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Performance analysis of direction of arrival estimation under hard condition

Conference Paper · April 2018

DOI: 10.1109/ICOA.2018.8370544

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 Performance analysis of Direction Of Arrival
estimation under hard condition
Btissam BOUSTANI
Laboratory Electronics, Energy,
Automatic and Information Processing,
Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Science and Technology
Mohammedia, Hassan II University
Casablanca
Mohammedia, Morocco
Btissam.boustani@gmail.com
Abdennaceur BAGHDAD
Laboratory Electronics, Energy,
Automatic and Information Processing,
Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Science and Technology
Mohammedia, Hassan II University
Casablanca
Mohammedia, Morocco
nasser_baghdad@yahoo.fr
Aicha SAHEL
Laboratory Electronics, Energy,
Automatic and Information Processing,
Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Science and Technology
Mohammedia, Hassan II University
Casablanca
Mohammedia, Morocco
sahel_ai@yahoo.fr

Abdelhakim BALLOUK Abdelmajid BADR

Laboratory Electronics, Energy, Automatic and Information Laboratory Electronics, Energy, Automatic and Information
Processing, Electrical Engineering Department Processing, Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, Hassan II Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, Hassan II
University Casablanca University Casablanca
Mohammedia, Morocco Mohammedia, Morocco
balloukhakim@gmail.com abdelmajid_badri@yahoo.fr

Abstract— this study presents the performance analysis of two
DOA estimation algorithms, ROOT-MUSIC and ROOT-WSF
under severe conditions, responsible of signal deterioration. These
algorithms have proven to be effective in the comparative study
made in previous studies [1] [2], although, it did not include the
constraints that a signal can be subjected to. In this context we
evaluated the two DOA estimation algorithms, based on four
criterias: high frequency, correlated signal, closely spaced sources
and noise detection. ROOT-WSF algorithm provides the most
accurate results for detecting the angle of arrival under this hard
condition.
Keywords—DOA estimation; root-music; root-wsf; smart
antenna system.
I. INTRODUCTION
Smart antenna system is considered one of the most
important techniques, dealing with the wireless communication
demands. It is also referred as adaptive array antennas or the 4th
generation antennas and digital beamforming arrays. Smart
antenna system is a combination of multiple antennas that have
no aspect of intelligence and digital signal processing (or
adaptive algorithm) that gives it an intelligent appearance. This
technique is based on identifying the signal direction through the
use of direction of arrival (DOA) algorithm to calculate the
beamforming vectors, which is responsible of locating and
tracking the desired signal.
Adaptive antennas are widely used for various advantages,
providing high level of efficiency and power for the target
signals, generating narrow pencil beams in high frequency
conditions and suppressing the interference by adjusting the
beam pattern. [3]
In this study, we focused on the most convenient direction of
arrival (DOA) algorithm which are ROOT-MUSIC and ROOT-
WSF, applicable to the Wi-Fi (5 GHz) frequency band, perfectly
implanted in smart antenna systems, with realistic criterias that
are responsible for signal degradation. Thus, we present four
criterias as following:
• High frequency corresponding to Wi-Fi (5 GHz)
• Correlated signals
• Closely sources
• Noise detection
II. DOA ESTIMATION
By definition, the direction of arrival estimation is used to
localize the direction of a radiating or reflecting source [4]. The
main purpose of DOA estimation is to collect the data
information from the incoming signals received by the antenna
arrays, in order to estimate the direction of the desired signal.
As mentioned before, a smart antenna system function with
DOA estimation algorithms, providing the angle of arrival, is
considered one of the inputs of the adaptive algorithms. The
adaptive algorithms consist on creating a beamforming
adjustable to the needs of the system improvements, by a set of
complex weights applied to the amplitude and/or the phase of
each antenna elements of the array.
In the following section, two directions of arrival (DOA)
algorithms will be investigated.
A. MUSIC Algorithm
The Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) is the most
used algorithm, popular for high resolution technique, especially
with uncorrelated signal which the number of source are known

978-1-5386-4225-2/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

[5] to estimate the direction of arrival. This technique is based the decomposition technique for the eigenvalues. This approach
on exploiting the Eigen structure of input covariance matrix. uses the strongest eigenvectors in a diagonal matrix ( ) and the
To obtain the Eigen vectors, two techniques of corresponding eigenvectors in the signal subspace matrix ( )
decomposition are used: Eigen decomposition of sample [7].
covariance matrix or singular value decomposition. This The expression of WSF algorithm can be written as:
decomposition allows us to obtain two parts, the signal part and
the noise part. = ( П ( ) ) (6)
In this context we chose to work with the SVD technique. So Where П ( ) represents the projection matrix into the
the Eigen decomposition of the covariance matrix is represented
column space of a (θ), and W is a weighting matrix to reduce the
as following:
impact of the subspace swap [8].
To better understand this expression, we need to know these
= = + (1) formulas:
П ( )= ( ) ( ) (7)

And represent respectively the signal part
and the noise part, where Us is the signal subspace ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) (8)
corresponding to Vs (the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues) and
Un is the noise subspace with the noise variance .
=( −2 + ) (9)
The expression of normalized MUSIC spectrum is given by:
( ) ( ) 1
( )= (2) = , ∗ (10)
( ) ( ) −

We can also find this expression under different scriptures as:

Here ( ) Is the pseudo inverse of a (θ), is the noise
variance, is eigenvectors in a diagonal noise matrix, M is the
1 number of targets, N is the number of sensors and K is the
( )= (3)
( ) ( ) number of snapshots.
D. Root-WSF Algorithm
The spatial spectrum MUSIC method plots the pseudo
spectrum against the angles ϴ and search for the peaks. Root-WSF is the rooting version of Weighted Subspace
Fitting (WSF) also called the MODE technique. This method
B. ROOT-MUSIC seeks to minimize the cost function [9] with:
Root-MUSIC is one of the various modifications of MUSIC
( )= ( ( ) ) (11)
algorithm, made to decrease the computational complexity and
improve its performance. This technique is based on founding Where:
the roots of a polynomial, but it is only applicable to a uniform
= − ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (12)
spaced linear array. ( )

The expression of ROOT-MUSIC can be presented as

following: =( − ) (13)
1
( )= (4) 1
| ( ) ( )| = ( ) (14)
−
With C is a Hermitian matrix given by: Here ( ) indicates the orthogonal projection matrix of the
array steering matrix, is the asymptotic-optimum
C = (5) weight matrix and same as above, represents the noise
variance.
C. WSF Algorithm III. SIGNAL EVALUATION
Weighted Subspace Fitting (WSF) algorithm is an
In wireless communications, a signal during its propagation
asymptotically efficient parametric method, used for estimating
undergoes a variety of transformations, which are due to the
the heights of different scatters, in the same azimuth-range
signal environment, correlation between signals, multipath,
resolution cell [6].
noises …
WSF algorithm is considered as unified approach to schemes
Signal processing in smart antenna systems concentrates on
as MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms, it also requires the
two main functions, allowing to locate and track the desired
knowledge of the number of directional sources, and the use of
signal, this two functions are: Direction of Arrival (DOA)
estimation and adaptive beam forming. The classical mode can IV. SIMULATION RESLUTS
be represented as following: In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed
algorithms of direction of arrival DOA, which are ROOT-
MUSIC and ROOT-WSF, we considered a uniform linear array
(ULA) of M the10 number of elements with inter element
spacing of λ/2, four received signals S=4 with the angle of
arrival (AOA) ϴ1=-70°; ϴ2= 0°; ϴ3=7° ; ϴ3=20°, and the
number of samples (K) is taken for BPSK modulation equal to
1024.
In the next section, we will analyze the operating frequency,
the nature of the signal, the spacing between close signals
sources, and the noise detection. The targets are estimated in the
full angular range from −90◦ to90.
The simulations presented in this section are performed with
Fig. 1. Classical mode of smart antenna system [10] MATLAB/SIMULINK R2015a. Every simulation run 600
In this paper, we focused on the function of direction of times.
arrival, then we investigated all the possibilities for better A. high frequency versus low frequency
performance. To do so, we first specified the algorithms, which This part represents the evaluation of our system based on
are ROOT-MUSIC and ROOT-WSF, then we evaluated them
the variation of the frequency of operation. In this case we
under hard criterions, making the detection of the angle of proposed to work with the two Wi-Fi frequency bands, known
arrival hard to find. These criteria are represented as follows: as 1GHz and 5GHz, and with four correlated signals. The results
A. High frequency versus low frequency of this study are revealed by the following table.
Frequency is an important parameter often used in wireless
TABLE I. TWO WIFI FREQUENCY BAND UNDER ROOT-MUSIC AND ROOT-
communications. It determines how the sinusoidal signal goes WSF , (AOA) ϴ1=-70°; ϴ2= 0°; ϴ3=7° ; ϴ3=20°
through a cycle [11], and it is directly connected to the
wavelength. ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF
-70° 0° 7° 20° -70° 0° 7° 20
The frequency of a signal influences its performances. Based °
-
on the dependence of the signal frequency, when high and low -67.1° -35.3° 5.52° 21.44 -70° 0.001 6.99° 20°
1 GHz
frequencies come across, the signal performs otherwise, it was ° °
proven that at low frequencies we can achieve good coherence -
5GHz -67.2° 37.16 5.5° 21.41 -70° 0.008 7° 20°
and well correlated signals, and on the other hand, at high ° ° °
frequencies we can have bad coherence and uncorrelated signals
[12]. In This table, ROOT-MUSIC algorithms shows high
The difference between high and low frequency values, sensibility toward the operating frequency, in which is clearly
affects the detection of the direction of arrival. remarkable for both low (1GHz) and high frequency (5GHz).
ROOT-MUSIC was slightly able to detect 3 angles of
B. Correlated and uncorrelated signal arrival, but could not detect the fourth. In the other hand, ROOT-
A signal can be identified by two manners, correlated and WSF algorithm has perfectly detected all the angles of arrival in
uncorrelated signal. both situations.
Correlated signal can be defined as a signal that shares some 60
properties with another signal, it is also defined as a signal where
40
there is a statistical correlation between samples or that has a
non-flat spectrum. 20
Uncorrelated signal represents a signal where any inter-
0
sample correlation has been removed, or that has a flat spectrum.
MUSIC algorithm as mentioned above is the ost used algorithm -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40
-20
in this context [4].
-40
C. Closely Source
The use of closely spaced sources is a delicate case, -60
frequently found in wireless communications, in this situation,
the high resolution of direction of arrival is needed. -80
ROOT-MUSIC (1GHz) ROOT-WSF (1GHz)
In the simulation part, an evaluation is made, to find the best ROOT-MUSIC (5GHz) ROOT-WSF (5GHz)
DOA algorithm that can detect precisely the angle of arrival of
closely spaced sources.
Fig.2. Representation of the results given by TABLE I
B. Correlated and uncorrelated signal
40
In This section, we evaluated the two directions of arrival
(DOA) algorithms in both contexts, correlated and uncorrelated 30
signals, using the operating frequency of 5GHz. The other
20
parameters remained the same.
10
TABLE II. CORRELATED VERSUS UNCORRELATED SIGNAL UNDER ROOT-
MUSIC AND ROOT-WSF FOR 5 GHZ 0
ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
-10
-70° 0° 7° 20° -70° 0° 7° 20°
CORREL - -20
ATED 64.98 0.001 55.51 18.79 -70° 0.001 7° 20°
° ° ° ° ° -30
UNCORR
ELATED -70° 0.008 7° 20° -70° 0.008 7° 20° ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF
° °
Fig.4. conversion of the results given by TABLE III (Part 1: spaced with 10°).

The results of the simulation given in table II, shows that

ROOT-WSF algorithm overpass the ROOT-MUSIC algorithm 30
In terms of accuracy. It is also shown that ROOT-MUSIC 20
provides good results in the context of uncorrelated signal,
10
which is perfectly logical, and in accordance with the theory.
0
80 -15 -10 -5 -10 0 5 10
60 -20
40 -30
20 -40

0 -50
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF
-20
Fig.5. Conversion of the results given by TABLE III (Part 2: spaced with 5°).
-40
-60 The results of the simulation, proves that ROOT-MUSIC can
not detect the angles of arrival in both proposed cases. On the
-80 other hand, ROOT-WSF can effectively detect all of the angles
Correlated ROOT-MUSIC Correlated ROOT-WSF
from 10° to 5° spaced angle difference.
Uncorrelated ROOT-MUSIC Uncorrelated ROOT-WSF D. Detection of noises
Now, we evaluate the proposed DOA algorithms, where the
Fig.3. Conversion of the results given by TABLE II
desired signal are mingled with the noise one, the basic
parameters remained the same, using also the operating
C. Closely Source frequency of 5GHz and the signals are assumed to be correlated.
Table III treats two hard conditions of a very closely spaced The results are given in the table VI.
sources, in which we consider a spacing of 10° with angle of
TABLE IV. SIGNAL DETECTION UNDER ROOT-MUSIC AND ROOT-WSF FOR
arrival (AOA) ϴ1=-20°; ϴ2= -10°; ϴ3=0° ; ϴ3=10°, and 5° 5 GHZ
with (AOA) ϴ1=-10°; ϴ2= -5°; ϴ3=0° ; ϴ3=5°. The basic
parameters remained the same, using also the operating ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF
frequency of 5GHz and the signals are assumed to be correlated. -70° 0° 7° 20° -70° 0° 7° 20°
Signal and
noise -70 0.001 7 20 -70 0.001 7 20
TABLE III. CLOSELY SPACED SOURCES COMPARISON UNDER ROOT-MUSIC
AND ROOT-WSF FOR 5 GHZ
The obtained results confirm that we found the same results
ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF
in both DOA algorithms, ROOT-MUSIC and ROOT-WSF. This
ϴ1 ϴ2 ϴ3 ϴ4 ϴ1 ϴ2 ϴ3 ϴ4
Spaced - - indicates that the angle of arrival can detect very well the noise
with
25.15° 29.74° 0.5° 12.05° -20° -10° 0.006° 10° signals, this means that DOA algorithms can detect the signal
10° whatever its nature.
Spaced -
-42.7° -6.20° 21.68° 4.72° - - 0.082° 5.01°
with 5° 9.97° 5.01°
 40
In terms of precision, it is obvious that the ROOT-WSF
20 algorithm is the most accurate.
0 In almost all cases, ROOT-WSF algorithm gives an accuracy
-80 -60 -40 -20
-20
0 20 40 of 99%. Therefore, it is considered the best algorithm to
accurately detect the angles of arrival.
-40
V. CONCLUSION
-60
According to the study established in this article, it can easily
-80 be assumed that ROOT-WSF provides the best results in term of
detecting the angle of arrival (AOA) for the proposed criterion.
ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF It can operate in high frequencies with correlated sources and
even very closely spaced sources, the same thing applies to the
noise detection. It is more accurate and gives high resolution.
Fig.6. THIS GRAPH IS A CONVERSION OF THE RESULTS GIVEN BY TABLE IV.
This allows us to say that this method is perfectly appropriate
E. Precision of the detection for the functioning of our system.
Based on the result given in Table I, II and III we can define The main idea of this study, is to find the best suitable DOA
the accuracy and the precision of our algorithms. algorithm to implement it in the smart antenna system, so that
we can be sure that our system, does only need to improve the
TABLE V. EVALUATION OF THE PRECISION OF DETECTION OF THE AOA
adaptive algorithm.
IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS

ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF REFERENCES

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ROOT-MUSIC ROOT-WSF

Fig. 7. THIS GRAPH IS A CONVERSION OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN TABLE

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