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Human Computer Interaction- ASSIGNMENT 1

Q1. Explain the Interaction Paradigms.

Ans.  

 History of interactive systems design provides paradigm for usable designs.

 Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific world views.

 New computing Technologies arrive, creating a new perception on the human-

computer relationship. 

Paradigm ->

 Critical paradigm  Paradigm shift –

1. Batch processing  - Impersonal computing

2. Time sharing – Interactive Computing

3. networking- community computing

4. Graphic displays - Direct manipulation

5. Microprocessor- Personal computing

6. WWW- Global information 

7. Ubiquitous computing

 Video Display Units- Computers for visualising and manipulating data. One person's
contribution could drastically changed the history of computing.

 Programming toolkits- the right programming tool kit provides building blocks to
producing Complex interactive systems.

 Personal Computing - System is more powerful as it becomes easier to use.

 Windows Systems And WIMP Interface - Humans can pursue more than one task at a
time.

 Metaphor -Relating computing to other Real world activity is effective teaching

technique.

 Direct Manipulation - What you see is what you get, visibility of objects.

 Language Versus Action - Actions do not speak louder than words, interface as
mediator DM – Interface replaces underlying system, language paradigms interface
acts as intelligent agent.
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 Hypertext – Key to success is Managing explosion of Information, hypermedia and

multimedia.

 Multimodality - A mode is a human communication channel,   emphasis on

simultaneous use of multiple channels for input-output.

 Computer Support Cooperative Work - CSCW  removes bias of Single user . single
computer system  can no longer neglect the social outputs.

 Www World Wide Web - Hypertext - originally closed system. - Simple Universal
protocols http and HTML made publishing and accessing easy.

 Agent-Based Interfaces - Original interfaces- Commands given to computer direct

manipulation / WIMP

- Agents- returned to language by installing proactivity and multigenre  in

command processor.

 Ubiquitous Computing - Anywhere computing

 Sensor Based And Contact Aware Interaction - Human are good at recognising the
context of a situation and  reacting.

- Automatically senses physical phenomena becoming easier

Q2. Explain the interaction design basics.

Ans. Interactive design basics
Interaction design is about creating interventions in often complex situations using
technology of many kinds including PC software, the web and physical devices. n Design
involves: – achieving goals within constraints and trade-off between these – understanding
the raw materials: computer and human –accepting limitations of humans and of design. n
The design process has several stages and is iterative and never complete.
what is design? A simple definition is:achieving goals within constraints.
interactive design process
Requirements – what is wanted The first stage is establishing what exactly is needed. There
are a number of techniques used for this in HCI: interviewing people, videotaping them,
looking at the documents and objects that they work with, observing them directly.
Analysis The results of observation and interview need to be ordered in some way to bring
out key issues and communicate with later stages of design.
Design Well, this is all about design, but there is a central stage when you move from what
you want, to how to do it.
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Iteration and prototyping Humans are complex and we cannot expect to get designs right
first time. We therefore need to evaluate a design to see how well it is working and where
there can be improvements.
Implementation and deployment Finally, when we are happy with our design, we need to
create it and deploy it. This will involve writing code, perhaps making hardware, writing
documentation and manuals – everything that goes into a real system that can be given to
others.
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Human Computer Interaction- ASSIGNMENT 2

Q1. Explain the Socio-Organizational issues and stakeholder requirements.

Ans. SOCIO-ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES AND STAKEHOLDER REQUIREMENT
There are several organizational issues that affect the acceptance of technology by users and that
must therefore be considered in system design: –

- systems may not take into account conflict and power relationships

- those who benefit may not do the work

- not everyone may use systems.

1) ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES- Cooperation or conflict? , Changing power structures,The invisible

worker Who benefits?, Critical mass(DIAGRAM),evaluating the benefits.

In addition to generic issues, designers must identify specific stakeholder requirements within their
organizational context.

2) CAPTURING REQUIREMENTS: how can we better understand and support complex

organizational structures, workgroups and potentially conflicting stakeholder needs? We begin by
capturing and analyzing requirements. we consider several approaches: socio-technical modeling,
soft systems methodology, participatory design, ethnographic methods and contextual inquiry.

2.1 Who are the stakeholders? - primary(who use system

directly),secondary(indirectly),tertiary(do not fall in either of two)

2.2 Socio-technical models: Socio-technical models capture both human and technical
requirements. The key focus of the socio-technical approach is to describe and document
the impact of the introduction of a specific technology into an organization.

2.3 Soft systems methodology: Soft systems methodology takes a broader view of human
and organizational issues. Soft systems methodology (SSM) arises from the same tradi- tion
but takes a view of the organization as a system of which technology and people are
components. There is no assumption of a particular solution: the emphasis is rather on
understanding the situation fully.

2.4 Participatory design: Participatory design includes the user directly in the design process.
Participatory design has three specific characteristics. It aims to improve the work
environment and task by the introduction of the design,Secondly, it is char- acterized by
collaboration: the user is included in the design team and can contribute to every stage of
the design. Finally, the approach is iterative: the design is subject to evaluation and revision
at each stage.

2.5 Ethnographic methods: Ethnographic methods study users in context, attempting to take
an unbiased perspective.
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Q2. What do you mean by collaboration models?

Ans. All computer systems, single-user or multi-user, interact with the work-groups and
organizations in which they are used.

We need to understand normal human–human communication: –

1) Face-to-face communication involves eyes, face and body.(Factors :Eye contact and gaze,
Gestures and body language)

2)Conversation: can be analysed to establish its detailed structure.(Factors conversational structure,

Context, Topics, focus and forms of utterance)

3)Text-Based Conversation : There are four types of textual communication in current groupware:

Discrete – directed message as in email. There is no explicit connection between dif- ferent
messages, except in so far as the text of the message refers to a previous one.

Linear – participants’ messages are added in (usually temporal) order to the end of a single
transcript.

Non-linear – when messages are linked to one another in a hypertext fashion.

Spatial – where messages are arranged on a two-dimensional surface.

This can then be applied to text-based conversation, which has: –

1)Reduced feedback for confirmation

2)Less context to disambiguate utterances

3) Slower pace of interaction but is more easily reviewed.

#Group working is more complex than that of a single person: –

1) It is influenced by the physical environment

2) Experiments are more difficult to control and record

3) Field studies must take into account the social situation.