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Teacher's Occupational Stress: A Review Study in National & International

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Article · April 2015

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 Volume 4, Number 2, April – June’ 2015
ISSN (Print):2279-0950, (Online):2279-0969
PEZZOTTAITE JOURNALS SJIF (2012): 2.9, SJIF (2013): 5.071, SJIF (2014): 5.97

TEACHER‟S OCCUPATIONAL STRESS: A REVIEW STUDY IN NATIONAL

& INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
Naveen Kumar Pandey10 Dr. Abhay Saxena11

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research paper is to critical review the existing literature on occupational stress of a teacher and explores its
findings to develop a new insights and future directions for further research. This research paper has segmented in four
sections Introduction, Review of literature, Comparative Table and Conclusion section. 15 Research paper has been collected
for the review, Out of these ten are Indian work and remaining five from overseas. The researcher has tried to display all the
existing literature findings in a comparative tabular format for the clarity, which assists other for further research in this
particular field.

KEYWORDS

Occupational Stress, Teachers, Professional Burnout etc.

INTRODUCTION

A person, who inspires you, encourages you to strive for greatness and see the best in us is the role model of our life and that
could be anyone but the people who guide us in the right direction is the teacher. Teacher play a vital role in nation building, who
creates , who nurture the talent and we look to them for advice and guidance for right direction.

In today's scenario with the hustle and bustle in life stress is the most common thing which we can observe, reasons could be
numerous but sometime the major would be the occupational stress. Stress is something, which make you weak mentally and
physically, and sometime the moment come in life when you see yourself in fall. As researches (NainaSabherwalandDeeya Ahuja,
2015), (Sapna, Dr. Ved Prakash Gabha, 2013), (G. Lokanadha Reddy & R. Poornima, 2012) shows that our academic profession
is also get affected by Stress and positive relationship between occupational stress & professional burnout. Stress in academic
level could be harmful if your mind is not properly centered how will you generate and impart the knowledge. In this research
paper researcher try to find out the factors which act as a barrier in pedagogy which affect them physically, mentally and
professionally and also assess what are the limitations of the existing research and database helps others to work on this direction.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

To explore the existing research regarding occupational stress of teachers for future directions to others.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

After review of literature we have found that lots of work have been done on the occupational stress of a teacher in a different
dimension i.e. (Naina Sabherwal and Deeya Ahuja et al, 2015) has tried to find out the occupational stress among faculty
members in higher education institution and the results showed that the determinants of stress among the administrators are
numerous and varied, with compilation of results, time pressures, lack of infrastructure, student‘s indiscipline and poor pay
prospects as a very high ranked stressors. Along with that, findings also revealed that the administrators experienced on an
average a low to moderate level of stress and this did not negatively affect their performance.

(Dr. Ansarul Hasan, 2014) found that the primary school teachers are highly stressed. Moreover, the private primary school
teachers have also found to be highly stressed in comparison to their government primary school teachers counterparts.

(Chaly PE, Anand SPJ, Reddy et. al, 2014) results showed, Out of 504 software professionals and 504 schoolteachers, for 23% of
software professionals and 85% of schoolteachers, stress was Not a Problem in their life. 71%of software professionals and 15%
of schoolteachers were in moderate Stress level. For 6% of software professional stress was a Problem in their life.

(Dr. S.S. Jeyaraj, 2013)worked on government and Aided higher secondary school teachers, with the sample of 185 Aided school
teachers and 120 Government Teachers. Result shows that teachers who reported greater stress were less satisfied with teaching,
reported greater frequency of absences and a greater number of total days absent were more likely to leave teaching (career
intention) and less likely to take up a teaching career again (career commitment).

10
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, DevSanskriti University, Uttarakhand, India, naveen.dsvv@gmail.com
11
Professor & Head Department of Computer Science, DevSanskriti University, Uttarakhand, India,
abhaysaxena2009@gmail.com

International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives © Pezzottaite Journals. 1533 |P a g e
 Volume 4, Number 2, April – June’ 2015
ISSN (Print):2279-0950, (Online):2279-0969
PEZZOTTAITE JOURNALS SJIF (2012): 2.9, SJIF (2013): 5.071, SJIF (2014): 5.97

(Ali Qadimi and Praveena K.B, 2013) investigated that teachers with higher age groups had higher burn out scores. In addition,
study shows that there were no significant differences between age groups of schoolteachers with reference to their occupational
stress.

(Sapna, Dr. Ved Prakash Gabha, 2013) reported many factors of occupational stress in engineering colleges i.e. academic
problem, fear, uncertainty, life causes, frustrations, pressures, environment, fatigue and overwork.

(Ms. Rani Ritu, 2012) conducted the comparative study of occupational stress of secondary school teachers in relation to their
demographic variables i.e. gender, types of school and locality. With the objective to compare the occupational stress of male and
female secondary school teachers, to compare the OS of the teachers working in government and private secondary schools , to
compare the OS of the teachers belonging to urban and rural secondary schools. OSI index prepared by A.K. Shrivastva is used
for the data collection. Results showed that there was no significant difference in the occupational stress of secondary school
teachers on gender, type of school and locality basis.

(G. Lokanadha Reddy and R. Poornima, 2012) the results revealed that majority of the university teachers are experiencing
moderate and high levels of occupational stress and 86 percent of teachers have professional burnout. Also the analysis showed
strong support for the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between the occupational stress and professional burnout of
university teachers.

(MariyaAftab, TahiraKahttoon, 2012) finding reviles that nearly half of the secondary school teachers experience less stress
towards their job and males displays more occupational stress towards job than the females, moreover the trained graduate
teachers are found to have higher occupational stress than post graduate and untrained teachers. Teachers with an experience of 6-
10 years face occupational stress the most and 0-5 years the least.

(Dhrub Kumar and JM Deo, 2011) explored the different aspects of work life of college teachers in general and to find out
difference in perception of male and female as well as junior and senior teachers with regard to their responses in particular.
Findings revealed that junior college teachers experienced significantly more stress on most of the dimensions of stress in
comparison to senior teachers. However, female teachers experienced more roles overload and inter-role distance stress as
compared to their male counterparts.

Table-1: Comparative Table on Different Factors of a Teacher‟s Occupational Stress in National Scenario

S. Research Title Authors / Factors of Key-points Results Limitations

No. Year occupational stress in
teaching profession
discussed in the
paper
1 A Study on NainaSabherw Time pressures, Lack 200 faculty Low to moderate According to result
Occupational Stress alandDeeya of infrastructure, members level stress 76% respondent were
Among Faculty Ahuja Student‘s indiscipline Pune But not affecting the women so result
Members In Higher Et al and Poor pay prospects performance of cannot be generalized
Education (2015) teacher with all the people.
Institutions In Pune
2 A Study of Dr. Working Environment 100 teachers Government Primary According to
Occupational Stress AnsarulHasan , 50 each from and Private Primary statistical result both
Of Primary School (2014) Nature of Job. government and Teachers Both group group are stressed
Teachers private are highly stressed but researcher have
Laksar, Haridwar not mention any
stressors and factors
that affects to both
group for highly
stress.
3 Occupational Stress Dr. S.S. Personal , and social 185 Aided School Government teacher Inequality in sample
Among The Teachers Jeyaraj characteristics teachers have low stress than size of both group.
Of The Higher (2013) Working condition. 120 government Aided school
Secondary Schools In School Teachers teachers
Madurai District, Madurai,
Tamil Nadu Tamilnadu
4 Influence Of Age On Ali Qadimi and Age 388 Age groups of the Age factors is a
Job Burnout And Praveena K.B Nature of Job. teachers using teachers did not common factors and
Occupational Stress (2013) stratified random influence their we need to do more
Among High School sampling, occupational survey in different
Teachers Mysore city, Stress. But It was city with same

International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives © Pezzottaite Journals. 1534 |P a g e
 Volume 4, Number 2, April – June’ 2015
ISSN (Print):2279-0950, (Online):2279-0969
PEZZOTTAITE JOURNALS SJIF (2012): 2.9, SJIF (2013): 5.071, SJIF (2014): 5.97

Karnataka seen that teachers sample size and also

Professional with lower need to do
burnout and age groups had lesser comparative study
occupational stress stress compared to between both group.
teachers with
higher age groups
5 Evaluation Of Chaly PE, Working Conditions 504 software Software The study did not
Occupational Stress Anand SPJ, And Nature of Job professionals and professionals were find out the gender
Among Software Reddy et. All 504 school teachers suffering higher wise and age wise
Professionals 2014 stress than stress variation
And School Teachers school teacher s. among the study
In Trivandrum subjects
6 Occupational Stress Sapna, Dr. Ved Academic problems Only discussed Only factors has been Any statistical work
Among The Prakash Gabha Fear theoretical discussed in this should be done in
Engineering College (2013) Uncertainty concepts on paper this topic that gives
Teachers In Punjab, Pressures occupational stress more justification
India Environment
Fatigue and overwork
7 A Comparative Study Ms. Rani Ritu Age 128 There wasno Sample size of a
Of Occupational (2012) Gender sample from significant difference study is less.
Stress Of Secondary Working Environment rohtak, Haryana in the occupational
School Teachers In stress of secondary
Relation To Their school teachers on
Gender, School And gender, type of
Locality school and locality
8 Occupational Stress G. Lokanadha Organizational 9 state university 74% of the university The study did not
And Professional Reddy and R. Structure selected by using teachers are moderate found the subject
Burnout Of Poornima Climate simple random and high levels of wise, particular
University Teachers 2012 Reduction in Fund sampling method, occupational stress course wise stress
In South India Amount South India and 86% of teachers variation among the
have professional university teachers
burnout
9 Demographic MariyaAftab, Organizational 608 teachers from teachers experience Findings were good
Differences And TahiraKahttoo structure and climate 42 schools of Uttar less stress towards but the study did not
Occupational Stress n change Pradesh their job. Males have demonstrate the
Of Secondary School 2012 Age more occupational categorization of
Teachers Marital status stress towards job sample in different
Salary Package than the females, segment. Like how
Trained graduate many sample was
teachers are found to married and
have higher unmarried. And from
occupational stress urban and rural
than post graduate
and untrained
teachers
10 Stress And Work Dhrub Kumar Role Overload 100 teachers Findings revealed Findings were good
Life Of College and JM Deo Working Environment From Bihar and that junior college but variation in
Teachers 2011 Jharkhand teachers experienced sample size like
significantly more junior teacher 75 and
stress on most of the senior teacher 25 can
dimensions of stress affect the result.
in comparison to Likewise male and
senior teachers female teacher.
Sources: Authors Compilation

Table-2: Comparative on Different factors of a Teacher‟s Occupational Stress in International Scenario

S. Research Title Authors Factors of Key-points Results Limitations

N. / Year occupational
stress in teaching
profession
1 Occupational Mika Gender, 337 findings provide The subjects in
Stress and Its Kataoka, professional Data analyzed evidence that in this research were
Related Factors Kazuhiro position, Tools used: order to one university, so

International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives © Pezzottaite Journals. 1535 |P a g e
 Volume 4, Number 2, April – June’ 2015
ISSN (Print):2279-0950, (Online):2279-0969
PEZZOTTAITE JOURNALS SJIF (2012): 2.9, SJIF (2013): 5.071, SJIF (2014): 5.97

Among Ozawa, conditions of Work Situation improve the To generalization

University et.al, 2014 taking paid Questionnaires mental health of of the results
Teachers In leave, job (WSQ) university, would be limited.
Japan satisfaction, General Health teachers
job control, social Questionnaire need to take their
support, and (GHQ) paid leave freely
coping skills Multidimensional
Scale of Perceived
Social Support
(MSPSS) Coping
Orientation to
Problems
Experienced
(COPE)
2 Effects Of Koech Biological Studylinvolved12 The study The study was
Occupational Jewen Psychological 37 public primary findings indicate limited to
Stress On Job David, 2014 And Social school teachers that employer responses to a
Performance System from 181 schools related factors self-report survey
Among Public significantly received from
Primary School affects job randomly selected
Teachers In performance public primary
Kuresoi Sub- among public school teachers in
County, Nakuru primary school Kuresoi Sub
County teachers in the County of
Sub-County (β Nakuru.
=0.094, p = 0.042)
3 The association Shen X, Both effort- Completed Among Chinese The study did not
between Yang YL, reward ratio questionnaires university found other
occupational et.al 2014 (ERR) and scores were received teachers, protective factor
stress and of over- from 1,210 occupational like psychological
depressive commitment were participants stress may be a capital.
symptoms and the positively risk factor for
mediating role of associated with depressive
psychological depressive symptoms
capital among symptoms,
Chinese whereas
university psychological
teachers: a cross- capital was
sectional study negatively
associated with
depressive
symptoms among
university
teachers
4 Occupational Dr. Personal Factors , 416 Turkish Turkish teachers This study
Stress of FigenEres, Social teachers and 213 have mild stress included only two
Teachers: A Dr. Characteristics Macedonian levels and districts, and thus,
Comparative TatjanaAtan And Working teachers Macedonian it may have
Study Between asoska Conditions teachers have limited
Turkey and 2011 moderate stress generalizability.
Macedonia levels Similar studies
should be done
using larger
samples in
different regions
of Turkey and
Macedonia
5. Occupational Anthony H. Diminishing Approximately This finding
Stress in Winefield resources, 50% of the cannot be
Australian Nicole increased teaching Australian explained in terms
Universities: Gillespie loads and university staff of personality
A National et. al student/staff taking part in the factors

International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives © Pezzottaite Journals. 1536 |P a g e
 Volume 4, Number 2, April – June’ 2015
ISSN (Print):2279-0950, (Online):2279-0969
PEZZOTTAITE JOURNALS SJIF (2012): 2.9, SJIF (2013): 5.071, SJIF (2014): 5.97

Survey 2002 ratios, pressure to study were at

2002 attract external risk of
funds, job psychological
insecurity, illness, compared
poor management with only 19% of
and a lack of the Australian
recognition and population
reward overall
Sources: Authors Compilation

Table-3

Common Factors of Occupational stress in Different Factors of Occupational Stress in

teaching Profession (in National / Teaching Profession (in National /
International Scenario) International Scenario)
Working Condition Social Characteristics
Work Environment Conditions of taking paid leave
Personal Factors Diminishing resources
Gender factors A lack of recognition and reward
Job Satisfaction and more other factors Pressure to attract external funds
Sources: Authors Compilation

CONCLUSION

After reviewing the different studies, the researcher found few similarities in factors responsible for occupational stress in
teaching environment i.e. working environment age factor and job security besides that paid leave role conflict and technological
changes are the factors, which lead to occupational stress in international scenario. The limitations of the study clearly mentioned
in the comparative table 1.0 and 2.0, which shows the scope for further research.

REFERENCES

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4. Dhrub Kumar And JM Deo. (2011). Stress and work life of college teachers, Journal of the Indian Academy Of Applied
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International Journal of Organizational Behaviour & Management Perspectives © Pezzottaite Journals. 1537 |P a g e
 Volume 4, Number 2, April – June’ 2015
ISSN (Print):2279-0950, (Online):2279-0969
PEZZOTTAITE JOURNALS SJIF (2012): 2.9, SJIF (2013): 5.071, SJIF (2014): 5.97

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