KD 3.

8
SUCH AS, FOR EXAMPLE, I.E., E.G.
1. SUCH AS
▪ We can use such as to introduce an example or examples of something we mention. We
normally use a comma before such as when we present a list of examples. Where there is
just one example, we don’t need a comma:

Examples:
The shop specializes in tropical fruits, such as pineapples, mangoes and papayas. (… for
example, pineapples, mangoes and papayas.)
Countries such as Sweden have a long record of welcoming refugees from all over the world.
Note:
Such as is similar to like for introducing examples, but it is more formal, and is used more in
writing than like:
CONT’D
Example:
She has worked in several countries where English is spoken as a first language, such as
Australia, New Zealand, Canada and so on. (or, less formal, … like Australia, New Zealand,
Canada and so on.)

Warning:
We don’t use as on its own to introduce examples:
Young kids these days seem to love 1960s rock bands, such as the Beatles, the Kinks or the
Rolling Stones.
Not: … to love 1960s rock bands, as the Beatles …
CONT’D
Warning:
We don’t use such as when we compare things:
The group from Dublin all wore green, white or gold t-shirts, like the colours of their national
flag.
Not: … such as the colours of their national flag.

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/such-as
FOR EXAMPLE
▪ used when giving an example of the type of thing you mean:

Example:
Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, for example, using recycled paper.
This church is a perfect example of medieval architecture.
'She', 'it', and 'who' are all examples of pronouns.
An early example of privatization was the enclosure of public land for private use by wealthy landlords.
He's a classic example of a kid who's clever but lazy.
Sweden is often held up as an example of a successful social democracy.
Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/example
I.E. VS. E.G.
▪ I.e. is an abbreviation for the phrase id est, which means "that is." I.e. is used to restate
something said previously in order to clarify its meaning.

▪ E.g. is short for exempli gratia, which means "for example." E.g. is used before an item or list
of items that serve as examples for the previous statement.
HOW TO USE I.E.
▪ I.e. stands for id est, or “that is,” and is used in front of a word or phrase that restates
what has been said previously. That restatement is meant to clarify the earlier statement:
Example:
An examination of the data in Table 1 indicates that all but one of the Council of Governments
regions have experienced population growth due to natural increase (i.e., had more births than
deaths).
— Nazrul Hoque, The Houston Chronicle, 12 Aug. 2019
Note:
Hoque uses i.e. here to clarify what is meant by "natural" population increase.
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▪ I.e. is similarly useful for defining or explaining a term or concept whose meaning readers might
not know:
Example:
If your home has “hard water” (i.e., a high mineral content), your sinks, showers, and tubs no doubt bear
white or yellow buildup as a result.
— Melissa Reddigari, BobVila.com, 22 Aug. 2019
▪ ...or give greater precision to parameters implied by a term that can mean different things to
different people:
Example:
Either you're old, like me, and were aghast at the idea of someone defiling your beloved Jump Street. Or
you're young (i.e., born after the '87 launch of the TV series that made Johnny Depp a star), and your
reaction was closer to, "What's 21 Jump Street?"
— Alynda Wheat, People, 26 Mar. 2012
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Note:
While i.e. is often set off by brackets or parentheses, it can sometimes follow a comma or em
dash. It is usually followed by a comma that sets off the restatement that comes after.

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/ie-vs-eg-abbreviation -meaning-usage-difference

HOW TO USE E.G.
▪ E.g. stands for exempli gratia in Latin and means “for example.” Just like the English phrase, it is used
before an item or list of items that stand as an example of the category of thing stated earlier:
Example:
These perceptions of harm were powerful enough to influence similar judgments in unrelated contexts:
The more immoral people saw a given act to be, the more they saw pain in minor injuries (e.g., hitting
your head, cutting your finger) and the more they detected suffering in ambiguous facial expressions.
— Kurt Gray and Chelsea Schein, The New York Times, 30 Jan. 2015

If you already know the specific make, model and year of car you want to buy, searching is easy:
Websites like autotrader.com, cars.com, carfax.com and truecar.com round up used cars, typically those
being sold at franchise dealerships (e.g., a Honda, Subaru or Ford dealership) and independent auto
dealerships (like used car lots).
— Jen A. Miller, The New York Times, 25 Apr. 2019
CONT’D
▪ Note:
It should be highlighted here how e.g. functions differently from i.e. In the Gray/Schein quote,
hitting your head and cutting your finger are examples of minor injuries—a class that could
include other kinds of injuries that are not given as examples, such a burn or a bruise.

The car brands in the Miller quote are examples of the kinds of brands commonly sold in
franchise dealerships. If the writer were instead giving a clearer description of what was meant
by franchise dealership, then she would use i.e.