( x )
x3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 0
⇒ 1 is a root of above equation
(∵ Sum of the coefficients is zero)
∴ 1 is the required root
(ii) Find the repeated roots of x5 − 3x 4 − 5 x 3 + 27 x 2 − 32 x + 12 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) = x5 − 3x4 − 5x3 + 27 x2 − 32 x + 12
f ' ( x ) = 5x4 − 12 x3 − 15x2 + 54 x − 32
f ' ( 2 ) = 5 ( 2 ) − 12 ( 2 ) − 15 ( 2) + 54 ( 2) − 32
4 3 2
= 80 − 96 − 60 + 108 − 32 = 0
f ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) − 3 ( 2 ) − 5 ( 2 ) + 27 ( 2 ) − 32 ( 2 ) + 12
5 4 3 2
= 32 − 48 − 40 + 108 − 64 + 12
= 152− 152 = 0
∴ x − 2 is a common factor of f ' ( x ) and f ( x ) 2 is a multiple root of f ( x ) = 0
Let g ( x ) = x3 + x2 − 5x + 3
g ' ( x ) = 3x2 + 2 x − 5 = ( 3x + 5)( x − 1)
g (1) = 1 + 1 − 5 + 3 = 0
∴ x − 1 is a common factor of g ' ( x ) and g ( x )
∴ 1 is a multiple root of g ( x ) = 0
x+3=0⇒ x=−3
∴ The roots are 2, 2, 1, 1, -3
9. Solve the equation 8x3 – 20x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 given that the equation has multiple roots.
Sol: Given equation 8x3–20x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 …(1)

Let f(x) = 8x3 – 20x2 + 6
= 2(12x 2 − 20x + 3)
= 2(2x − 3)(6x − 1)
3  27  9 3
f   = 8   − 20   + 6   + 9
2  8  4 2
= 27 − 45 + 9 + 9 = 0
3
∴f   = 0
2
∴f(x) and f′(x) has a common factor 2x – 3.
∴ 3/2 is a multiple root of f(x) = 0.
By synthetic division,
3
8 −20 6 9
2
0 12 −12 −9
3
8 −8 −6 0
2
0 12 6
8 4 0
∴8x3 − 20x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0
2
 3 3 1
⇒  x −  (8x + 4) = 0 ⇒ x = or x = − .
 2 2 2
1 3 3
∴ The roots of given equation are − , , .
2 2 2
10. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are translates of those of the equation
x 4 − 5 x3 + 7 x 2 − 17 x + 11 = 0 by − 2
Sol: Given equation is
f ( x ) = x4 − 5x3 + 7 x2 − 17 x + 11 = 0
The required equation is f ( x + 2 ) = 0
( x + 2) − 5 ( x + 2) + 7 ( x + 2)
4 3 2
−17 ( x + 2) + 11 = 0
Required equation is x 4 + 3 x 2 + x 2 − 17 x − 19 = 0
11.Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of those of
x5 − 4 x 4 + 3x 2 − 4 x + 6 = 0 by - 3
f ( x ) = x5 − 4 x 4 + 3x 2 − 4 x + 6 = 0
Required equation is f ( x + 3) = 0
( x + 3) − 4 ( x + 3) + 3 ( x + 3)
5 4 2
− 4 ( x + 3) + 6 = 0
Required equation is
x5 + 11x 4 + 42 x 3 + 57 x 2 − 13 x − 60 = 0
12. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of the roots of the equation
x 4 − x3 − 10 x 2 + 4 x + 24 = 0 by 2
Sol: Given f ( x ) = x4 − x3− 10 x2 + 4 x + 24 = 0
Required equation is f ( x − 2 ) = 0
( x − 2) + ( x − 2 ) − 10 ( x − 2 )
4 3 2
Required equation is
x 4 − 9 x 3 + 20 x 2 = 0
13. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of the equation
3x5 + 5 x3 + 7 = 0 by 4
Sol: Given f ( x ) = 3x5 − 5x3 + 7= 0
Required equation is f ( x − 4) = 0
3 ( x − 4 ) − 5 ( x − 4 ) + 7= 0
5 3
Required equation is x 5 − 60 x 4 + 475 x 3
−1860 x 2 + 3600 x − 2745 = 0
14. Transform each of the following equations into ones in which of the coefficients of the
second highest power of x is zero and also find their transformed equations.
(i) x3 − 6 x 2 + 10 x − 3 = 0
Sol: Given equation is x3 − 6 x 2 + 10 x − 3 = 0
To remove the second term diminish the roots
a1 6
By − = =2
na0 3
Required equation is x 3 − 2 x + 1 = 0
(ii) x 4 + 4 x3 + 2 x 2 − 4 x − 2 = 0
Sol: Given equation is x 4 + 4 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 4 x − 2 = 0
a1 −4
Diminishing the roots by − = = −1
na0 4
Required equation is x 4 − 4 x 2 + 1 = 0
(iii) x 3 − 6 x 2 + 4 x − 7= 0
Sol: Given equation is x 3 − 6 x 2 + 4 x − 7 = 0
a1 6
Diminishing the roots by − = =2
na0 3
Required equation is x3 − 8 x − 15 = 0
(iv) x3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 0
Sol: Given equation is x3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 0
To remove the second term diminish the roots by
Required equation is x3 − 8 x + 12 = 0
15.Transform each of the following equations into ones in which the coefficients of the third
highest power of x is zero
(i) x 4 + 2 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 2 x − 1 = 0
Hint: To remove the rth term in an equation f ( x ) = 0 of degree n diminish the roots by ‘h’
such that f ( n −r + 1) ( h ) = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x3− 12 x 2 + 2 x− 1
To remove the 3rd term, diminish the roots by h such that f ' ( h ) = 0
f ( x ) = 4 x3 + 6x2 − 24 x + 2
f ' ( x ) = 12 x 2 + 12 x − 24
f '' ( h ) = 0 ⇒ 12h2 + 12h − 24 = 0
⇒ h2 + h − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( h + 2) ( h − 1) = 0
⇒ h = − 2 or1
Case (i):
Transformed equation is
x 4 − 6 x3 + 42 x − 53 = 0
Case (ii):
Transformed equation is
x 4 − 6 x3 − 12 x − 8 = 0
∴ The required equation is
x 4 − 6 x3 + 42 x − 53 = 0
Or x 4 + 6 x3 − 12 x − 8 = 0
(ii) x3 + 2 x 2 + x + 1 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) = x3 + 2 x2 + x + 1
To remove the 3rd terms, diminish the roots by h such that

f ' ( h ) = 0, f ' ( x ) = 3x2 + 4 x + 1 f ( h ) = 0 ⇒ 3h2 + 4h + 1 = 0
1
⇒ ( 3h + 1) ( h + 1) ⇒ h = 1, −
3
Case (i):
Transformed equation is x3 − x 2 + 1 = 0
Case (ii)
23
Transformed equation is x3 + x 2 + =0
27
⇒ 27 x3 + 27 x 2 + 23 = 0
∴ The required equation is x3 − x 2 + 1 = 0 or 27 x 3 + 27 x 2 + 23 = 0
16. Solve the following equations
(i) x 4 − 10 x3 + 26 x 2 − 10 x + 1 = 0
Sol: This is standard reciprocal equation
Dividing with x 2
10 1
x 2 − 10 x + 26 − + =0
x x2
 2 1   1
 x + 2  − 10  x +  + 26 = 0 ....... (1)
 x   x
1
Put a = x +
x
2
1  1
x2 + 2
=  x +  − 2 = a 2 −2
x  x
Substituting in (1)
a 2 − 2 − 10a + 26 = 0
⇒ a 2 = 10a + 24 = 0
⇒ ( a − 4) ( a − 6) = 0
a = 4 or 6
Case (i) a = 4
1
x+ =4
x
⇒ x2 + 1 = 4 x
⇒ x2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
4 ± 16 − 4 4 ± 2 3
⇒x= =
2 2
=2± 3
Case (ii) a = 6
1
x+ =6
x
x2 + 1 = 6 x
x2 − 6x + 1 = 0
6 ± 36 − 4 6 ± 2
x= =
2 2
x=
(
2 3±2 2 ) =3± 2 2
2
∴ The roots are 3 ± 2 2 , 2 ± 3
(ii) 2 x5 + x 4 − 12 x3− 12 x 2 + x + 2 = 0
Sol: Given f ( x )
= 2 x 5 + x 4 − 12 x 3 − 12 x 2 + x + 2 = 0
This is an odd degree reciprocal equation of first type.
∴ − 1 is a root
Dividing f ( x ) with x + 1
Dividing f ( x ) by ( x + 1) we get
24 x 4 − x3 − 11x 2 − x + 2 = 0
Dividing by x 2
1 2
2 x 2 − x − 11 − + =0
x x2
 1   1
2  x 2 + 2  −  x +  − 11 = 0 --------------- (1)
 x   x
1 1
Put a = x + so that x 2 + 2 = a 2 − 2
x x
Substituting in (1), request equation is
( )
2 a 2 − 2 − a − 11 = 0
2a 2 − 4 − a − 11 = 0
2a 2 − a− 15 = 0
( a − 3)( 2a + 5) = 0
5
a = 3 or −
2
Case (i) a = 3
1
⇒x+ =3
x
⇒ x 2 + 1 = 3x
⇒ x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0
3± 9−4 3± 5
⇒x= =
2 2
5
Case (ii) a = −
2
1 5
x+ =−
x 2
x2 + 1 5
⇒ =−
x 2
⇒ 2 x2 + 2 = − 5x
⇒ 2 x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
1
⇒ x = − ,− 2
2
1 3± 5
∴ The roots are −1, − , − 2 ,
2 2
17. If α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 , then form the cubic equation whose roots
are α ( β + γ ) , β ( γ + α ) , γ (α + β )
Sol: Let α , β , γ be the roots of the given equation,
We have, α + β + γ = − p , αβ + βγ + γα = q
αβγ = − r
Let y = α ( β + γ )
= αβ + αγ + γβ − βγ
αβγ
y=q−
α
r
y=q+ ⇒ yα = qα + r
a
r
α ( y − q) = r ⇒ α =
y−q
Since 'α ' be the roots of x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0
2
r3  r2   r 
+ p  + q +r =0
( y − q)  y−q  y−q 
3
⇒ r 3 + pr 2 ( y − p ) + qr ( y − q ) + ( y − q ) r = 0
2 3
r 3 + pr 2 y − pr 2 q + qr ( y 2 + q 2 − 2qy ) + r ( y 3 − q3 − 3 y 2 q + 3 yq 2 ) = 0
r 3 + pr 2 y − pr 2 q + qry 2 + q 3 r − 2q 2 ry + ry 3 − rq 3 − 3 y 2 qr + 3 yq 2 r = 0
r ( y 3 + r 2 + p 2 rq + qy 2 + q3 − 2q 2 y ) − q 3 − 3 y 2 q + 3 yq 2 ) = 0
y 3 − 2qy 2 + y ( pr − q 2 ) − p 2 rq + r 2 = 0
∴ x3 − 2qx 2 + ( q 2 + pr ) x − r ( pq − r ) = 0
18. Given that the sum of two roots of x 4 − 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 6 x − 21 = 0 is zero, find the roots of the
equation
Sol: Let α , β , γ , δ are the roots of given equation, since sum of two is zero
α +β =0
Now α + β + γ + δ = 2 ⇒ γ + δ = 2
Let αβ = p , γδ = q
The equation having the roots α , β is
x2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
∴ x2 + p = 0
The equation having the roots γ , δ is
x2 − ( γ + δ ) x + γδ = 0
∴ x2 − 2 x + q = 0
∴ x 4 − 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 6 x − 21
( )(
= x2 + p x2 − 2 x + q )
= x4 − 2 x3 + x2 ( p + q ) − 2 px + pq
Comparing the like terms
p + q = 4, − 2 p = 6
−3 + q = 4 p = − 3
q=7
2 ± 4 − 28
∴ x 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 3 and x 2 − 2 x + 7 = 0 ⇒ x =
2
2 ± 2 6i
=
2
= 1 ± 6i
∴ Roots are − 3, 3, 1 − i 6 and 1 + i 6
19. Solve x 4 − 5 x3 + 5 x 2 + 5 x − 6 = 0 given that the product of two of its roots is 3
Sol: Let α , β , γ , δ be the root of the given equation
Product of the roots αβγδ 33 = − 6
Given αβ = 3 (∵ Products of two roots is 3)
∴ αβγδ = − 6
γδ = − 2
Let α + β = p , γ + δ = q
The equation having the roots α , β is
x2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
x 2 − px + 3 = 0
The equation having the root γ , δ is
x2 − ( γ + δ ) x + γδ = 0 x 2 − qx − 2 = 0
∴ x 4 − 5 x3 + 5 x 2 + 5 x − 6
( )(
= x 2 − px + 3 x 2 − qx − 2 )
= x4 − ( p + q ) x3 + (1+ pq ) x2
+ ( 2 p − 3q ) x − 6
Comparing the like terms,
p + q = 5, 2 p − 3q = 5
∴ 2 p − 3q = 5
3 p + 3q = 15
5 p = 20 ⇒ p = 4
∴ p =1
Now x2 − 4 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 3)( x − 1) = 0
⇒ x = 1, 3
x2 − x − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2 )( x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = − 1, 2
∴ The roots are -1, 2, 1, 3
20. Solve x 4 + 4 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 12 x + 9 = 0 . Given that it has two pairs of equal roots
x 4 + 4 x3 − 2 x 2 − 12 x + 9 = 0
Let the roots be α , α , β , β
Sum of the roots , 2 (α + β )
= −4⇒α + β = −2
Let αβ = p
The equation having root α , β is
x2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
i.e., x 2 + 2 x + p = 0
∴ x 4 + 4 x3 − 2 x 2 − 12 x + 9
=  x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ 
2
= x4 + 4 x3 + ( 2 p + 4 ) x2 + 4 px + p 2
Comparing coefficients of x on both sides
4 p = − 12 ⇒ p = − 3
x2 + 2 x + p = 0
∴ x4 + 4 x3 + ( 2 p + 4) x2 + 4 px + p2
Comparing coefficients of x on both sides
4 p = − 12 ⇒ p = −3
x2 + 2 x + p = 0 ⇒ x2 + 2 x − 3 = 0
⇒ ( x +3)( x − 1) = 0
⇒ x = − 3, 1
∴ The root s of the given equation are − 3, − 3, 1, 1
21. Solve 6 x 4 − 13x3 − 35 x 2 − x + 3 = 0 given that one of its root is 2 + 3
Sol: 2 + 3 is a root ⇒ 2 − 3 is also a root
The equation having roots
2 ± 3 is x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
∴ x 2 − 4 x + 1 is a factor of
6 x 4 − 13 x 3 − 53 x 2 − x + 3 = 0
6 x 2 + 11x + 3 = 0
⇒ 6x2 + 9x + 2x + 3 = 0
⇒ 3x ( 2 x + 3) + 1( 2 x + 3) = 0
⇒ ( 3x + 1)( 2 x + 3) = 0
1 −3
⇒ x= − ,
3 2
1 −3
∴ The roots of the given equation are − , , 2 ± 3
3 2
22. Find the polynomial equation of degree 4 whose roots are the negatives root of
x 4 − 6 x3 + 7 x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) ≡ x 4 − 6 x3 + 7 x 2 − 2 x + 1
The required equation is f ( − x ) = 0
i.e., ( − x ) − 6 ( − x ) + 7 ( − x ) − 2 ( − x ) + 1 =)
4 3 2
∴ x 4 + 6 x3 + 7 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0
25. Find the algebraic equation of the degree 4 whose roots are 3 times the roots of the
equation
6 x 4 − 7 x3 + 8 x 2 − 7 x + 2 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) ≡ 6 x4 − 7 x3 + 8x2 − 7 x + 2
 x
The required equation is f   = 0
3
4 3 2
i.e., 6   − 7   + 8   − 7   + 2 = 0
x x x x
3 3 3 3
6 x 4 7 x3 8x2 7 x
i.e., − + − +2=0
81 27 9 3
∴ 6 x 4 − 21x3 + 72 x 2 − 189 x + 162 = 0
23. Form the equation whose roots are m times the roots of the equation
x2 x 1
x3 + − + = 0 and deduce the case when m = 12
4 16 72
x2 x 1
Sol: Let f ( x ) ≡ x 3 + − +
4 16 72
x
m
3 2
i.e.,   +   −   +
x 1 x 1 x 1
=0
m 4  m  16  m  72
x3 x2 x 1
i.e., 3
+ 2
− + =0
m 4m 16m 72
m 2 m2 m2
∴ x3 + x − ×+ =0
4 16 72
When m = 12
12 2 144 144 × 12
x3+ x − ×+ =0
4 16 72
∴ x3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x + 24 = 0
24 Find the algebraic equation of degree 5 whose roots are the translates of the root of
x5 + 4 x3 − x 2 + 11 = 0 by -3
Sol: Let f ( x ) ≡ x5 + 4 x3 − x2 + 11
The required equation is f ( x + 3) = 0
The required equation is
x5 + 15 x 4 + 94 x3 + 305 x 2 + 507 x + 353 = 0
25. Find the algebraic equation of degree 4 whose roots are 4 x 4 + 32 x3 + 83 x 2 + 76 x + 21 = 0
by 2
Sol: Let ( x ) ≡ 4 x4 + 32 x3 + 83x2 + 76 x + 21
The required equation is f ( x −2 ) = 0
The required equation is
4 x 3 − 13 x 2 + 9 = 0
26. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of the
equation
x 4 + 3x3 − 6 x 2 + 2 x − 4 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) ≡ x 4 + 3x3 − 6 x 2 + 2 x − 4
1
 x
4 3 2
i.e.,   + 3   − 6   + 2   − 4 = 0
1 1 1 1
x x x x
1 1 1 1
i.e., 4
+3 3 −6 2 +2 −4=0
x x x x
i.e., 1 + 3x − 6 x 2 + 2 x3 − 4 x 4 = 0
27. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of
x3 − x2 + 8 x − 6 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) ≡ x3 − x2 + 8x − 6
The required equation is f ( x) = 0
( x) −( x)
3 2
i.e., +8 x −6=0
⇒ x x + x+8 x −6=0
⇒ x ( x + 8) = x + 6
Squaring on both sides
( )
⇒ x x 2 + 16 x + 64 = x 2 + 12 x + 36
⇒ x 3 + 16 x 2 + 64 x − x 2 − 12 x − 36 = 0
∴ x3 + 15 x 2 + 52 x − 36 = 0
27. Solve the equation 4 x3 − 13x 2 − 13x + 4 = 0
Sol: 4 x3 − 13 x 2 − 13 x + 4 = 0 is a reciprocal equation of first class and of odd degree. Thus -1 is a
root of the given equation
4 x 2 − 17 x + 4 = 0 ⇒ 4 x 2 − 16 x − x + 4 = 0
⇒ 4 x ( x − 4 ) − 1( x − 4 ) = 0
⇒ ( x − 4)( 4 x − 1) = 0
1
⇒ x = 4 or
4
1
∴ The roots are −1, 4,
4
28. Solve x 4 + x3 − 4 x 2 + x + 1 = 0
Sol: Given equation is x 4 + x3 − 4 x 2 + x + 1 = 0
This is a reciprocal equation of even degree and of first class
Given equation can be written as
1 1
x2 + x − 4 + + =0
x x2
 1  1
i.e.,  x 2 + +x +  − 4 = 0 -------------- (1)
 x2   x
1 1
Put x + = y ⇒ x2 + 2 = y 2 − 2
x x
∴ (1) Becomes ( y 2 − 2 ) + ( y ) − 4 = 0
⇒ y2 + y − 6 = 0
⇒ ( y + 3) ( y − 2 ) = 0
⇒ y = − 3, 2
1
Case (i) y = − 3 ⇒ x + =−3
x
x2 + 1
⇒ =−3
x
⇒ x 2 + 1 = − 3x
⇒ x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
−3 ± 9 − 4 −3 ± 5
∴x = =
2 2
1
Case (ii) y = 2 ⇒ x + =2
x
⇒ x2 + 1 = 2 x
⇒ x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1) = 0
2
∴ x = 1, 1
−3 ± 5
∴ The roots are 1, 1,
2
29. Solve x 5 − 5 x 4 + 9 x3 − 9 x 2 + 5 x − 1 = 0
Sol: Given equation is x5 − 5 x 4 + 9 x3 − 9 x 2 + 5 x − 1 = 0
Is a reciprocal equation of odd degree and of class two
∴ 1 is a root of the given equation
⇒ ( x − 1) is a factor of
x5 − 5 x 4 + 9 x3 − 9 x 2 + 5 x − 1 = 0
x4 + 4 x3 + 5x2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
4 1
⇒ x2 − 4 x + 5 − + =0
x x2
 1   1
⇒  x 2 + 2  − 4  x +  + 5 = 0 -----------(1)
 x   x
1 1
Put x + = y ⇒ x2 + 2 = y 2 − 2
x x
∴ (1) Becomes ( y 2 − 2 ) − 4 y + 5 = 0
⇒ y2 − 4 y + 3 = 0
⇒ ( y − 1)( y − 3) = 0
⇒ y = 1, 3
1
Case (i) y = 1 ⇒ x + =1
x
x2 + 1
⇒ =1
x
⇒ x2 + 1 = x
⇒ x2 − x + 1 = 0
1 ± 1 − 4 1 ± 3i
∴x = =
2 2
1
Case (ii) y = 3 ⇒ x + =3
x
x2 + 1
⇒ = 3 ⇒ x 2 + 1 = 3x
x
⇒ x 2 − 3x + 1 = 0
3± 9−4 3± 5
∴x = =
2 2
1 ± 3i 3 ± 5
1, ,
2 2
30. Solve the equation 6 x 6 − 25 x 5 + 31x 4 − 31x 2 + 25 x − 6 = 0
Sol: Given equation is 6 x 6 − 25 x 5 + 31x 4 − 31x 2 + 25 x − 6 = 0 is a reciprocal equation of second

class and of even degree
∴ x 2 − 1 is a factor of
6 x 6 − 25 x 5 + 31x 4 − 31x 2 + 25 x − 6 = 0
6 x 4 − 25 x3 + 37 x 2 − 25 x + 6 = 0
25 6
⇒ 6 x 2 − 25 x + 37 − + =0
x x2
 1   1
⇒ 6  x 2 + 2  − 25  x +  + 37 = 0 ----------- (1)
 x   x
1 1
Put x + = y ⇒ x2 + 2 = y 2− 2
x x
( )
∴ (1) Becomes 6 y − 2 − 25 ( y ) + 37 = 0
2
⇒ 6 y 2 − 12 − 25 y + 37 = 0
⇒ 6 y 2 − 25 + 25 = 0
⇒ 6 y 2 − 15 y − 10 y + 25 = 0
⇒ 3 y ( 2 − 5) − 5 ( 2 y − 5) = 0
⇒ ( 2 y − 5 ) ( 3 y − 5) = 0
5 5
⇒y= ,
2 3
5 1 5 x2 + 1 5
Case (i): y = ⇒ x+ = ⇒ =
2 x 2 x 2
⇒ 2 x2 + 2 = 5x
⇒ 2 x2 − 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ ( 2 x − 1)( x − 2 ) = 0
1
∴x= , 2
2
5 1 5 x2 + 1 5
Case (ii) y = ⇒ x + = ⇒ =
2 x 3 x 3
⇒ 3x 2 + 3 = 5 x
⇒ 3x 2 − 5 x + 3 = 0
5 ± 25 − 36
⇒x=
6
5 ± 11i
∴x =
6
1 5 ± 11i
± 1, , 2,
2 6

Theory of Equations Part 2

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Theory of Equations Part 2

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Theory of Equations Part 2

Long Answer Questions:

Sol: 1st Method

Let α , β , γ are the roots of the equation

i.e.,  −6 (15 − y )  =  14 − y ( y − 25) 

= 14 y 2 − 700 y + 8750 − y 3 + 50 y 2 − 625 y

Sol: 2nd Method

Let α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0

It is an odd degree reciprocal equation of class two.

∴ The roots of x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0 are

Therefore the cubic equation with roots

( x − 5)( x −13)( x −10) = 0

(i.e.,) x 3 − 28 x 2 + 245 x − 650 = 0

Sol: 1st Method

Let α , β , γ are the roots of the equation

⇒ 5832 − 126 ( y 2 − 14 y + 49 ) + 6 ( y 3 − 21y 2 + 147 y − 343) = 0

∴ The equation with roots

Sol: 2nd Method

α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 − 7 x + 6 = 0

By trial and error method x = 1 satisfy this equation.

∵ α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 − 7 x + 6 = 0

Now (α − β ) = 1 − ( −3)  = ( 4 ) − 16

∴ The cubic equation whose roots are

Sol: Given α, β, γ are the roots of

4. Solve x 4 + x3 − 16 x 2 − 4 x + 48 = 0, given that the product of two of the roots is 6

Sol: Suppose α , β , γ , δ are the roots of x 4 + x3 − 16 x 2 − 4 x + 48 = 0 -------------- (1)

Sum of the roots ⇒ α + β + γ + δ = − 1 and product of the roots = αβγδ = 48

∴ Product of two roots is 6

The equation having roots α , β is

i.e., x 2 − px + 6 = 0 --------- (2)

The equation having the roots γ , δ is

i.e., x 2 − qx + 8 = 0 ------------- (3)

∴ From (1), (2) and (3)

Comparing the like terms

Substitute the value of p is eq (2)

Substitute, the value of q in eq(3)

∴ The roots of the given

Sol: Suppose α , β , γ , δ are the roots of the equation

The equation having the roots

The equation having the roots

From (1), (2) and (3)

Comparing the coefficients of x and constants

Substitute the value of p in eq--------- (2)

Substitute the value of q in eq----------- (3)

∴ The roots of the given equation are

Sol: Suppose α , β , γ are the roots of

∵ One root is equal to half of the sum of the remaining two

∴ The roots of the given equation are

Equation having roots α , β is

Comparing the coefficient of x

Comparing the coefficient of x 2 ,

Comparing the constant terms

∴ The required conditions are

Sol: Let f ( x ) = x5 − 5x3 + 5x 2 − 1

x − 1 is a factor of f ' ( x ) and f ( x )

⇒ 1 is a root of above equation

(∵ Sum of the coefficients is zero)

∴ 1 is the required root

(ii) Find the repeated roots of x5 − 3x 4 − 5 x 3 + 27 x 2 − 32 x + 12 = 0

Sol: Let f ( x ) = x5 − 3x4 − 5x3 + 27 x2 − 32 x + 12

f ' ( x ) = 5x4 − 12 x3 − 15x2 + 54 x − 32

∴ x − 2 is a common factor of f ' ( x ) and f ( x ) 2 is a multiple root of f ( x ) = 0

g ' ( x ) = 3x2 + 2 x − 5 = ( 3x + 5)( x − 1)