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357904
3
6 36 28
2
2
y n
y
n 1
m
m
m
x
1 x 2 1
x x2
1
x
1
1
1 2
1
1
n x
a0 a1 a2 an 1 an
b0 b1 bn 2 bn 1
b0 b1 b2 bn 1 bn f( )
The remainder
1 5 6 7 9
1 4 2 9
1 4 2 9 0
2 3 5 7 10
2 4 2 14 14
2 1 7 7 4 remainder f (2 )
f ( 3)
2!
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
3
2 4
2
2
2 2
3
2 4
x
g
lo
y=
y
x3
y=
x = 0.7
x
O
y=
–x
– 1
x
4
a0 b0
2
1
2
a1 b1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
x
1 1
2
2
3
y
A[xo, f (xo)]
x3 x2 x1
x
O xo r (x)
B[x1, f (x1)]
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
x1 x0
x1 x0
f ( x1 ) f ( x) 0
m1 = x 2 = x 0
x x0 1
f0
(2a )
f
1
when f = f ( x ), f
f0
1 1 0 = f ( x0 )
We can also write [2a] as:-
m1 = x 2 =
x f
0 1 x1 f0 gives the first approximation (2b)
f 1 f0
x
1 x2 f
f1 f2 2
2 1849
.
4 0159
.
x
1 x3 f
f1 f3 3
2 18548
.
4 0.019
x 1 x0 f
f 1 f0 0
1
317798
.
x 1 x2 f
f 1 f2 2
0.68533
2.69785
x 1 x3 f
f 1 f3 3
0.55327
2.38154
x 1 x0 f
f 1 f0 0
x0 f 1 x1 f 0
f1 f0
x 1 x2 f
f 1 f2 2
x2 f 1 x1 f 2
f1 f2
0.36812
0.4332
x 1 x3 f
f 1 f3 3
0187972
.
0.22057
x 1 x4 f
f 1 f4 4
x4 f 1 x1 f 4
f1 f4
0183545
.
0.21526
x1 x0 f
f 1 f0 0
3 2
( 0.59794)
0.23136 0.59794
x1 x2 f
f 1 f2 2
3 2.721
0.23136 0.0171
x
1 x3 f
f1 f3 3
3 2.74020
0.23136 0.00039
x
1 x0 f
f1 f0 0
1
1 ( 9)
9
10
x 1 x2 x f
2 1
x1 f 2
f 1 f2 f1 f2
(2.9) (1) 3 ( 0.711)
1 ( 0.711)
x 1 x0 f
f 1 f0 0
A f (b)
f (a)
C
O
m c a b x
x1 x0
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
x1 x0
f
f1 f0 0
x2 x1
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
x2 x1
f
f2 f1 1
xk xk 1
mk = x k 1 = xk 1 f k 1 , k = 1, 2,
fk fk 1
2 1 2 7
3 2 5 5
x2 x1
f2 f1
14. 2
1056
. 3
( 0.6) 0.6
4.056 4.056
x3 x2
f3 f2
14
. ( 0.3436) 15562
. ( 1056
. )
0.3436 1056
.
x1 x0 1 0
f1 f0 2.17798 1
( xk xk 1 )
f ( xk 1 )
f ( xk ) f ( xk 1)
( ek ek 1 )
f (m ek ) f (m ek 1)
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 (e ek 1 )
f ( m)
2 k f ( m)
( ek ek 1 )
1 1
1 (e ek 1)
f (m)
1
f ( m ek ) f ( m ek 1 ) f (m) 2 k f (m)
1 1
1 (e ek 1)
f (m)
f ( m) 2 k f (m)
1 1e f ( m) 1 1 (e ek 1 )
f (m)
2 k 1
f ( m) 2 k f (m)
1 f (m)
2 f (m)
1 |e | 1/ p
k 1
k
1
1 |e | 1/ p
| f (m)|
2 k
k 1 | f (m)|
1 | f (m)|
2( k 1)
1/ p | f (m)|
1
p
1
5
2
xk 1 xk
f ( xk 1 ) f ( xk )
ek 1 ek
f ( m ek 1 ) f ( m ek )
ek f (m ek 1 ) ek 1 f (m ek )
f (m ek 1 ) f (m ek )
1 f (m)
2 f (m)
1e e f (m)
ek
1 =
2 k k 1
f (m)
= = 0.808143
h3
= = 1.61628, =1+ = 0.616286
h2
= +( + ) = 2.559263
= ( + ) = 0.680961.
Since < 0, we get
2 3 f3 0.058889
= =
g3 g32 4 3 f 3c3
2.559263 6.469625
= 0.011541
= + ( ) = 0.201184,
= 0.002223
= = 0.009327
h4
= = 0.0115441, =1+ = 0.988459
h3
= + ( + ) = 0.044908
= ( + ) = 0.000120.
2 4 f4
g4 g42 4 4 f 4 c4
0.004395
0.044908 0.002016
x5 = 201640
xk 1 = xk ( xk xk 1 ) k 1
k = 1, 2,
1
D
1
D
D = ( xk 1 xk )2 ( xk 2 xk ) ( xk 2 xk )2 ( xk 1 xk )
= ( xk 1 xk ) ( xk 2 xk ) ( xk 1 xk xk 2 xk )
= ( xk xk 1 ) ( xk xk 2 ) ( xk 1 xk 2 )
a1 a12 4a0a2
2a 0
2a 0
a1 a12 4a 0 a 2
2a 2
xk 1 = xk , where a1 a12 4a 0 a 2 = D v
Dv
a = f 2 = 3, D = ( x2 x1 ) ( x2 x0 ) ( x1 x0 ) = 0.25
a 1 =
2
1 [( f f 1 ) ( x2 x0 ) 2 ( f 2 f 0 ) ( x2 x1 ) 2 ] = 2.5
a D
1 [( f
2
0 =
D 2 f 1) ( x2 x0 ) ( f 2 f 0) ( x2 x1 )] = 15 .
2a2 6
x2 1
a1 a12 4a 0 a 2 2.5 24.25
a = f 3 = 0.047777, D = ( x3 x1 ) ( x3 x2 ) ( x2 x1 ) = 0124512
.
a1 =
2
1 [( f 3 f 2 ) ( x2 x1 ) 2 2
( f 3 f 1) ( x3 x2 ) ] = 5138588
.
a D
1 [( f
0 =
D 3 f 2 ) ( x3 x1 ) ( f 3 f 1) ( x3 x2 )] = 1691854
. .
2a 2
a1 a12 4a 0 a 2
0.095554
5138588
. 26.081760
0.004456
4.871483 23.718931
x5 = 0.201640
2.7
2.714
1
p = p h, q = q k k = 0,1,
k 1 k k 1 k
where h = b c b c n n 3 n 1 n 2 XXX
c c (c 2
b )
n 2 n 3 n 1 n 1
XXX
k=
b (c b ) bc
n 1 n 1 n 1 n n 2
XXX
c c (c 2
b )
n 2 n 3 n 1 n 1
lim lim
k k
h = b3c0 b2 c1
c12 c0 (c2 b2 )
k =
b2 (c2 b2 ) bc
b )
3 1
c12 c0 (c2 2
b
n cn 1h cn 2 k = 0
b
n 1 cn 2 h cn 3 k = 0
bn = 2; bn 1 = 2; cn 1 = 68; cn 2 = 40; cn 3 = 7
h k 1
7 2 40 2 40 7
40 2 68 2 68 40
h k 1
14 80 80 136 1600 476
h k 1
66 56 1124
66 33 56 14
1124 562 1124 281
p = p
1 0 h = 2 0.0580 = 19420
. ,
q = q
1 0 k = 2 0.0457 = 19543
. ,
x2 19420
. x 1.9543
b
n cn 1h cn 2 k = 0
b
n 1 cn 2 h cn 3 k = 0
h = k = 1
2018
1894
2018 1894 1025 1025 1025
b4 c1 b3c2 b3 (c3 b3 ) b4 c2
c22 c1 (c3 b3 ) c22 c1 (c3 b3 )
p1 = p0 h = 0.6667
q1 = q0 k = 10
.
0119
. . h 2.8k = 0
143
019
. 2.8h k = 0
0.651
6.22
0.6410
6.22
Bk 1 Bk 1
Bk 1 Bk 1
Note: 2 (1)( 5) = 10
Note: 50 = 2(1) (25)
B
1
1/ 4
B
0
B
2
1/ 4
625
1/ 4
B 0 626
Note: 4 = ( 2)(1)( 2)
0 = 2(0)(2) = 0
Note: 8 = ( 2)(1)(4)
32 = ( 2)(4)(4)
Note: 0 = ( 2)(1)(0)
49152 = ( 2)
B
1
1
16
B 0
0 = ( 2)(0)
24 = ( 2)(3)( 4)
48 = ( 2)(1)(24)
288 = ( 2)(9)(16)
576 = ( 2)(1)(288)
16896 = ( 2)(33)(256)
132096 = ( 2)(1)(66048)
67239936 = ( 2)(513)(65536)
B3
B2
( 2)(1)(39.5)
y
y = f (x)
f (a)
C
O
m c a x
f (a )
f (a )
f ( a) f ( a)
that is, m a and x a respectively
f ( a) f (a)
ek2 f ( m)
f (m)
2 f ( m) 2 f ( m)
f (m)
2 f (m)
f ( xk )
f ( xk )
x x4 xk 10
4 x k3 1
3x x4 10
4 x k3 1
. ) 4 10
3(15
. )3 1
4(15
f ( xk )
f ( xk )
x k3 3x k 5
3( x k2 1)
2 x k3 5
3( x k2 1)
2 x03 5 16 5 21
3( x02 1) 3 ( 4 1) 9
2 x13 5 2 (2.3333) 3 5
3( x12 1) 3{(2.3333) 2 1}
2 x23 5 2 (2.2806) 3 5
3( x22 1) 3{(2.2806) 2 1}
2 (2.2790) 3 5
3{(2.2790) 2 1}
f ( xk )
f ( xk )
x k 2 sin x k
1 2 cos x k
2 (sin x k x k cos x k )
1 2 cos x k
sin x k x k cos x k
0.5 cos x k
2
f ( x) 2e x 1 1
x xk
f ( xk )
, k 0,1, 2
x 2 x 1
k 1
f ( xk ) f ( x) 2e x 1 1
(x 2) 2
(x 1) 2
x1 = 0.737984,
x2 = 0.699338, 0.68975 is the required root
x3 = 0.689753, correct to 5 places
x4 = 0.689753
x k sin x k cos x k 1
3 sin x k
0.5 (0.5) cos(0.5) 1
3 sin (0.5)
2.11729533
3.479425539
2.16835703
357165265
.
2.16765013
35748962
.
1 (cosh x k ) (cos x k )
(cosh x k ) (sin x k ) (sinh x k )(cos x k )
1 (cosh x0 ) (cos x0 )
(cosh x0 ) (sin x0) (sinh x0 )(cos x0)
log ( x0 ) cos( x0 )
1 sin ( x )
0
x0
(13
. ) log (13
. ) (13 . c)
. ) (cos13
1 (13 . c)
. ) (sin (13
0.00667
2.2526
c
(13029
. ) log (13029
. ) (13029
. ) cos (13029
. )
c
1 (13029
. ) sin (13029
. )
0.0001444
199606
.
f ( xk )
f ( xk )
f ( x0 ) f( )
f ( x0 ) f ( )
( sin cos )
cos
x1 = 1 2.8233.
x2 = 2.7986
x3 = 2.7984
x4 = 2.7984
cos x when | x | 1
cos x (x 2
1) 2
when | x | 1
f ( xi ) c
f ( xi )
i cos1 c
0; x1 1
sin 1
1
f ( xk )
f ( xk )
Let f ( x) x2 4 sin x;
f ( x) 2x 4 cos x ,
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
x02 4 sin x0
2 x0 4 cos x0
( 19. )2 4 sin ( 19
. )
2 ( 19. ) 4 cos( 19. )
3.61 3.78
38
. 1293
.
x12 4 sin x1 . )2
( 193 4 sin ( 193
. )
2 x1 4 cos x1 2 ( 193
. ) 4 cos ( 193
. )
0.0198
5.266
x2 19338
.
1
2
1
2
1 1
x 2 x 1
f ( x)
f ( x)
g ( xk )
g ( xk )
{ f ( x) 2 } f ( x) f ( x)
{ f ( x )}2
fk fk
(f k )2 f k f k
f ( xn )
f ( xn )
1
p
f ( x) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
f ( x) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
x3 14045
. 0.0139 14036
.
15.7909
5.0938
24.3125
12887
.
12.8676
xn 1 N
xn 2
xn 1 xn ( 2 Nxn )
xn2 N
2 xn
1 xn
N
2 xn
xn 1 x N
1
2 n xn
xnp N
pxnp 1
( p 1) xnp N
p xnp 1
x
1 ( p 1) x N
n 1
p n
xnp 1
The reciprocal p th root of N
fk
fk
N xk p
p xk ( p 1)
x xk
[p 1 N x kp ]
k 1
p
1 xn
N
2 xn
1 15 31416
.
2
.
15.
1 1.7972 31416
.
2
17972
.
1 1772626 31416
.
2
.
1772626
.
1 17724559 31416
.
2
.
17724559
.
1 xn N
2 xn
12
1 x0
N
2 x 0
1 35. 12
2 .
35
1 3.464 12
2 3.464
1 3.4641 12
2 3.4641
8
1 x
2 0
x 0
1 2.85 8
2 2.85
( xk ) 2
m xk 1 2
xk 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
(0.02661096) 2
0.473389
(0.0083721) 2
0.02425308
x 7 0.517782,
x 0.517744
0.517757
8
x 9
3
2
xn ( xn 1 ), n 1
lim
n
1
4
Near 0.3,
d 1 ex = 1 ex
dx 4 4
1
d [log 4 x ] = 1 1
Near 2.1, dx x
1
4
30 15
x2 x3 x4
(2!) 2 (3!) 2 (4!) 2
3