Brian Bowers (TA for Hui Sun) ‘MATH 20D Homework Assignment 0 October 1, 2013 20D - Homework Assignment 0 1.3 #1-6 Determine the order of the given differential equation; also state whether the equation is Tinear| or nonlinear. (1) O€3 +e + ay = sint (2) (L4G +H ty 0) a GEA ya () #+H?=0 (5) $+ sin(t +) = sine (6) Gb + tHE + (cost thy = 8 (1) The highest derivative is a second derivative, so the order is 2. ‘The equation matches the form of equation (11) on page 21, so it is linear. (2) The highest derivative is a second derivative, so the order is 2. The term (1+ y?)422" moans that this: is a nonlinear equation since (1 + y*) is not a function of t. (8) ‘The highest derivative isa fourth derivative, so the order is 4. ‘Phe equation matches the form of equation (1) on page 21, so it is linear. (4) The highest derivative is a fst derivative so the orders 1. ‘The term "ty? mans that this is « nonlinear quation since ty is not a finetion oft. (5) ‘The highest derivative is a second derivative, so the order is 2. ‘Phe term "sin(t-+y)” means that this is a nonlinear equation since sin(¢ + y) is not a function of t (6) The highest derivative is a second derivative, 90 the order is 3. The equation matches the form of esquation (11) on page 21, o0 i is linear.13 # TAl Verily that cach given function is a solution of the differential equation, (7) ayy =0; u(t) =e8,ya(0) = cost (11) 28yf" + Sty! y= 0,05 ml) = 1/2, y(t) <1 ‘To verify that a function is a solution to a differential equation, all we need to do is plug it into the differential equation and check that the equation is true. (7) First, we plug in ys for ys wim = Cel)" = -( =o Next, we phig in yp for y. ‘This function involves cosh, a hyperbole trig function. All we need to know for the purposes of this course is that (sinh)’ = cosh and (cosh) = sinh. uh — ma = (cosht)!” — cost sinh t)’ — cosht = cosh — cosh =0 Thus, ys and yp a olutions to the differential equation, (11) First, we plug in yi for y 2e2yf" 4 ay! — y = 22(2)" 4 9e(H12)— (72) =20 (S28) cae(deve) 2 1 1 » 2 82) 45 ap) _ pr 2¢ ( 7 ) 3 (he ) e tay 4 Tne, 3pe pe 2 3 =o Next, we plug in ye for y. 28 yf + 3tyf —y = 220-1)" + 30-1! — (4) = 2 (8) + 8e( - = P20) 4 a4) aa 38 =0 ‘Thus, y: and yz ure solutions to the differential equation.vee (15) yf +2y= 0. 8 #1517 Detennine the values of for which the given differential equation has solutions of the Form (17) "+4 — 6y = (15) We plug y =e" into the differential oquation and solve: Wf +2y= erty + 2(6"9) = rel! 4 Qe"! S42" But we know from the original differential equation that this is equal to 0, Le. (r+ 3)" =0. We set each factor equal to zero and solve (42) =0 = r=-2 e' =0 = no solution So, our only solution is r= 2. (27) We plug y =e" into the differential equation and solve: YP by = 094 hy 8.0") = (re"t)! + (re) — 6(e") = (Fe) + (re) — (0) = (FP br Be But wwe know from the original differential equation that this is equal to 0, ic. (tr 6c" =o, We set each factor equal to zero and solve. P24 r—6=0 => (FBlr—2)=0 er 0 => no solution So, our only solutions are r = 3 and r=1.3 #19 Detennine the values of r for which the given differntial equation has solutions of the form y — © fort >0, fy" +4ty! + 2u = 0 Well pg y= into the caution and simplify: Py! + At + 2y =P WY Haney +20) = EY aire) +207) = 2(r(r— ye) 4 ae (rt) 4 207) = PPE Pet? 4 bret 4 ote = re — rt" + 4rt + 2" = (8 +342) But we know from the original differential equation that this is equal to 0, Le. (? 48r-+2)t" =0. Wo se each factor equal to zero and solve. ee ee 1" =0 => no solution [since t > 0] ‘Thus, the only solutions are r = —2 and r= 1.2 #le.Bede,6c For cach problem, find the goucral solution of the given differential equation, and use] it to determine how solutions behave as t + 0°. (Ie) yf + 8y = te (Se) y' ty tet +1 (4c) uf + (1/8) = B08 2t (Ge) ty +2y =sint Before wo get into specific problems, Pll give a brief overview of two important and useful concepts. Method of Integrating Factors: First, I will review the Method of Integrating Faetors. We only use this method when we have an equation of the form + p(®)y = g(t). The goal is to multiply the entire ‘equation by some unknown fanetion je and then figure out what js should be to make the left side of the equation equal to (jy). We ean rveall the product rule to see that (ey)! = se + vy. Multiplying our original equation by jt, we get py + Plt)un = pal) Wo see that the j11/ matches np with the equation above, but we still need to portion, Thus, we concnde that rake care of the py ity = wit a# " > ne = | eyes p(t) [separating variables) {nograting| s+ tn fie of We wa yl ging ator a es Sp p= cf 1M exponentinting| SHORTCUT: So, if you'd prefer to skip all the above steps, you ean just always use p= eS 04 and save yourself some effort ‘Tabular Integration: You CAN complete this couse without ever using this tool, but it makes certain types of integration MUCH faster, and I hope you'll consider learning and using it. ‘Tabular integration is essentially a specialized shortcut for integration by parts. We use tabular integration when we want to integrate an expression with the form (polynomial) (eyelie function). What do 1 mean by evelic function? 1 mean any function that you ean integrate some number of tines ‘until you end up with a constant times the original function, For our purposes, eyelic functions are sin(at +5), cos(at +8),e""*?. Here are the steps we do every time: (1) Sot up a two-column table (hence the name "tabular”): (2) We put the polynomial on th P P top of the left column and the cyclic funetion on the top of the Fight colurn(3) For cach subsequent row of the table, we differentiate the left side and integrate the right side. We stop making new rows once the left side is equal to 0. (4) Starting with the top-left cntry, draw an arrow that moves right one entry and down one entry, repeating until you run out of entries on the right side of the table. Label these arrows alternating, Phebe (5) Multiply along each arrow (including multiplying by +1 for 4" and (—1) for” —". Add these products together - this is the answer. (Don’t forget to add °+C".) For example, let's say we wanted to integrate te, With standard integration by parts techniques, this would take a VERY long time. Instead, let's use our new method. t ee 1/2" ae 14e* 24t t+? 18e* 4 oo V6 oP 132e* So, we shoul get the integral to be se") 2H (4 “on Ge) +0 (; a) + 1221) ( ar gaat y Baa 3yan y 2 2 Now lot's do the problems, (Je) The left side of the eqmation is y/ + 3y, which corresponds to y/ + p(t)yy in our general form. ‘Ths, p(t) = 3, which means that our integrating factor shonld be yc = of 4! — 63, So, we multiply both sides of the equation by this factor. Mel +8) = Oe) ey 4 3ey = te pet Recall that the goal of the integrating factor is to make the left side of the equation into (y4y)’. We can check that this is the ease. ‘Thus, we have (My) = te et 1 a May eye yt — gt +f 4 C integrating using the tabular integration belo = =F == 6% 4 Co™ dividing by &*) Below is the work for the tabular integration we did above: t a 1 136" 0 ee 1i9é*(8c) (4c) (6c) Moreover, as gots bigger, we see that the £¢ ts to 0. Thus, the solutions will be asymptotic to The left side of the equation is y’ + y, which corresponds to y+ p(é)y in our general form. ‘Thus, p(t) = 1, which moans that our integrating factor should be js =e! "= e', So, we multiply both: Sides ofthe equation by this factor. el tye ef ey Recall that the goal of the integrating factor is to make the left side of the equation into (jy). We cean chock that this is the ease, Thus, we have (ey =e > cty= +e +6 fatexrating Pe y= 1+ Co [dividing by ] Morcover, as ¢ gets bigger, every term except 1 goes to 0. Thus, y approaches 1 as £ > 00. The left sie of the cquation is y’ + (L/t)n, which corresponds to yf + p(¢)y in our general form, Thus, p(t) = 1/t, which means that onr integrating factor shonld be yx = e/(0/0 = elnt 4, So, we multiply both sices of the equation by this factor. Hy’ + (1/t)y) = t(Beas2t) ff +9 = Bteos2t Recall that the goal of the integrating factor is to make the left side of the equation into (jy)’. We can chock that this is the ease. ‘Thuis, we have (ty)" = Steos2t 3 3 : > ty = Ztsindt + Peon 2e + itograting using the tabular integration below] cnt ftv Below is the work for the tabular integration we did above: 3t cos 2t 3 _ 1/2sin 2 Om 4s Moreover, as t gots bigger, the second and third terms go to zero. Thus, y) approaches P00. sin 2¢ as First, we need to get our equation into the right form (it starts with y/, not ty/). So, we divide both sides of the equation by f, giving us y/+(2/f)y = AML. The left side of the equation is y+ (2/0)y, which corresponds to / + p(@)y in our general form. Thus, p(¢) = 2/t, which means that our integrating, sotfactor should be y= eS/# — factor. ®, So, we multiply both sides of the equation by this Pu + (2/t)y) = PCsiné/t) Py + By =tsint Rocall that the goal of the integrating factor is to make the left side of the equation into (ay)’. We cean chock that this is the ease. ‘Thus, we have (yy = @sint > By —teost +sint +C [integrating using the tabular inte => cost we ion below] c = (dividing by #°| flavin by ©] Below is the work for the tabular integration we did above: Moreover, as ¢ all of the terms go to zero. Thus, y approaches 0 as £ > co.2. #14,15,20 For each problem, find the solution of the given initial value problem. (1) yf + 2y= te, y(t) =0 (15) ty +2y=—t41, — y(l)=1/2,t>0 (20) ty! + (t+ Dy yla2)=1,2>0 For a general overview of the Method of Integrating Factors or ‘Tabular Integration, so the introrhuction to 21 He (14) The left sido of tho equation is y/ + 2y, which corresponds to yf + p(é)y in our general form. ‘Thus, H(t) ~ 2, which means that our integrating factor should be ye! °° — e2". So, we multiply both sides of te equation by this factor. 2M 4 2y) "te oy! 4 ety t Rocall that the goal of the intograting factor is to make the left side of the eqnation into (jn) We cam checks that this isthe ease, ‘This, we have (wt on Boe Sly =F + fimograting] su tS laiviaing by & Next, we use the initial condition by plugging in ¢ = L and setting equal to 0: Lie te Ao, which we can solve to see that 1+-2C = 0, s0 C= —1/2. Thus, we plug C' back into our above solution for y to got (15) First, we need to got our equation into the right form (so that it starts with y/, not ty’). So, we divide both sides of the equation by 4, giving us of + (2/2)y = ¢— 1+ 4. ‘The let side of the equation is f+ (2/A)y, which corresponds to yf + plé)y in our general form, Tins, p(@) = 2/, which means tht cour integrating factor should be je = cf 7M — ef 2intst — eSI0 — 42. So, we umultiply both sides of oy) the equation by this factor. Py! + (2/t)y) = Py 4 2ty +t Rocall that the goal of the integrating factor is to make the left side of the equation into (uy). We can check that this isthe ease. ‘Thus, we have (eu =8 844 “ee e = Ay +5 +6 [integrating] © aiviaine by 2) 1 [dividing by #] = ynNext, we use the initial condition by plugging in ¢ ~ 1 and setting equal to 1/2: (20) First, we need to got our equation into the right form (so that it starts with y’, not ty’). So, we divide both sides of the oquation by #, giving us y’ + (1+ })y = 1. The left side of the equation is + (L+ 4) whieh corresponds to y! + p(t)y in our general form. Thus, p(t) = 1+, which means that our intograting factor should be y= ef MOM! = @f(+E)a = gine — gfelnt — tel, So, we multiply both sides of the equation by this factor. y(t) nee tly 4 tely 4 ely = tot Recall that the goal of the integrating factor is to make the left side of the equation into (ay)’. We ccan check that this is the ease, Thus, we have (te'y) = te + tely = te! — et + C [integrating using the tabular integration below] 1. © vas . at 5S atviting by te Below is the work for the tabular integration wo did above: Noxt, wo use the initial condition by plugging in # = In2-and setting equal to 1: 1 c 1 © _ 22-246 in?” Inde"? ind" 22° 22 =1, w(ln2) which we can solve to see that C= 2. ‘Thus, we plug C back into our above solution for y to get 102. #81 Consider the initial value problan yaaa, 10) Find the value of yo that separates solutions that grow positively as t -> oo from those that grow negatively. How docs the solution tht corresponds to this criticial value of yo behave as t+ oo’? Let's solve the differential equation in general anc then see what we ean do about the initial condition «question, ‘The left side of the equation is / — $y, which corresponds to y'+ p(t)y in our general form. ‘Thus, p(@) =, which means that our integrating factor should be 4 = ef 40M! = e-M/2, so, we multiply both sides of te equation by this factor ov (4) -emaneay 30/2 emey y= 8002 4 De t2 Recall that the goal of the integrating factor is to mako the left side of the equation into (j1y)'. We ean check ‘that this is the caso, Thus, we have (yy erty = ane Bto-BU2 4 2p? 4-82 4"? + C [integrating using the tabular integration below] we yaa 4 tel 4 Co"? [aiding by 2] 3 Below isthe work forthe tabular intgration se did above: 3t eM 3 eye Oe 9 Next, wo nse the initial condition by plugging in ¢ = 0 and setting equal to = -20)- $460 080 0-4-4 =, which we can solve to see that © =) + 16/3. Thus, we plug @ back into our above solution for y to get y 46-4 + (yp + 16/3). ‘The problem asks us to find the value of yo that splits the solutions between growing positively and growing negatively. Looking at our solution, we sce that (yo + 16/3)e/? is the biggest term. ‘This is positive when (v0-+16/3) is positive and negative when (yo +16/3) is negative. ‘Thns, the ertieal value is when yo-+16/3 = 0, or yo = —16/3. Noxt, wo examine the ease when yo = —4/3. In this ease, we see that y= —2t— 4 —4e~!. In this ease, wwe see that the last term gocs to 0 as # gots bigger, so we determine that y becomes asymptotic to —2t — (and goes to 00) 1s #00, u