1.

ANTIBIOTICS
-cô: Antibiotics do not work against viruses since those drugs are designed to interfere with
the function of living bacterial cells • Immunization is effective in preventing an infection by a
specific virus.

when it comes to viruses like those that cause colds or influenza (flu), antibiotic medicines don’t work. In
fact, taking antibiotics to try and treat viral illnesses might make us all sicker in the future.

Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Bacteria are very small organisms, and billions
of them live in and on your body. Most of the time these bacteria are harmless or even helpful for your
body, like those that help you to digest food, but some bacteria can cause diseases.
There are two types of antibiotics that work to stop bacterial infections. Some slow down the growth of
bacteria and damage their ability to reproduce and spread, while others kill the bacteria by destroying the
bacteria cell walls. The choice of antibiotic depends on the type of bacteria.

Viruses are different to bacteria; they have a different structure and a different way of surviving. Viruses
don’t have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics; instead they are surrounded by a protective
protein coat.
Unlike bacteria, which attack your body’s cells from the outside, viruses actually move into, live in and
make copies of themselves in your body’s cells. Viruses can't reproduce on their own, like bacteria do,
instead they attach themselves to healthy cells and reprogram those cells to make new viruses.  It is
because of all of these differences that antibiotics don’t work on viruses.

2. VIRAL DISEASES:
 Stay home and avoid close contact with others. If you have to be close to others, wear a face
mask.
 Abstaining from sexual activity, or only engaging in sexual activities within a mutually
monogamous relationship in which neither partner is infected with a sexually transmitted disease
 Avoiding contact of your hands with your eyes, nose and mouth, which can transmit a virus into
the body
 Avoiding contact with a person who has a viral disease
 Covering your mouth and nose with your elbow (not your hand) or a tissue when sneezing or
coughing
 Eating a well-balanced diet that includes sufficient amounts of fruits and vegetables
 Sufficient rest
 Using a new condom for each sex act
 Using a sterile, unused needle for each act of tattooing or injectable drug use
 Using appropriate antibacterial cleaners to clean your hands and surfaces
 Vaccination as recommended by your health care provider for viral diseases, such as chickenpox,
shingles, influenza, HPV, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, measles, and mumps
 Washing your hands with soap and water for at least 15 seconds after contact with a person who
has a viral disease, before eating, or after using the restroom or touching feces, body fluids,
surfaces, or foods that are potentially contaminated with viruses
 Do not invite visitors to your home while a family member is ill, and stay home yourself. Follow
the instructions provided by the health authorities on what to do during isolation and quarantine.
 Make sure shared spaces are well-ventilated, for instance, by opening the windows of toilet
facilities, kitchen and bathroom. 
 Monitor the person’s state of health and contact a health centre by telephone if necessary.  
3. CANCER CELL

Cancer cells lack differentiation. Cancer cells lose their specialization

and do not contribute to the functioning of a body part. A cancer cell does not
look like a differentiated epithelial, muscle, nervous, or connective tissue cell;
instead, it looks distinctly abnormal (Fig. 8.14). As mentioned, normal cells
can enter the cell cycle about 70 times, and then they die. Cancer cells can
enter the cell cycle repeatedly; in this way, they are immortal.
Cancer cells have abnormal nuclei. The nuclei of cancer cells are enlarged and may contain an abnormal
number of chromosomes. The chromosomes are also abnormal; some parts may be duplicated, or some
may bedeleted. In addition, gene amplification (extra copies of specific genes) is seen
much more frequently than in normal cells.
Cancer cells do not undergo apoptosis. Ordinarily, cells with damaged
DNA undergo apoptosis, preventing tumors from developing. Cancer cells,
however, do not respond normally to the signals to initiate apoptosis, and thus
they continue to divide.
Cancer cells form tumors. Normal cells anchor themselves to a substratum and/or adhere to their
neighbors. Then, they exhibit contact inhibition and
stop dividing. Cancer cells, on the other hand, have lost all restraint; they pile
on top of one another and grow in multiple layers, forming a tumor. They have
a reduced need for growth factors, and they no longer respond to inhibitory
signals. As cancer develops, the most aggressive cell becomes the dominant
cell of the tumor.
Cancer cells undergo metastasis and promote angiogenesis. A benign
tumor is usually contained within a capsule and therefore cannot invade
adjacent tissue. Additional changes may cause cancer cells to produce enzymes
that allow tumor cells to escape the capsule and invade nearby tissues. The
tumor is then called a malignant tumor, meaning that it is invasive and may
spread. Cells from a malignant tumor may travel through the blood or lymph
to start new tumors elsewhere within the body. This process is known as
metastasis (Fig. 8.15).
PREVENT:

1. Don't use tobacco

Using any type of tobacco puts you on a collision course with cancer. Smoking has been linked to various
types of cancer — including cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, larynx, pancreas, bladder, cervix and
kidney. Chewing tobacco has been linked to cancer of the oral cavity and pancreas. Even if you don't use
tobacco, exposure to secondhand smoke might increase your risk of lung cancer.
Avoiding tobacco — or deciding to stop using it — is an important part of cancer prevention. If you need
help quitting tobacco, ask your doctor about stop-smoking products and other strategies for quitting.

2. Eat a healthy diet

Although making healthy selections at the grocery store and at mealtime can't guarantee cancer
prevention, it might reduce your risk. Consider these guidelines:

 Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Base your diet on fruits, vegetables and. other foods
from plant sources — such as whole grains and beans.
  Maintain a healthy weight. Eat lighter and leaner by choosing fewer high-calorie foods,
including refined sugars and fat from animal sources.
 If you choose to drink alcohol, do so only in moderation The risk of. various types of
cancer — including cancer of the breast, colon, lung, kidney. and liver — increases with the
amount of alcohol you drink and the length of. time you've been drinking regularly.
 Limit processed meats. A report from the International Agency for Research. on Cancer, the
cancer agency of the World Health Organization, concluded. that eating large amounts of
processed meat can slightly increase the risk of. certain types of cancer.
In addition, women who eat a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil and mixed nuts
might have a reduced risk of breast cancer. The Mediterranean diet focuses mostly on plant-based foods,
such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. People who follow the Mediterranean diet
choose healthy fats, such as olive oil, over butter and fish instead of red meat.

3. Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active

Maintaining a healthy weight might lower the risk of various types of cancer, including cancer of the
breast, prostate, lung, colon and kidney.
Physical activity counts, too. In addition to helping you control your weight, physical activity on its own
might lower the risk of breast cancer and colon cancer.
Adults who participate in any amount of physical activity gain some health benefits. But for substantial
health benefits, strive to get at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes a
week of vigorous aerobic activity. You can also do a combination of moderate and vigorous activity. As a
general goal, include at least 30 minutes of physical activity in your daily routine — and if you can do
more, even better.

4. Protect yourself from the sun

Skin cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer — and one of the most preventable. Try these
tips:

 Avoid midday sun. Stay out of the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun's rays are
strongest.
 Stay in the shade. When you're outdoors, stay in the shade as much as possible. Sunglasses
and a broad-brimmed hat help, too.
 Cover exposed areas. Wear tightly woven, loose fitting clothing that covers as much of your
skin as possible. Opt for bright or dark colors, which reflect more ultraviolet radiation than do
pastels or bleached cotton.
 Don't skimp on sunscreen. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, even
on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously, and reapply every two hours — or more often if
you're swimming or perspiring.
 Avoid tanning beds and sunlamps. These are just as damaging as natural sunlight.
5. Get vaccinated
Cancer prevention includes protection from certain viral infections. Talk to your doctor about vaccination
against:

 Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B can increase the risk of developing liver cancer. The hepatitis B
vaccine is recommended for certain adults at high risk — such as adults who are sexually
 active but not in a mutually monogamous relationship, people with sexually transmitted
infections, people who use intravenous drugs, men who have sex with men, and health care or
public safety workers who might be exposed to infected blood or body fluids.
 Human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that can lead to cervical
and other genital cancers as well as squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. The HPV
vaccine is recommended for girls and boys ages 11 and 12. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration recently approved the use of vaccine Gardasil 9 for males and females ages 9
to 45.
6. Avoid risky behaviors
Another effective cancer prevention tactic is to avoid risky behaviors that can lead to infections that, in
turn, might increase the risk of cancer. For example:

 Practice safe sex. Limit your number of sexual partners and use a condom when you have
sex. The more sexual partners you have in your lifetime, the more likely you are to contract a
sexually transmitted infection — such as HIV or HPV. People who have HIV or AIDS have a
higher risk of cancer of the anus, liver and lung. HPV is most often associated with cervical
cancer, but it might also increase the risk of cancer of the anus, penis, throat, vulva and
vagina.
 Don't share needles. Sharing needles with people who use intravenous drugs can lead to
HIV, as well as hepatitis B and hepatitis C — which can increase the risk of liver cancer. If
you're concerned about drug misuse or addiction, seek professional help.
7. Get regular medical care
Regular self-exams and screenings for various types of cancers — such as cancer of the skin, colon,
cervix and breast — can increase your chances of discovering cancer early, when treatment is most likely
to be successful. Ask your doctor about the best cancer screening schedule for you.

TREAT: Many cancer treatments exist. Depending on your particular situation, you may receive one
treatment or you may receive a combination of treatments .
Cancer treatment options include:

 Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.

 Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

 Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or

protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your
body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).

 Bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes
blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a stem cell
transplant, can use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor.

A bone marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat
your cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.
  Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses your body's
immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in your body because your
immune system doesn't recognize it as an intruder. Immunotherapy can help your immune
system "see" the cancer and attack it.

 Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body's hormones. Examples
include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or
blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.

 Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within

cancer cells that allow them to survive.

 Cryoablation. This treatment kills cancer cells with cold. During cryoablation, a thin,
wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin and directly into the cancerous
tumor. A gas is pumped into the cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is
allowed to thaw. The freezing and thawing process is repeated several times during the
same treatment session in order to kill the cancer cells.

 Radiofrequency ablation. This treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells,

causing them to die. During radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a thin needle through
the skin or through an incision and into the cancer tissue. High-frequency energy passes
through the needle and causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby cells.

 Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer.
Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.

Other treatments may be available to you, depending on your type of cancer

4. GMO

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has

been altered using genetic engineering techniques. 
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms, such as plants, animals and
microorganisms whose genetic characteristics have been altered in a way that does not occur
naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.
Genetically modified organism (GMO), organism whose genome has been engineered in
the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the generation
of desired biological products.
A GMO, or genetically modified organism, is a plant, animal, microorganism or other
organism whose genetic makeup has been modified in a laboratory using genetic engineering or
transgenic technology. This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and virus genes
that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods.
EXAMPLE:

 example of a GM crop is “golden” rice, which originally was intended for Asia and was genetically
modified to produce almost 20 times the beta-carotene of previous varieties. Golden rice was created by
modifying the rice genome to include a gene from the daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus that produces
an enzyme known as phyotene synthase and a gene from the bacterium Erwinia uredovora that produces
an enzyme called phyotene desaturase. The introduction of these genes enabled beta-carotene, which is
converted to vitamin A in the human liver, to accumulate in the rice endosperm—the edible part of the
rice plant—thereby increasing the amount of beta-carotene available for vitamin A synthesis in the body.
In 2004 the same researchers who developed the original golden rice plant improved upon the model,
generating golden rice 2, which showed a 23-fold increase in carotenoid production.
RISK:

Because genetically engineering foods is a relatively new practice, little is known about the long-term
effects and safety.
There are many purported downsides, but the evidence varies, and the main health issues associated with
GMO foods are hotly debated. Research is ongoing.
Allergic reactions
Some people believe that GMO foods have more potential to trigger allergic reactions. This is because
they may contain genes from an allergen — a food that prompts an allergic reaction.
The World Health Organization (WHO) discourageTrusted Source genetic engineers from using DNA
from allergens unless they can prove that the gene itself does not cause the problem.
It is worth noting that there have been no reports of allergic effects of any GMO foods currently on the
market.
Cancer
Some researchers believe that eating GMO foods can contribute to the development of cancer. They argue
that because the disease is caused by mutations in DNA, it is dangerous to introduce new genes into the
body.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) have said that there is no evidence for this. However, they note that
no evidence of harm is not the same as proof of safety and that reaching a conclusion will require more
research.
Antibacterial resistance
There is concern that genetic modification, which can boost a crop’s resistance to disease or make it more
tolerant to herbicides, could affect the ability of people to defend against illness.
There is a small chance that the genes in food can transfer to cells the body or bacteria in the gut. Some
GMO plants contain genes that make them resistant to certain antibiotics. This resistance could pass on to
humans.
There is growing concern globally that people are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. There is
a chance that GMO foods could be contributing to this crisis.
The WHO have saidTrusted Source that the risk of gene transfer is low. As a precaution, however, it has
set guidelines for the manufacturers of GMO foods.
Outcrossing
Outcrossing refers to the risk of genes from certain GMO plants mixing with those of conventional crops.
There have been reports of low levels of GMO crops approved as animal feed or for industrial use being
found in food meant for human consumption.

7. HEART

Animals including birds and mammals.When the outside temperature is too hot, an endothermic
animal can cool off by sweating, panting, changing position, or changing location. Sweating and panting
generate heat loss through evaporating water. Changing position and location allow the animal to find a
cooler environment in the shade or shelter. This takes more energy ( they have high energy needs ) to
maintain a constant body temperature. In mammals and birds, the heart is also divided into four
chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The oxygenated blood is separated from the deoxygenated blood,
which improves the efficie ncy of double circulation and is required for the warm-blooded lifestyle of
mammals and birds. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart with no mixing of the blood and
double circulation. Therefore, blood carried to the cells of the body has plenty of oxygen ( allows a high
efficient supply of oxygen to the body )

10. HERD IMMUNE + DRUG

a) 'Herd immunity', also known as 'population immunity', is the indirect protection from an infectious
disease that happens when a population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed
through previous infection.
Herd immunity can be reached when enough people have been vaccinated against a disease and
have developed protective antibodies against future infection. Unlike the natural infection method,
vaccines create immunity without causing illness or resulting complications. Using the concept of herd
immunity, vaccines have successfully controlled contagious diseases such as smallpox, polio, diphtheria,
rubella and many others.Herd immunity makes it possible to protect the population from a disease,
including those who can't be vaccinated, such as newborns or those who have compromised immune
systems.
b) The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than
those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts. Drug abuse may lead to social,
physical, emotional, and job-related problems.
- c1: methamphetamine alters brain structures involved in decision-making and impairs the ability to
suppress habitual behaviors that have become useless or counterproductive. The two effects were
correlated, suggesting that the structural change underlies the decline in mental flexibility. These changes
in brain structure and function could explain why methamphetamine addiction is so hard to treat and has a
significant chance of relapse early in treatment.
[ Methamphetamine misuse also has been shown to have negative effects on non-neural brain cells
called microglia. These cells support brain health by defending the brain against infectious agents and
removing damaged neurons. Too much activity of the microglial cells, however, can assault healthy
neurons. A study using brain imaging found more than double the levels of microglial cells in people who
previously misused methamphetamine compared to people with no history of methamphetamine misuse,
which could explain some of the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine.
Function in other brain regions did not recover even after 14 months of abstinence, indicating that
some methamphetamine-induced changes are very long lasting. Methamphetamine use can also increase
one’s risk of stroke, which can cause irreversible damage to the brain. A recent study even showed higher
incidence of Parkinson’s disease among past users of methamphetamine.]
-c2: are highly addictive. Methamphetamine increases the amount of the natural chemical dopamine in
the brain. Dopamine is involved in body movement, motivation, and reinforcement of rewarding
behaviors. The drug’s ability to rapidly release high levels of dopamine in reward areas of the brain
strongly reinforces drug-taking behavior, making the user want to repeat the experience. tend to give a
temporary illusion of limitless power and energy thatleave the user feeling depressed,edgy, and craving
more.. This addiction can erode physical and mental health and can become so strong that these drugs
dominate all aspects of an addict's life.

14. BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is the amount of variety of life on Earth. It is the number of different species of plants,
animals, and microorganisms. Our biodiversity is very important to the well-being of our planet.
Biodiversity is important to humans for many reasons. Ecological life support— biodiversity provides
functioning ecosystems that supply oxygen, clean air and water, pollination of plants, pest control,
wastewater treatment and many ecosystem services.

- Direct Values of Biodiversity

• Medicinal Value
• Agricultural Value
– Gene pool for crops
– Bio pest control
– Pollinators
• Consumptive use value
- Indirect Values of Biodiversity
• Maintaining Biogeochemical Cycles
• Waste Disposal
– A review of wetland functions in Canada assigned a value of $50,000 per hectare per year to
the ability of natural areas to purify water and take up pollutants.
• Provision of Fresh Water
• Prevention of Soil Erosion
• Regulation of Climate
• Ecotourism

- 5 core (and interacting) values that humans place on biodiversity:

 Economic—biodiversity provides humans with raw materials for

consumption and production. Many livelihoods, such as those of farmers,
fishers and timber workers, are dependent on biodiversity.
 Ecological life support—biodiversity provides functioning ecosystems that
supply oxygen, clean air and water, pollination of plants, pest control,
wastewater treatment and many ecosystem services.
 Recreation—many recreational pursuits rely on our unique biodiversity,
such as birdwatching, hiking, camping and fishing. Our tourism industry
also depends on biodiversity.
 Cultural—the Australian culture is closely connected to biodiversity
through the expression of identity, through spirituality and through
aesthetic appreciation. Indigenous Australians have strong connections and
obligations to biodiversity arising from spiritual beliefs about animals and
plants.
 Scientific—biodiversity represents a wealth of systematic ecological data
that help us to understand the natural world and its origins.”

- The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity is commonly referred to as biodiversity.

The number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in these
species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a
biologically diverse Earth.

We should conserve biodiversity because:

Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have
an important role to play.

For example,

 A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops

 Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms
 Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters.
A healthy biodiversity provides a number of natural services for everyone:

 Ecosystem services, such as

 Protection of water resources
  Soils formation and protection
 Nutrient storage and recycling
 Pollution breakdown and absorption
 Contribution to climate stability
 Maintenance of ecosystems
 Recovery from unpredictable events
 Biological resources, such as
 Food
 Medicinal resources and pharmaceutical drugs
 Wood products
 Ornamental plants
 Breeding stocks, population reservoirs
 Future resources
 Diversity in genes, species and ecosystems
 Social benefits, such as
 Research, education and monitoring
 Recreation and tourism
 Cultural values

5.
The climate variations related to flower development include: temperature fluctuations (hotter,
cooler), water availability (water shortage, saline water), fluctuations in pollination capacity.
(Insect pollinators may have become extinct). To adapt, plants may have to: maintain the ability
to bloom under adverse conditions (too hot or too cold, drought or salty) or bloom only very
quickly when conditions are favorable, adapt to a wide variety of insects. germinate or capable of
self-pollination when conditions are unfavorable, pollen grains and stigmas need to prolong their
vigor, produce more seeds and smaller seeds, have good germination capacity or produce few
large seeds but have high nutritional content. enough to feed the embryo in the early stages of
development.
Seeds are protected in the fruit, avoiding the effects of the environment, ensuring survival and
germination

8.
When you think about blood pressure, your kidneys may not come to mind.But when these bean-
shaped organs sustain damage or are thrown off balance — perhaps by heavy salt intake — both
your blood pressure and your heart may feel the repercussions.

Normally our kidneys do a good job at regulating the sodium and water levels of our blood.
However, for many of us, eating too much salt can disturb this balance, causing sodium levels in
the blood to increase. Your kidneys filter more than 120 quarts of blood each day. They pull
toxins and unwanted fluid from cells throughout the body, then send them to the bladder.Eating
too much salt can make it harder for your kidneys to remove fluid, which then builds up in your
system and increases your blood pressure.Over time, excessive salt intake can lead to high blood
pressure (hypertension), which stiffens and narrows the blood vessels. Blood and oxygen flow to
key organs decreases. So the heart tries harder to pump blood throughout the body, which further
increases blood pressure. Unchecked hypertension can also damage the artery walls, which begin
to collect fat, leading to heart disease and potentially heart attack or stroke

15.

Rural Sustainability

In rural areas, we should put the emphasis on preservation. We shouldpreserve ecosystems, including
terrestrial ecosystems—such as forests and prairies—and aquatic ecosystems—both freshwater ones and
brackish ones along the coast. We should also preserve agricultural land, groves of fruit trees, and other
areas that provide us with renewable resources.

It is imperative that we take all possible steps to preserve what remains of our topsoil and replant areas
with native grasses, as necessary. Native grasses stabilize the soil and rebuild soil nutrients while serving
as a source of renewable biofuel. Trees can be planted to break the wind and protect the soil from erosion
while providing a product. Creative solutions to today’s ecological problems are very much needed.

Here are some other methods we can use to make rural areas more sustainable:

 ∙ Plant cover crops, which often are a mixture of legumes and grasses, to stabilize the soil
between rows of cash crops or between seasonal plantings of cash crops.
 ∙ Practice multiuse, or polyculture, farming (see Fig. 32.13a) by planting a variety of crops and
use a variety of farming techniques to increase the amount of organic matter in the soil.
 Replenish soil nutrients through composting, organic gardening, or other self-renewable methods.
 ∙ Use low-flow or trickle irrigation, retention ponds, and contour farming to conserve water.
 ∙ Increase the planting of cultivars (plants propagated vegetatively) that are resistant to blight,
rust, insect damage, salt, drought, and encroachment by noxious weeds.
 ∙ Use precision farming (PF) techniques that rely on accumulated knowledge to reduce habitat
destruction while improving crop yields.
 ∙ Use integrated pest management (IPM), which encourages the growth of competitive beneficial
insects and uses biological controls to reduce the abundance of a pest
 ∙ Plant a variety of species, including native plants, to reduce our dependence on traditional crops.
 ∙ Plant multipurpose trees—trees with the ability to provide numerous products and perform a
variety of functions, in addition to serving as windbreaks (Fig. 32.22). Mature trees can provide
 many types of products: Mature rubber trees provide rubber, and tagua nuts are an excellent
substitute for ivory, for example.
 ∙ Maintain and restore wetlands, especially in hurricane- or tsunami-prone areas. Protect deltas
from storm damage. By protecting wetlands, we protect the spawning grounds for many valuable
fish species.
 ∙ Use renewable forms of energy, such as wind, hydropower, and solar energy.
 ∙ Support local farmers, fishermen, and feed stores by buying food products produced locally.

Urban Sustainability

More and more people are moving to cities. Much thought needs to be given to serving the needs of new
arrivals without overexpanding the city. Here are some methods by which we can make cities more
sustainable:

 ∙ Create energy-efficient transportation systems to efficiently move people about.

 ∙ Use solar or geothermal energy to heat buildings; cool them with an airconditioning system that
uses seawater; in general, use conservation methods to regulate the temperature of buildings.
 ∙ Utilize green roofs—a wild garden of grasses, herbs, and vegetables on the tops of buildings—to
assist in temperature control, supply food, reduce the amount of rainwater runoff, and create
visual appeal
 ∙ Improve storm-water management by using sediment traps for storm drains, artificial wetlands,
and holding ponds. Increase the use of porous surfaces for walking paths, parking lots, and roads.
These surfaces reflect less heat while soaking up rainwater runoff.
 ∙ Instead of traditional grasses, plant native species that attract bees and butterflies and require
less water and fertilizers.
 ∙ Create greenbelts that suit the particular urban setting. Include plentiful walking and bicycle
paths.
 ∙ Revitalize old sections of a city before developing new sections.
 ∙ Use lighting fixtures that hug the walls or ground and send light down; control noise levels by ,
 ∙ Promote sustainability by encouraging the recycling of business equipment; use low-
maintenance building materials, rather than wood

13.
Insects that are best adapted for obtaining the most food from flowers that they can
easily access reproduce more. Those flowers best adapted for attracting insect
pollinators produce more offspring in the next generation, and likewise those
insects that obtain the most food produce more offspring than others. This process
continues over generations and leads to the coevolution of specific adaptation