1. IMPRDANCES OF OvERIERAD HRANGMESSTON LENS Values of impedance are usually avatlsble from transmission line manufacturers or from tables for standard line configurations and conductor 1ypea, If thie snforaation {# not avatlable then valuse of impedance can be calculated sa follove 1 SMOGTRIGAL CIRCUIT a > = H+ 0,00159F + $0,00866F 08,9 2, = impedance of conductor with "th returns ohne /ail = S.GO158r + JOscM6ée tomo Pe = mutual tnpedance Detveen oo ¢ Darallel conductors vith conmon a Garth retum. obse/aile. Ten yr hy Be OU oF) D = + 2a, = H+ O.0087TF + 0.01398 108,5 here R = conductor asce resistances system frequency. = geometric mean radius of a sinele conductors D = spacing tetveen parallel conductors. = 2160/07; = equivaient spacing of the earth return path (in ft. (= arth resietivity in ohmactres, Typical value in UK 18 100, Note thet seactances ate sometines exptessed in teims of loge voheve:- NegigN + O-4348 loge1.2 wos-smeGmarcaL cracure. TRANSPOSED, A oot ns 4 Bye ty = Br JO00HEf tog B o 2, = R + 0.00477F + 30,01298F 10845 an distance between conductors. ‘mere D = "Viggo Tg, = geometric 16 NoWssnagmercan CIRCUIT, NOR TRANSPOSED, WOO AND WETSOUD EAROH WIRE ee ees ot Thea tT Tho = That Then * Toho Se ere Daa Baa Tae 1 Day Tay tat Tae Fos ~ Fee” Foe Pee Fee qq B+ O.00159E + J0,00466F 1064, D, a and Zy, = 0.00159 + J0,00466F logy Dy oto,B The general sequence component ecuations are y, to = Boake + Foyly + Byale YH Bygly #2 y4Ty + Zygly Yo = Fogly + Bayly + Bggly tere 12 Bg tH Ogg 6 ay toe) #9 Oxy * ha) Byy = Byq = (3,, + Boy + Fog) — + (Fgh + Boo * Fao) By = Bag = 8 Ogg + Ay + gg) — F (agg t yg + AF) Bg = Bag = 4 Ugg + Aba ® gq) (2g, + yg + 8g) Bp =F Ogg t yy + AFeg) +E (IgG + yg tag) Igy = Egg + ATyt ee) + F (Fy + Bye t+ Wag) Sequonce mutual impedances 2544 Zo ‘be neglected. 2, ete. are very small and can uowally: a's Vo = Tagg ¥y = 2444 ym Baty Vy = Zapp ‘when no earth vize in veed + Jay gy eter toh NOM-GYMENRICAL DOUBLE CIRCUIT. NOT TRANSPOSED. ‘WET AND WIHOUP BART WIR,Rigorous solution with earth wine gives = %gly + fyqly + Zyqlg + 2yqho! * Yop" Wy Bate + Hyaly + Mate + Bylot + 24"! + 2, 2 = Boab + ayly * Ueake + gg'Ig! + tay'Ty sre for cizeult ABC, A similar set would be obtained For A'BIC', AAT sequence mutal npedances apart from 2g! are very st usually be neglected, 21 and can We Ny = Toole + Bogle! n= Baty Bagly gg * 4 Ong t Bay t Boe) + EO gy + Foe * Fas) to! * 4 (Dag! + Fug! * Bau! * Bay! + Buy" + Bop! * Bag! * Fug! * Foo! 244 = Bap = 4 Gag + Fy t Foo) — $ Gay t eo * Fae) fat Marta oe rag * BF OLCOISSE + $0,00466F 20Byy Dy etee my 0.001590 + J0.00456F loi Dy etoe Be a Without earth wire 1.5 TYPICAL OvERUAD LIME INPRDANCES ‘Those are shova in Table 1 and represent Ola inpedancea for typtosl ‘overhead lines in the U.K, Figures are for Lines vith one earth wire, (4) Barth foutt impedance 2g = self impedance with earth return, odified by earth wire. Faas Iyy M4 gq ansumed to de equal. we ag Tay Baa 1 Tay Tay Be? tag “Bog “He? ie Tee5 (44) mutual iapedance between 2 phases of a Line Zq1 = mutual inpedance between ‘wo Parallel conductors with comon earth retum find moiified by earth wires = Faye Tye and Fog asoumed 10 be equal. wnere 5, hoe etes (G11) mutual tapedarce tetvoon 2 phases of different ctrouits of double cireust Line ag Bogs otee assuned to be equal where igat = 2, tos Kir) Positive sequence impedance 25, = $ (yy + Fyy + Pag) ~ # Oxy * Poe * Pac) oe Fay, () taco moquence Iuyedance for « wingie cleat ag tH ag * ay 4 hea) #9 ny Ore * an) Cae (vs) taro sequence smpedance for a double cizoutt Iine with equal sero sequence current in each cireult flowing in the sane directions Yo = Boake * Foo'Fo! wis at Yo = Ty (2a + Zag") = Tyeane Were Tyg! = 4 Cag! + Fog! + Feat + Ban! t Fon! + Fon! + Bgl * Fae! * Boe! #4) = yy yg + lag! * By + Ugy + MapGels) taro aacunnen tapedance for a double cfneatt Vine with mpsal sere ‘Sequence current in each circult floving in opposite directions, Im thie oase T,! = Ye = Ty (a9 ~ Zoo! and the required impedance = Z5p¢ * Zgg ~ Zao" = My + May, - Sage 146° GRNGRAL OBSHRVATTONS AND APPROXIMATIONS 1.6.1 Effect of Geometric Mean Radia (xp) on Self Tmpodances Z,24 Zy, and Ze, A typhoal range of 2G 19 f20m 0.02 0 0409 ty If ng {9 vithin thie range then using 29 = 0,0(2 ft, wil] introduce an ‘error on the reactance within 1% (with ¢ = 100 che metres). 146.2 Effect of Harth Resietivity (€) (1) Barth reatotivity has no effect on the values of 24, and Zope (55) 4, sytont van on (18 00 tat Por iterent value of ¢ fhe values of foo anf Zao! with = 100 should be increased Y $33" 0.00468 Tong (AE V6 ‘Values of inpodance for typical 152k¥ ciroaite show that if ¢ da within the ‘range of 50 to 200 cha mia. and value of ¢ = 100 ohm mta,ie used, shen the possible erzore in Z)) and Z,0" will be within 4 Gb and 4 12.3% of the ‘correct value respectively. °Engle error is very emall aid can be neglected. 146.3 Bffect of Barth Wires (3) Barth wires have virtually no effect on the values of Z4, and Zope (31) Based on figures for typical 15247 lines, on Single Giroutt Lines + V earth wire reduces Z,, by approxinately 22%. 1 earth wire reduces /Zgo by approriaately 7.5°s (on Double Ciroutt Lines + Vearth wire nedue gg OY aPECoRSRAtaly Ke oa Wy spprorinately 5.5% 1 earth wire reduces Zoo! by approximately 31K 1 earth wire reduc 1 earth wire reduces /Zgg! by approximately 9.5°.h 146.3. (Continued) (41) om Doubte cézeust Lines + Z earth vires reduce 2, by approximately 22K. 2 earth wires reduce (lag by approxinately 7°, 2 earth wines xeduoo Zp! by approninately dike 2 earth vires reduce /Zgo! by approximately 13°. 146.4 Bffect of Tover Footing Resistance (=) "This increases the value of Zoo but the effect decreases as the Line Length Ancreates, For 1% aoouracy the resistance can be ignored if the Line length exceeds 50° ale ‘Typical values for a 1524V single etzeult Line having 6 tovers per mile ares 1 earth wise, © = 0, Zoo = 1.776 [692 59 1 earth vine, r= 101, 50 miles 24, = 14796 (69° 59! earth wine, r= 104, 10 stlee Zoo = 14685 (69° 554 467 2880 sBQOENCE BIVALENT CIRCUITS {OR DOUBLE CIRCUIT LNs TeTe1 Double Cirouit Lines without comon terinale ‘Tale ie shown in Fie, 14 where Zp © Zoo = Ze + 2nl, = zero sequence Une Fee = Zoq! = Ze! + 2qi,' = zero sequence self impedance of Line Pah Zo = Zoo! = Suz = nero sequence mutual impedance. Ut impedance of EB 167.2 Double Cizeust Line with common busbere ‘st one end only Tale Se show in Figs 25 here Zp = lg = Ug + Zql, = Hero sequence self impedance of Lines G3 and 1) (aosuned equal). Zo = Zoo! = Stag = zero sequence mutual impedance between Unee GF and He 173 Doula, Cizeutt Lines with common busbare 3 Bebe tna oe im ‘Mia is shom in Fig. 3. 1eTeA Dowble Ghreult Lines with one Line open Tot Doyo Lines with one 1 sarthed at both ends ‘Tia se shown én Ples de‘Tapia (1) + OVERKEAD LIME PARAMEMIRS PER MITE (AP SoHE) oe SES 7, | O.04s4sor24 | 04085430.20 | 0,027543.46 orz05/i73 | o-eTCa6ed .08430.26 | 0.064§0.25 | 0.03543.52 0,06490.61 oi26é¢7i.0 | orzse/T5.4 | 0:505/84 oter6 (a4. Ae above As arove 9,96550,29 ee OreeZi5c42, THPRMANCES OF UNMERGROWND CABLES 2.1 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SBQUENCE. IMPEDNNCES 2etet Thoee Phage Cables ‘me affect of the sheath 4 negligible, Re (error gue 40 sheath 4e between 5 and 5K on the largest cables). 0.004668 logy9 2 obaa/aite. % 21,2 Single Phase Cables ‘Voltages are induced in the sheath, X2 ohme/nile. Rea? 0.00466f ogg D = __Xq> ___ohma/aie, Re eae ‘weret= = resistance of one phase coniuctors = resistance of sheath at 40°, = Golg (1+ 404.) shma/attey to 20h x 106 x 1g 1760x5512 x 2.54 (1+ 40 (0400811) eon aoe tie fo) cer = OM hme fai les Ge Fy f¢ = seotativity of teed abeath = 20.4 x 10° otme.ens at 0%. = length of sheath at 0° (1 mile) expressed in cms, rath at O° = 0.00411. Ag = temperature coefficient of a Ac = area of oross-section of sheath at O° in ea2, = x 2654? (2,2 ~ 2,2) cats= outaide dlaneter of sheath in ina, = Anside disneter of sheath in ina, D = geometric mean distance of the three phase condustere in inse = geonetric wean radius of one phase conductor in in. X, = 0.00466 toy 20 otms/atlow 10 amy 2.2 iano SpgmmCs TPRDANCES Zero sequence current floving in the phase conductors of a cable circuit must return via the sheath and/or ground, Therefore the 2ero-aoquence Sspedance will depend on the method of bonding and grcunding used: (4) 1f the cable ie bonded and grounded, then the return current will fivide between the sheath and ground. Since the earth revurn path an contain pipes anf other conducting material, sero sequence $npedances quoted by manufacturers weuslly assune that all return current will pass through the sheath, (48) 3f the cable ie solidly bonded and not grounded, then all the retum current will flow in the sheath sinless the insulation Tetween sheath and ground ie damaged, (411) If the cable has no sheath or uses sheath broken by inoulating leaves, all the return cument will flow in the ground and none in the sheath. 242+ three Phase Cable “he zere aequence equivalent eireult is shown in Figs 5s 100 Bho + Ryle Reta ‘wheres ‘= Anternal coaponent of sero sequence immedance Frag * arog ~ Mase Zaqag = Self Ampedance of single conductor with earth retum, = By +g + J0.00466E 1o6}9 Dy obae/ail a = resistance of one phase contuctorsOa = resistance of earth retum path = 0,095 ome/sile. = equivalent spacing of earth return path = 2160 VQ], te = earth reniativity in ohoeetres, = geonetsie mean radius of a single conductor (in sane unite as Dg). = mutual {apedance with common earth retum between any pair of Phase conductors = Ry + J0.00456 logy) Dy ohas/aile. ? = geometric mean dintance between centres of the three phase ‘Sonductore, ‘= mutual impedance with common earth return betveen sheath and Goncentric inner ondustor = fy + 30,00466! lomyy 2, ohae/atle, = outeide radius of sheath (in sane unite an De) + = internal radiue of sheath (in cane unite a2 Jp). = Ry + 90,00466F oe;g e 222 « (age?) a = Re + S0.010F 1o6jo ( FaML J otan/attes War geonetric ean radiue of the conducting path made up of the ‘ree phase conductors acting aa a groupe sesistance of the sheath on the cable being considered = 0.182 ohma/aite. 2 Hee depends on the number of grounded sheathe, - for single cable with grounded shesthe Tyqag {07 single cable with grounded abeas = Pang ~ Byvag £98 single cable vith groumded sheath (4) ser” Tere) pi eddtttonalporallel grounded sheath (9) ng ) on another saber Gove” fans” faa Serene for single cable with grounied sheath (v) plus two addi tional parallel grounded sheaths (u) and (v) on other cabless‘mutual dapedance with comon earth retum betw want y sheathe = a + SOOD466E towyo De ohae/attes Dyp = Aistance betveen axes of sheathe and ve Rg + 30.0086 L045 22 ohna/mile. Zeng 2 hy = resistance of sheath v= 0,189 ohsa/aile, oe Xf all the retum current flovs in the sheath, Tyg * Thy + Be {If all the setum cursent flows in the ground, 290 = Bo + py sn alternative equivalent ofrouit for a single three phase cable is obtained ty replacing Zp ty (Ze-la)y the sheath branch by (ZqrZa) and the ground ranch by Ze Sere: Fo Taare * ate. HAG + e+ EEE 20g BPE wg + 5 + SOMO Log 2h ar 2 Fag Fg + J0,00466F 2osjg Ze”, = 3, + 0.0140F t0¢,y De Goes GoD y= By + Mogg Rg + 3g + J0.0140F 10B,9 ee om 2 2 Single Phase Cables ‘For three single phase cables, Zo @ Ry + 3; + $0.0140F 10649Be oun. fa 7 Bg + $OO140E 108, Dye yt By 4 Mg + S.ONOE dogg Be woaze all symbols are as before except D, = geometric mean distance between conductor contre goneteic mean radive of the conducting path of the the fn peralier © Yorgeny) 0? z aheathe Djg = geometric mean of all separations betwet * Seavey 2 ~ Y(zores) = = ‘aheathe and contuetoresMN GENERATOR TIPEDANCES nen a fault ocoure on the terminals of a generator, the requlting current hes ah asce component Tyg and a dace component Ider 3e1 smmommmrcat, Ac comment Bee Figs 6 ‘he folvoving expreseion is noraaily used to deternine the a any tine t folloving fault, assuning no voltage regulation Tyg Cg" = Fy'e "4 (aa? = ade “Ye eres Ig" = oubtransiont current ise, the initial current when ¢ = 0 ‘Caused by the presence of danping vindings. = subtransient tine constant usually leas than 50 m.secs. and is the tine taken for (Ia" = tq’) to fall to 36.5% of ite initial value, (re"ta") © for machines without damper windings. Ig! = transient current (ses the initial current when t = O when the effect of damper windings ie ignored, = transient time constant ugusliy betveen 1 and 3 secs, and is the tine taken for (I{'=1g) to fall to 36.0% of ite initial value, Ta = steady atate currents 3.2 UNEDIRDCTTONAL, De CURRENT ‘Te dice component of current depends on the point on vave at which the Fault ofoure and vill be equal and opposite to the magnitude of (Zd"-IL) here Ty i the pre-fault load currents Tae =~ (1a = ty) tn @" = = 4 (1g"ats) coe dye “Tae Mnerer= 4" = angle of the sine vavo of 8" vhon t= 0 i.e, BY = 5” sin (vt +4) ge = dace tne constantsXz = negative sequence reactance of the sachin Ba = dice reaietance of the armature, Zagn = Bigg + Siggy * impedance between generator and the faults BT = internal voltage on the generator behind the subtranaient reactance, with precfault load current, Yor faulte on the gynerstor terninals gg vill depend on the type of generstor End alll be usttin the approximate range’ of 0,05 0 0,9 sects Por fauiea impedance will doninate ani since this vill generally have a lover reactance/ Fosistence ratio than Uw generator, dg can often be ignored. 3.3 SUMRANSI? REACTANCE XK" This is used as the positive sequence inpodance in fault calculations for the application of high speed protections i.e. those with operating tines of the ome order a the subtrancient time constant 7, 8° = internal voltage behind eubtransient reactance of the machines = ey = terminal voltage before the fault. = prenfoult Load currents ‘Typical valuee of Xg" vary from 7K for turbine generators to 50K for saltent pole generators vithout damper vindines. 3-4 TRANSIT REACTANCE Xa" Tis 1s used as the positive sequence inpedance in fault calculations for the application of protections whose operating tinea are longer than the subtreneient tine conatant, If the machine doeo not have an automate woltage regulator then t may be necessary to take current decresent into Consideration when applying inverse tine overcurrent relays,18. For a three phase fault, 7 7 tale tae wy he Et = internal voltage behind transient reactance of the naching, = Beaty! ‘Typical valusa of Xi! vary fron 12% for turbine gmeratore to 536 for salient: pole generatoray SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE 4 Male is used as the positive sequence {apedance when calewlating the final steady state val Yor a thee phate font or me verese 1B = terinal voltage taken from the air gap Line at the >re-fault Feld currents Typical values of Ka are from 6K to 120K. NDATIVE SEQUENCE REACTANGE X2 ‘This has approxinately the sane value as X;". 37 THRO SBQUENCE HEACTANCE Xp ‘The zero sequence reactance is quite variable and depenie on the pitch of ‘the armature vinding, It ia usually mich amaller than the positive and hegative sequence resctances, ‘Iypical values Of Xo are tom Tf for turbine generators 10 26% for aalient pole generators. 3.8 EFFECT OF AUTOMATIC YOLTAGE REGULATORS Tt 4s nov common for machines to have automatic voltage regalaters vows function is to control the excitation ant thereby atteapt to maintain the fnachine terminal voltage at a constant preset value, Under ahort cireutt conditions, the regulator will increase the {013 voltage in an atveapt to restore the terminal voltage to {te normal pre-fault valium,‘The resulting increased field current produces an increase in the short cizealt current above that vhich would othervise occurs the effect of & typical regulator on the three phase short cinoust current of my unloaded generator {8 show in Fig. 7. ‘The variation of short etroult {sa function of + (a) the response tise of the regulators (@) Te Field eszoutt tine constant. (c) Te maximus avattable field supply voltages REPERICES Protective Relay Applications Guide - GEC Alsthem Protection and Conve Bleotrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book - Westinghouse. Peult Calculation by CHLM, Lackey. Oliver and Boyd. Ctroutt Analysis of A.C. Pover Systema, Vole I and II by Biith ark ‘Joun Wiley & Sone. Power Systems Protection, Vol. I, Electrictty Council, Macdonald & Cos18, Q Tom 20 @ : Zo-Zom (Io*lo)Zom P Q Te To a Pp 9 -Zom Tof = Zom ©) Toioizom ©) EIG |. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TWO COUPLED CIRCUITS WITH NO COMMON TERMINALS @ Two circuits PQ AND P’, Q’ with SELF 2ERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE Z, AND Z3 AND MUTUAL IMPEDANCE Zom © EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT WITH 1:1 TRANSFORMER © EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT WITH NEGATIVE IMPEDANCE,G iz J I (iva)Zo ' =, ' ' ' 1 (ten | xton ' Tou Cte ; aa Z x——_ a ZERO. @ POTENTIAL G te (2M Zo-Ton) ——2(Zo2or) J Wex)Tom — (l+X)(Zo- Ton), %(ZorTom) H F 2eRo D POTENTIAL. FIG. 2, ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT WITH COMMON BUS BARS AT ONE END @ >) ACTUAL ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORK EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF (a)ToasTow BIG. (2) (D(o-Ton) y *(Zo-Ton) xlon ier Gaon (a0 lee-Ton) 2 lteDon) to) 3. ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT WITH COMMON BUS BARS AT BOTH ENDS (a) ACTUAL ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORK (&) THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF (a)Tog Zo - H | -— (arlal Lou=loc Zom z Ss FIG. 4. ZERO SEQUENCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT QF A DOUBLE CIRCUIT WITH ONE CIRCUIT OPENED AND EARTHED AT BOTH ENDS (@) ACTUAL NETWORK (©) EQUIVALENT ZERO SEQUENCE CIRCUIT OF (2)22, ‘SHEATH BRANCH 3RsortZs-2m) Ios Jo, Zoo! o> 5 [0 ay Bzexesim Jo9 ROO BRANCH Current in sheath = 3 Tog Current in ground plus other sheaths = 3 Tog THe FIG 6. VARIATION OF STOR_FAULT CURRENT AFTER FAULT INSTANT, NO VOLTAGE REGULATIONoe wermeon ave te ere cotter 6 FUG. 7. EFFECT OF AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATION ON, s 1 LURRENT OF GENEERTORS.APPENDIX |. DERIVATION OF ZERO SEQUENCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR A DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE loa ton Vee #Vag + Tow (l-DZo +Zeg (l-4) Lom + (Hee +ZoudCl-2) Zor “Loy (ox) 2oy# Zon (2) 20 + (Hog +Zoy) es) Zon + on (0) Zy-Zan) oo © Nes * Leg 2o + Zou (I-2) 20m - (Zoe+ Tez) x Zon + Tog Zo + Zou 1-8) Zong # Zag l8Y Lan “Tog (120m Tags lon “eg * Tana + (Loy sZog)Ule2) Lom + Loe (Zo-Zom) Loz. ton = @ Nee + (Logos) x Ze - Tog. Zon + Tog. Zon -Lag-tlon + (Zoq+Tos)aZo - Tog. lon + Log. = Lom + (Tog +Toz)(x Ze -% Zon) a The following equitlent evienit complias with equatisns © ,Dand® > (Ze-Zom) (eto)as APPENDIX 2 ‘any aresto-erqng Jo eaynasts ont wm onoriog eave rengnn somnbet-o1 =| * Tet broly eve] var es eure aeofaser two] vere ca 505 eH + zze-ofpisrot + C50" wore ue | os Grove oe [= ore ae = eve zi = —- re mee Ls [tem bs26 (eovurnge) ome nowemas eoroun “VED 6 ve | sooo | wooo | ono om ou | ewer s vo | exons wore | 0.120.100 sta ex__| aro t ro 0 | © sor ote se zee | ero eo oa owe ste ca | were xo Orr a zu | wore Oat Oat e ra | aero ere oer o we et aieot vost | erot vcar'o | womens wooo | wee sone | ow onto ” vero ae | prot emere | orn i 7 wero rte | oot sve | oe oO re Gg wrot sic | svat eeare | semen Fo « - Sl a aie aed oop oreeeter tore zeit | amreny | PER ETE TES HS BY HOT TMP THT,oa ina Tain eeeom Jeet] tse] Be] sat BRIE | See | Bee uae Ts | ® |e 5 es! Marsares [eno [a0] so [amo wo] - pen a eee ele 1. aor [13.1 63 os weweeem™ lias [as 35 7 | 03 Hieaite fate [10.0 [we] 175 |.0 ao | ose | Reenbe te ™ Jao | 1.0] 195 [15.0 ns | ss 2.2 HF come a Fi nel aa Bohoaterator at.0 | 206 | aay > eer mam [reo [2.5 | 20 eo | cue Seems [oso [ss] as re | 0 | eno See ees x 6012.0] 040 turbovaltersator ff oe tow ew rem 23.0 | 28.0] 207 [26.0 15.0 | 0.50 (RE