Learning Activity

LST6282 Using Language

Language Change

Examine these extracts from the Bible, and answer the following questions:

Old English Middle English Early Modern English Late Modern English
(c. 11th century CE) Wyclif Bible, c. 1390 (1559 CE) (1965–70 CE)

Fæder ure, þu þe eart on Oure fadir that art in Our Father which art in
Our Father in heaven,
heofonum, heuenes, heaven,

si þin nama gehalgod. halewid be thi name; Hallowed be thy name. hallowed be your name,

To becume þin rice. thi kyndoom come to; Thy kingdom come, your kingdom come,

Gewurþe ðin willa on

be thi wille don in erthe Thy will be done in your will be done on
eorðan swa swa on
as in heuene: earth, as it is in heaven. earth as it is in heaven.
heofonum.

gyue to us this dai oure

Urne gedæghwamlican Give us this day our Give us today our daily
breed ouer othir
hlaf syle us to dæg. daily bread. bread.
substaunce;

And forgyf us ure gyltas, and forgyue to us oure And forgive us our Forgive us our debts, as
swa swa we forgyfað dettis, as we forgyuen to debts, as we forgive our we also have forgiven
urum gyltendum. oure dettouris; debtors. our debtors.

And ne gelæd þu us on and lede us not in to And lead us not into And lead us not into
costnunge, temptacioun, temptation, temptation,

but deliver us from the

ac alys us of yfele. but delyuere us fro yuel. but deliver us from evil
evil one.

1. Spelling
A. What letters did they use in Old English that we no longer use?
B. How has the usage of the letters i, u, v, and y changed over time?
2. Semantics
A. Which words changed the most from Old English to Middle English?
B. What words from Early Modern English are no longer used in ordinary
conversation?
3. Syntax: How has the order of words changed over time?
4. What changes have you noticed in English in your lifetime?

www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/history/paternoster.html, www.biblegateway.com © IO Institute of Linguistics