BS.

9
First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

STUDY OF SPATIAL PATTERNS

PATTERNS AND STRUCTURES IN
THE COASTAL VILLAGE KAUMAN NORTH CENTRAL JAVA

Marwoto
Universitas Kebangsaan
Terusan Halimun 37 Bandung
marwoto66@ymail.com

Characters living in places where the Muslim community in Indonesia has a

pluralistic expression as well as featuring the unique identity of the various
cultural groups, especially in Java. Characteristic of the Muslims in Java
Ja village
known as Kampung Kauman. This village can be categorized as one of the oldest
settlements in Indonesia and located close to downtown. Picture of the
characteristics of Kampung Kauman in this study aimed to understand the
patterns of spatial structure
structure in the village Kauman Muslim cities of the North
Coast of Java, Central Java Province. This needs to be considered, because each
city ward space structures have similarities and differences that underlie this
study.

Although not all the characters Kauman neighborhoods have in common, but
least recognizable pattern arrangement and form of residential areas may be
appointed as one of the character of settlements in the context of urban
environments. So as to facilitate the processing of the data obtained,
obtai the
analytical model used is the study of typology-morphology.
typology In this method, trying
to raise the character of the structure of spatial patterns Kauman Village. By
reviewing the architectural principles of occupancy, obtained the relationship of
spacee and pattern space settings for each residence that represent the
architectural character in Kampung Kauman. The pattern of village space
Kauman limited to cities that were examined Demak, Kudus, Pati and Jepara.

Character of the structure of spatial patterns

patterns in Kampong Kauman in this case
has similarities to the layout, orientation, hierarchy and functions in it. The
difference lies in the demographics and the development of typology and
morphology of urban space. In principle, the rules of architecture and spatial
patterns, local and related to aspects of local culture.This gives a special
characteristic settlement patterns Kauman village located on the north coast of
Central Java.

Keyword : spatial pattern, identity, typology & morphology

 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

Scope
Central Java’s North coast region is historical legacy left by the area awakened the
Muslim community in the early spread of Islam. One trail that still remains is the
pattern of residential space structure and activity of urban settlements and the
environment
ment of local communities. According to records Pigeud (1967) the cities
are classified into the East Coast Region, residents in the surrounding area
generally embrace Islam ‘Puritan’ thus affecting the socio-cultural
socio cultural life, including
the district capital off Demak, Kudus, Jepara, Pati, and so on. Each city contributes
to the built environment that can be identified through the structure and
organization of the space created and developed in line with the growth of the
city.
Patterns and spatial structure can be found from several characters Kauman
settlements in Central Java, more specifically in this study will then be selected
several neighborhood locations Muslim community who are appointed as a
comparison, but is limited in an environment that is not too far apart. The Muslim
community in the case studies included in one subculture of Java that are within
the scale of a small town (district) and has a base of historical spread of Islam.
Based on these criteria, the focus is directed at the selection of case
cas studies around
area of Mount Muria that there are three city districts that have such Kauman
township Jepara city, Kudus, and Pati. These cities according to Pigeud (1967)
classified into the East Coast region, residents in the surrounding area generally
embrace Islam Puritan thus affecting their socio-cultural
socio cultural life. Even so some other
cities that are relics of the Islamic empire was scattered in the North coast of Java
as Demak, Semarang and Lasem will be interesting to ingredients considerations
and in this case I have limitations that are difficult to avoid.
Assessment methods
A typology study tried to present information and findings from the field with
respect to a sketch of the building mass and placement of building within a area,
this method is used to find the physical picture that can be associated with the
architectural culture of the people living on Kauman. The concept of typology
approach with regard to the discussion of any type. The concept of the type
applied to the special character of individual buildings and can be placed on
groups of buildings with the same class. Formulated within the framework of
architectural types through all forms and classified into classes and groups, as
proposed by Rafael Moneo :
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

“(Type) can most simply be defined

defined as a concept which describes a group of
objects characterized by the same formal structure. It is neither a spatial diagram
nor the average of a serial list. It is fundamentally based on the possibility of
grouping objects by certain inherent structural
structu similarities ”

Moneo gave a simple definition of typology as a concept that describes a group of

objects on the basis of similarity of characters forms the base. Basically typology
based on the possibility of grouping some objects because they have similarities
si
in the basic properties. In fact it could also be said that the typology is an act of
thinking to categorize things.
Study type has the quality of concrete on zoning, because it can classify the
categories of space, mass and a place. As also suggested
suggested by Loeckx “A
typological study maps out the typological composition of tissue fragments, i.e.
the various types of streets, alleys, squares, green areas, dwellings, public
building, monuments, equipment elements, etc.”
etc In architectural typology can be
further abstracted into some kind of scheme and the hierarchical relationships
between space, or space models (linear, cluster, centralized, spread etc.) This
study not only recognize the aspects of form alone but can also be seen from the
function, structural
ructural and aspects of space. Typology of space can be seen from the
smallest sizes (micro) to largest (macro). As in the open space group has the same
function as a shared space, but the relationship between humans can be
distinguished based on the living
living room along with the family in public.
While the morphology of the architecture is a study of some building and objects
related to the process of structure, elements, components, composition regardless
of the function in it. Analysis of the morphology according
according to Loeckx : “A
morphological analysis studies the structural coherence between types, i.e. the
rules of connection, interrelation, position, dimensioning, functioning, etc.“
etc In
this case the morphological analysis in the book “Texts on Architecture & the
City” Vol. 2nd includes a segment of the scale and the city, the neighborhood, the
occupancy and residential.
The scale analysis of the morphology in the city include :
• The position of site selection to the overall network of city, distance to
urban centers and service facilities, village access to the city, and
relationship with facilities in the surrounding villages.
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

• This study explores the global morphological characteristics to be able

remove data such as density, designation of areas, the character
charact of
residential space, etc.
Morphological analysis of regional environmental scale include :

• Articulation of space globally, road network and hierarchy, field, alley,

path, trail, grouping of building and density, etc.

• Analysis of global public hue with between the private, the position of
public service facilities and the overall picture of network infrastructure.
While the analysis in the environmental segment of area traced is through the
space relationship between tissue elements such as the main road,
road secondary
access, the grouping of occupancy, the facility needs services such as shops,
markets etc.
The scale analysis of the morphology in the settlement group include :

• Configure the layout and building group, a detailed system of access and
its rules, the relationship between open space (street, alley, occupancy,
open space etc.)

• Distribution sub-division
sub division between private, semi and public

• Describe in detail the distribution

distribution between the dimension of building and
open space

• Identify centers (cores) in a residential activity

Major role in analyzing the typology and morphology are :
• Finding the main character is fixed or slowly changing contained in a type

• Defining a typology of the physical elements of the city

• To identify the structural relationship among its parts

• To conduct studies on the formulation, structures dynamic, and types of

some urban areas.
From the three sites will be assessed the pattern of spatial structure that is
characteristic of each village Kauman and also affects the lives of people with
facial identification has similarities to the city breath hometown Muslim
community. So there is some sense that will be used to describe the focus of the
problem in this
is study are :
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

Structure of the city

Map Description
Located on the outskirts of the
beach with a pattern of growth and
development space in the center of
the city, this space becomes the
next development for the city of
Jepara, which stems from the
Jepara

structure of space Kauman village.

The structure of urban space that
happens to be spread to South and
East, and usually follow the flow
of circulation that are on the
primary path towards and out of
town Jepara..
Kudus city is situated on the main
route across North Java, so the
development of urban structure
leads to a linear form. Center of the
city stood in the middle of town
Kudus Wetan

and village Kauman be one part of

the center. Among the circulation
contributes to the center, so that
tha the
space density becomes inevitable.
The structure thus does not rule out
the possibility to grow in all
directions when access to the
center provide a strong
contribution.

Pati structure of urban space as

well as Wetan Kudus city located
in the North Coast of Java is an
area of the track so that the
development of the city moving in
a linear structure and has a
development center with a density
Pati

of urban space that originated from

the middle is marked with square
and neighborhoods Kauman Pati.
However, the main access line
does not show a clear pattern,
because the circulation path
alongside the others.
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

Structure of pattern space region

Map Description

Village Kauman Jepara in the

Southern city of open space
(square) with a structure consisting
Kauman Jepara

of growth of trade area (D),

settlements (P), office of the
District (B), Alun-alun
Alun (A), and
Mosque (M). existing road
circulation pattern indicates the
division of distinct and separate
space so as to provide zoning and
scope of its town.

Like the spatial pattern in Jepara

village, Kauman kampong of
Kauman Kudus Wetan

Kudus Wetan located in West is

divided into fabric of space
bounded by the road environment,
where square (A) be the center of
the orientation is between the
density of urban space that is high
enough. The square as a center of
activity indicate the city and gives
a strong image for the local
community.

Pattern formation in space Pati

Kauman indentifies a clear division
of space and give the image that is
formed by the city square (alun-(alun
Kauman Pati

alun) and the existence of the

mosque as a monument to the Pati.
This layout is different from the
other cities above, the structure
struc of a
pattern of open space providing
access path for local communities
to the presence of the image of the
city.
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

Structure of space settlement pattern

Map Description
In detail, the spatial structure of
the village Kauman district is in
the scope of the formation and
circulation is restricted by the
road so that identity of this
Kauman Jepara

village came and different from

other regions, the structure of
space in the neighborhood street
pattern based on the existence of
the axis from North
No to South.
Space density levels and
virtually evenly spread, but
remains oriented towards the
mosque Kauman.
As well as the formation of
spatial structure is characterized
by the circulation path that
extends East to the West so that
Kauman Kudus Wetan

the growth of mass of the

building continues to pack
almost all the space that is within
the village at Kudus Wetan
Kauman. High building density
levels provide a bit of open space
so that the movement does not
become free circulation.
Similarly, orientation of building
more in line with the existing
circulation paths.
The pattern of the fabric of space
on the North Kauman Pati mixed
with the commercial area to the
condition that building more
permanent and good quality,
while in the South formed by the
Kauman Pati

composition of dwelling, but

show developmental and
functional changes, especially in
buildings that are just off the
road. Level of high density gives
obscurity formation of space
structure, but circulation pattern
that stretches like
ike a subtle grid
pattern has been formed.
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

Pattern Analysis
Pattern forming structure of urban space in the area of incremental Kauman
occurs in response to the need for a place and spaces as ingredients. The
relationship between movement and place structures grown simultaneously on one
side can also access in to the living link between space and place.
Overall circulation pattern to the Village all Kauman
into central and orientation activities so that aspect of
the circulation becomes an important
importan point of
orientation and from several places, as in Jepara city
center to give the structure of spaces and circulation
pattern with 3 main line towards the coast as a tourist
area beach, toward the city Tayu that connects cities in
the North Coast of Java, a, and the main access to the
Kudus city, the three met in the region access Kauman
the wheelbase open space (the square) is used as a point of orientation from the
town of Jepara.
While in the town of Kampong Kauman Kudus Wetan
has 3 main access to the outside
utside of the city and one
access to the road environment. Thirdly accessibility to
the cities that played an important role in the spread of
Islam, which means Kudus city has a strategic location
and has contributed to the development of the city is
quite high. Thus forming an open space at the center of
town has a sacred value as the image of Kudus city is
interpreted as the city of ‘saint’. Circulation in the track
density is high enough so that the open space (square) became part of the
orientation of Kudus
udus City.
The structure of the circulation pattern in the town of
Pati has 4 pieces of the orientation towards other cities
such as Kudus, Tayu, Juwana and Purwodadi. Where
each of the four cities the aim of contributing to the
flow of vehicles that make up downtown Pati structure
strong spatial pattern such as the polar direction North
South East and West. Spatial pattern such as these
provide a clear direction as a picture of the placement
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

of open space at the center activities and a central point for the
the town of Pati.
Overall the three cities above illustrates that the Village Kauman is at the center
town and became the central activity for the local community and this provides a
complementary part of on urban point of orientation Islamic breath.

attern Analysis of Space Village Kauman

Pattern
The pattern of spatial structure in Jepara Kauman
formed based on the pattern of vehicle and pedestrian
circulation, where the main access to the mosque as
part of religious activity and other forms of space
segment,, including the main street character (A) in the
area surrounding the village Jepara Kauman as the
main pathway through which four-wheeled
wheeled vehicles.
Land in this location generally describes the limits of
plots that have a clear geometric rectangular shapes.
shapes. When viewed from the street
pattern, the relationship between housing and roads are in the upright position.
Especially those adjacent to roads Sutomo, growth tends to crowded residential
streets. While the main road (B) parallel to the creek (4 – 5 meter
er wide) which divides
the village Kauman, this road is the oldest access indirectly as the trajectory of the
downtown. Due to the high density at the Northern end of the entrance and narrowing
road width, estimated building (cinema) who are on this path using
using land economically
limited.

Character of alley (C) are generally concentrated in a dense residential area. The
occurrence of massive alley (leaving room open only from the top) due to growth
and expansion of buildings that make used of the land boundary
boundary optimal no sign
façade, completely closed and sometimes there are only emergency exit. Alley
massive in this township can be found around the Great Mosque (Baitul Makmur).
Circulation leading to occupancy, especially residential ones in the middle (not
affordable four-wheel
wheel vehicles) is a small road. Trail that can be encountered is
the alley that is open to variations mutual orientation of the two front building
facing each other, and opposite the alley as a separator between the face to the
rear of the building.
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

The allocation of central

government in the North Alun-alun
Alun
Kudus Kauman Wetan settlement
separated from the locals to distinguish
clear boundaries dividing the
constructed road which connects the
square with the road Puger. Further
residential growth extended along this
road. The main access into this village
can be identified by the presence of the
mosque building, through the mouth of
the road is not too big and not too
highlighted when compared with the
entrance to the courtyard. Impassable even with four wheel drive vehicles.
Mayor roads (B) which is only passable four-wheel
four wheel vehicles on the
road Puger (next to the village office) to the tomb of Prince Puger. This road is the
only great road of open space (the graveyard), and cannot penetrate the home
environment without passing out this way again. Although the road is a big no
sign of residential development around the graveyard, meaning the ground around
the tomb is the family land that is not traded for generations and have always left
emptyy still. Places to stay in the back of the mosque can go through the lane (C),
this road is used also as a barrier of land and building, are open and the orientation
of the building face each other face to face and the alley as a separator between
the face to the rear of the building.
Space structure on main street there Kauman Pati (A) heading
towards the square is not a place to live, the whole road has been transformed into
economic land become commercial and office areas. Because of the high selling
value of land, the second access roads does not provide an entrance into the area
Kauman Pati. While on the road Kamandowo and KH Wahid Hashim was a
residential area is now visible signs that might indicate changes in the function to
be places of business. Both of these secondary roads provide access for vehicles
and pedestrian.
Baitul-Nur
Nur Mosque is an orientation for the people living around it,
the road that ran horizontally and vertically leading to this mosque. From old
maps and shows the first mosque built
built after the settlement was followed by a
region known as Kampong Kauman Pati. From the direction of the square into
village desperate access to the building it difficult at the pass by the four-wheel
four
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

vihicles. The line with the growth in occupancy, then the minor road (alley) also
adjusts, from this condition at the higher density residential areas are not planned
then it tends to happen circulation road (alley) is disconnected, judging from the
conditioning that the concentration, of the density in settlements
settlements have started
evenly, spread originally developed residential are around the square and
traditional markets to evolve toward the West Village Kauman.
New residential growth in the decade of 40 is generally followed by
the presence of small street (alley) with a pattern of mutual overlooking the North
and South. Also follows the trajectory alley circulation of the first road was built,
especially the row of settlement located in the North. This residential
neighborhood built in the rear (now become shops and offices) in the way of
General Sudriman who first existed since the opening of the path Panarukan-
Panarukan
Anyer by Dandles. So the alley is part of both the home page facing each other.
As a general circulation without pedestrian use in the given boundary
boundar fence and is
formed by the floor pattern.
Conclusion
Characteristics Kauman Village North Coast of the three case studies have
the following criteria:

• The location of Kampong Kauman is at the center of which is

gathering the trajectory path of the various
various parts of the city.
Physical form Kauman Village area cannot be recognized directly
from the outside, because his position was in the pockets
surrounded by a mixture of building function. But to be able to
distinguish with other villages, there is a pattern
pattern in Kampong
Kauman road structure oriented centers of worship (the great
mosque).

• Every village Kauman in each region has its own character, it can
be shown on the difference in the
form of building, visible,
orientation, layout of the grand
mosque in the town square,
accessibility, spatial pattern and
density of building up the
supporting facilities for the
community in Kauman village.
The similarity of the spatial
 First Conference on Islamic Built Environment
“Toward an Understanding of The Islamic Built Environment”

placement is dominated by the presence of the mosque which

became the central point of existence
existence Kauman village and also as
the gateway of the identity of the people who live in the village.

• Presence of open space (square) also accompanies the existence

and identity Kauman that tells a history that the structure of urban
space Kampong Kauman identical with administrative centers as a
whole that has occurred during the Majapahit empire.

• Movement pattern in order to connect the Muslim community

between residential and other functions represented in the
arrangement pattern of the village in general
general as a means for social
interaction, community liaison and accessibility. However, the
mosque became the primary means of connecting the resulting
pattern of the order of the building to give space to the pattern
parallel to the orientation direction.

Refference :
Pigeud, Theodore, G. (1967), Literature of Java, Leiden : The Haque, Martinus
Nijhoff.
Moneo, Rafael. (1978), On Typology, in Opposition, no 13, Page 23 - 45
Rapoport, Amos, (1977), Human Aspects of Urban Form: Towards a Man- Man
Environtment Approach
Appro to Urban Form and Design, Pergamon Press.
Eliade, M. (1959), The Sacred and the Profane : The Nature of Religion. The
Crossroad Publishing Company, New York.
Barrie, Thomas, (1996), Spiritual Path, Sacred Place, Myth, Ritual, and Meaning
in Architecture,
Architectur , Boston & London, Shambhala Publication, Inc.