Automatic night light circuit using SCR

SUBMITTED BY
2018-EE-01
2018-EE-23
2018-EE-11
2018-EE-32
Semester Project
Report

Department of Electronic Engineering

Sir Syed University Of Engineering and Technology, Karachi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of the individuals who co-
operated us to complete the project work successfully. First and foremost, I wish to express my
deep gratitude and thanks to SIR SHAJI course teacher of Communication System and our
project teacher MA’AM SAMIYA for their enthusiastic guidance and helping in successful
completion of project work. They provided us their precious time for valuable suggestions and
encouragement throughout the work. It is for their patience, guidance and encouragement at all
time that this work has shaped up the way it is.
A project is a teamwork and reflects the contribution of many people. A number people
contributed their time and efforts in making their project work a success. We would like to thank
everyone who contributed their time and efforts to help in completing the project work.

INTRODUCTION
Thyristor
In many ways the Silicon Controlled Rectifier, SCR or just Thyristor as it is more commonly
known, is similar in construction to the transistor.

It is a multi-layer semiconductor device, hence the “silicon” part of its name. It

requires a gate signal to turn it “ON”, the “controlled” part of the name and once
“ON” it behaves like a rectifying diode, the “rectifier” part of the name. In fact the
circuit symbol for the thyristor suggests that this device acts like a controlled
rectifying diode.

Thyristor Symbol
However, unlike the junction diode which is a two layer ( P-N ) semiconductor
device, or the commonly used bipolar transistor which is a three layer ( P-N-P, or N-
P-N ) switching device, the Thyristor is a four layer ( P-N-P-N ) semiconductor
device that contains three PN junctions in series, and is represented by the symbol
as shown.
Like the diode, the Thyristor is a unidirectional device, that is it will only conduct
current in one direction only, but unlike a diode, the thyristor can be made to operate
as either an open-circuit switch or as a rectifying diode depending upon how the
thyristors gate is triggered. In other words, thyristors can operate only in the
switching mode and cannot be used for amplification.
The silicon controlled rectifier SCR, is one of several power semiconductor devices
along with Triacs (Triode AC’s), Diacs (Diode AC’s) and UJT’s (Unijunction
Transistor) that are all capable of acting like very fast solid state AC switches for
controlling large AC voltages and currents. So for the Electronics student this makes
these very handy solid state devices for controlling AC motors, lamps and for phase
control.
The thyristor is a three-terminal device labelled: “Anode”, “Cathode” and “Gate” and
consisting of three PN junctions which can be switched “ON” and “OFF” at an
extremely fast rate, or it can be switched “ON” for variable lengths of time during half
cycles to deliver a selected amount of power to a load. The operation of the thyristor
can be best explained by assuming it to be made up of two transistors connected
back-to-back as a pair of complementary regenerative switches as shown.

A Thyristors Two Transistor Analogy

 
The two transistor equivalent circuit shows that the collector current of the NPN
transistor TR2 feeds directly into the base of the PNP transistor TR1, while the
collector current of TR1 feeds into the base of TR2. These two inter-connected
transistors rely upon each other for conduction as each transistor gets its base-
emitter current from the other’s collector-emitter current. So until one of the
transistors is given some base current nothing can happen even if an Anode-to-
Cathode voltage is present.
When the thyristors Anode terminal is negative with respect to the Cathode, the
centre N-P junction is forward biased, but the two outer P-N junctions are reversed
biased and it behaves very much like an ordinary diode. Therefore a thyristor blocks
the flow of reverse current until at some high voltage level the breakdown voltage
point of the two outer junctions is exceeded and the thyristor conducts without the
application of a Gate signal.
This is an important negative characteristic of the thyristor, as Thyristors can be
unintentionally triggered into conduction by a reverse over-voltage as well as high
temperature or a rapidly rising dv/dt voltage such as a spike.
If the Anode terminal is made positive with respect to the Cathode, the two outer P-
N junctions are now forward biased but the centre N-P junction is reverse biased.
Therefore forward current is also blocked. If a positive current is injected into the
base of the NPN transistor TR2, the resulting collector current flows in the base of
transistor TR1. This in turn causes a collector current to flow in the PNP
transistor, TR1 which increases the base current of TR2 and so on.

Typical Thyristor
Very rapidly the two transistors force each other to conduct to saturation as they are
connected in a regenerative feedback loop that can not stop. Once triggered into
conduction, the current flowing through the device between the Anode and the
Cathode is limited only by the resistance of the external circuit as the forward
resistance of the device when conducting can be very low at less than 1Ω so the
voltage drop across it and power loss is also low.
Then we can see that a thyristor blocks current in both directions of an AC supply in
its “OFF” state and can be turned “ON” and made to act like a normal rectifying
diode by the application of a positive current to the base of transistor, TR2 which for
a silicon controlled rectifier is called the “Gate” terminal.
The operating voltage-current I-V characteristics curves for the operation of
a Silicon Controlled Rectifier are given as:

Automatic night light circuit using

SCR

This automatic night light circuit controls the turn the power off
consumption in home automation. If it is daytime working to break the
circuit. But at night is connected to a working electrical AC 220 volts. Such
as the opening and closing of the bulb. This lamp will illuminate when the
light bulb goes off into the evening and on beginning to dawn.

Her
e is Automatic night light circuit using SCR and LDR without Relay!
How automatic sun light sensor switch circuit works
The circuits ready working. When the male plug, or for the circuit to the AC
line power at 220 volts. The plug socket is connected to appliances in the
home. Or connect with bulbs. The circuit is based on the brightness of the
light incident on the LDR. By the features is as follows.
When LDR received an indirect light. It will have a low resistance causes a
current flow through too much or through to a ground fully. Makes a
capacitor C1 look like short circuit. As a result, the transistors Q1 and Q2
not works. So not have a voltage pulse to trigger a SCR1(T106) or stop
working so as to short-circuit the AC power. Makes electrical components,
or lamps connected to the plug socket. Or the connector points SK1.
Therefore not working or notice a light bulb goes out.

But when the LDR is received the sun light. The it ‘s body will has the high
resistance. Makes the current flowing through the less. So flow to store at
the C1. So have a voltage across it to use as the bias voltage to the
transistors Q2(BC337) and Q1(BC327) runs. So has the voltage pulse to
trigger to provide the SCR1 also works. Therefore virtual circuits is
connected to the AC power. Makes the electrical components or the lamp
that connected with the plug socket or the point-SK1 or noticed the lamp
is lit.
Additional, the LDR stands for the Light Dependent Resistor. Acts as a
general sensor light. It is a type of resistor whose resistance value changes
according to the intensity of incident light transmitted to it. If there is
much light, the resistance is low, (as a result of the current through a lot).
If low light, the resistance is high, (as a result, less current flow). The
sensitivity of the circuit will adjust the variable resistor VR1.

Electrical appliances or light bulbs that are connected to a plug socket or

points combination with SK1 about not exceed 200 watts. Which depends
on the tolerance power of diode D1, D4 or D2, D3 and SCR1. When
working AC circuits to flow seamlessly through these devices, particularly
the diode number 1N4007 will allow current to flow only up to about 1
amp.

Do not install the LDR to the direct exposure to the light from the lamp
will turn on-off. Provides been specialized the normal bright light only. Or
the the back lamps, the light from the light bulbs.

TRIAC | Automatic Night Lamp Circuit

Like SCR, TRIAC is also essentially a four-layer device and has three terminals only namely anode,
cathode and gate. But unlike SCR, triac is a bidirectional device. It can conduct is either direction and can
block voltage of either polarity. A voltage of either polarity can switch a triac from OFF state to ON state.
Hence the function served by a TRIAC is essentially that of two SCRs connected in parallel but in opposite
directions. The gate terminal G makes ohmic contacts with both the n and p materials. This permits
trigger pulse of either polarity to start flow of current.
 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is basically a semiconductor device whose resistance change according
to the intensity of light fall on it. The resistance will increase in absence of light on LDR and resistance
will decrease in presence of light on LDR.

Working of Automatic Night Lamp Circuit

At day time when an adequate amount of light fall on the LDR its resistance is very low. Let the switch
SW2 is in position 1 (i.e. connected to SCR) and switch SW1 is closed. AC input voltage is rises to 330
volts. The voltage is divided into two voltages because resistor R 1 and LDR are connected in series. At day
time, the peak voltage is less than breakdown voltage the SCR will remains off. When light on LDR
become low the resistance of LDR become high as a result SCR gate is triggered and lap start to glow. We
know that SCR is only operated in positive half cycle as a result the intensity of bulb will reduce but it will
boost the lifespan of bulb.

In order to reduce this limitation a TRIAC is used for this switch SW 2 is move to position 2. The brightness
of lamp will distinct increases.

Check out other night/evening lamp circuit posted in bestengineeringprojects.com

1. Automatic Night Lamp

2. IC 555 Based Automatic evening lamp

3. Light Sensor Switch Circuit using LDR and 741 IC

PARTS LIST OF AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP CIRCUIT

Resistors (all ¼-watt, ± 5% Carbon)

R1 = 10 MΩ

Semiconductors

SCR1 = OE206 or SN206 or 2N2601 or TY6004 or any 2A, 600V SVR

TRIAC1 = SPT6M or 2N5757 or any 2A, 600V TRIAC

LDR

Miscellaneous

SW1 = ON/OFF Switch

 SW2 = SPDT switch

L1 = 6W Lamp

F1 = 3A rating Fuse

Silicon Controlled Rectifier | Automatic Night Lamp

SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) is a PNPN silicon device with end p-terminal forming the anode A, end n-
terminal forming the cathode k and a gate, called the cathode gate Ge, at the p-layer next to the cathode.
SCR has two stable state namely ON state and OFF states. No intermediate state is possible. Thus, with
the suitable forward voltage and gate current, SCR switches to ON state and draws heavy current limited
only by the resistor in the external circuit.

It remains in the ON state indefinitely. Only the SCR fires i.e. comes in the ON state, gate loses all control.
SCR can be turned OFF by reducing the supply voltage below the holding voltage V H i.e. reducing the
device current below the holding current IH. This function of SCR is similar to that of a mechanical switch
and hence SCR truly forms an electronic switch.