Des Systems

Pub. No.
7239193 +400 °C
Version C
+700 °F
L +350 °C
+600 °F
+300 °C
Systems
+500 °F
+250 °C
Design
Des
+400 °F
+200 °C
Data
+150 °C +300 °F
+100 °C
+200 °F
+50 °C
+100 °F
0 °C
0 °F
-50 °C
-100 °F
SYSTEMS
DESIGN
DATA
NOTICE: Although the information and recommendations set forth herein (hereinafter “Information”) are presented in
good faith and believed to be correct as of the date hereof, Solutia Inc. makes no representations or warranties as to
the completeness or accuracy thereof. Information is supplied upon the condition that the persons receiving same will
make their own determination as to its suitability for their purposes prior to use. In no event will Solutia Inc. be respon-
sible for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon Information or the product to
which Information refers. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use any product,
process, equipment or formulation in conflict with any patent, and Solutia Inc. makes no representation or warranty,
express or implied, that the use thereof will not infringe any patent. NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OF ANY OTHER NATURE
ARE MADE HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO INFORMATION OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH INFORMATION REFERS.
® Registered Trademark of Solutia Inc.

Contents
Section 1
1.1 Piping System Specifications
1.1 Selection
1.5 Copper System for use from -325 °F to 350 °F
1.7 Class 150 Stainless Steel System for use from -325 °F to 350 °F
1.9 Class 150 Low Alloy Steel System for use from -150 °F to 350 °F
1.11 Class 150 Carbon Steel System for use from -50 °F to 350 °F
1.15 Class 300 Stainless Steel System for use from -325 °F to 750 °F
1.17 Class 300 Low Alloy Steel System for use from -150 °F to 750 °F
Section 2
2.1 Valve Types and Service Specifications
2.1 Valve Stem Seals
2.1 Gate Valves
2.5 Globe Valves
2.9 Check Valves
2.13 Ball Valves
2.16 High Pressure Butterfly Valves
2.20 Proprietary Valves
Section 3
3.1 Bolted Joints
3.1 Minimizing Leaks
3.1 Bolting
3.1 Flanges
3.2 Gaskets
3.4 Gasket Manufacturers
Section 4
4.1 Pumps and Seals
4.1 Pump Selection
4.2 Pump Manufacturers
4.3 Mechanical Seals
4.6 Mechanical Seal Manufacturers
Section 5
5.1 Insulation Designs to Reduce Fire Hazard
Section 6
6.1 Fuel Fired Heater, Electric Heater and Chiller Manufacturers
Section 7
7.1 System Designers
Piping System Specifications
Selection
There are several things to consider when selecting components for piping systems, many of which
are listed below. The recommended application ranges for the piping system specifications on
pages 1.5 through 1.29 are based on these considerations. See the selection logic diagram on
page 1.4.
Material Degradation
A wide range of materials are suitable for use with Therminol ® fluids. Carbon, low alloy and stainless
steels, copper and copper alloys, and aluminum alloys are all suitable. Flexible graphite is most
commonly used for static sealing applications. Fluoro-elastomers have proven to be suitable in the
form of O-rings.
Operating Temperatures
Materials are limited to use at certain temperatures either because their properties are not suitable
or because the material degrades outside the specified temperature range. Metals are limited to
use at lower temperatures because of their tendency to become brittle. Metals are limited to use at
higher temperatures because of low strength, as is the case for copper, or because of material
degradation, as is the case for carbon steel. Suitable temperature ranges:
Fluoro-elastomers: –10°F ( –25°C) to 400°F (200°C)1
Flexible Graphite: –325°F (–200°C) to 800°F (425°C)3
Copper: –325°F (–200°C) to 350°F (175°C)

Carbon Steel: –20°F ( –30°C) to 800°F (425°C)2
Low Alloy Steel: –150°F (–100°C) to 800°F (425°C)3
Stainless Steel: –325°F (–200°C) to 800°F (425°C)3
1
Certain Fluoro-elastomers are suitable for use at temperatures outside of the range
shown. Consult the manufacturer.
2
Some carbon steel materials are suitable for use down to –50°F (–45°C). Under certain
conditions, some codes permit the use of ordinary carbon steels down to –50°F (–45°C).
3
These materials are suitable for use at higher temperatures.
Pressure Class
Pressure Classes apply to series of flanges for operation at certain pressure-temperature ratings as
defined in ASME B16.5. While Class 150 flanges meet the pressure-temperature requirements for
almost all Therminol ® applications, the use of Class 300 flanges is recommended when the
operating temperature exceeds 350°F (175°C) and when the operating temperature range exceeds
a differential of 300°F (170°C). The recommended temperature is somewhat arbitrary, but it is
based on experience with the leak tightness of the Class 150 flanged systems in Therminol ®
service. Factors affecting the leak performance of the flanges include the ability of the flange
bolting to effectively seat the gasket and the ability of the flange to withstand external moments in
the piping system.
Solutia Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any particular company or specific brand
or product. The final decision on use of a particular company or a specific brand or product should
be made only after investigation and/or careful testing.
TM This data does not constitute an express or implied warranty. See NOTICE at the front of this Guide. 1.1
Fire Resistance
Fire resistance addresses the ability of the piping system to remain free of damaging leaks when
exposed to external fire. A piping component is considered to be Fire resistant when it is able to
withstand exposure to 1200°F for 30 minutes. See API STD 607. For liquid phase Therminol ®
operating above its flash point and vapor phase Therminol ® operating above its boiling point, fire
resistant piping systems are recommended. For other operating conditions, the user should judge
whether or not fire resistance is required based on such factors as the volume of combustible
material involved, the presence of flammable materials, the fire protection provided, and how close
the unit under consideration is to other operating units.
Materials considered to be fire resistant:
High melting point metals: carbon & stainless steel, nickel alloys
Flexible graphite packing and gaskets
Asbestos packing and gaskets
Materials not considered to be fire resistant:
Low melting point metals: aluminum, copper
Elastomers
PTFE gaskets and packing
Non-asbestos fiber reinforced rubber bound gaskets
Blow-out Resistance
Blow-out resistance is the ability of a gasket to resist being torn out of a flanged joint when
subjected to over pressure. Blow-out resistance is more subjective than fire resistance because
there are no universally recognized test methods. The following table is presented to subjectively
compare types of gaskets:
More Blow-out Resistant Less Blow-out Resistant
Thinner sheet materials Thicker sheet materials
Fiber reinforced gaskets Unreinforced gaskets
Metal reinforced gaskets Fiber reinforced gaskets
Metal gaskets Non-metallic gaskets
Using metal or metal reinforced gaskets is recommended for use in Therminol ® service. For Class
150 systems, metal inserted flexible graphite gaskets are recommended. Flexible graphite filled
spiral wound gaskets can be used for Class 150 systems, but it will be more difficult to consistently
get a good seal. Getting a good seal is a function of the gaskets being supplied, the skills and
habits of the mechanics tightening the bolts, the lubrication used for the bolting, the precision to
which the flanges are aligned before tightening, and the flexibility of the piping system near the
flanged joint. For Class 300 systems, flexible graphite filled spiral wound gaskets are
recommended.
Cost/Delivery for Cold Services

The low alloy steel components are frequently difficult to find. Considering the difficulty in procuring
the materials, and the additional testing requirements for welding procedure and welder
qualification, using a stainless steel piping system may be the more economical choice for small
systems and for modification and repair of existing systems.
Similarly, carbon steel components for use down to –50°F are frequently difficult to find.
Considering the difficulty in procuring the materials, and the additional weld metal impact testing
requirements, using a stainless steel piping system may be the more economical choice for small
systems and for modification and repair to existing systems.
Another option for systems operating down to –50°F is the use of ordinary carbon steel materials
with some stipulations. ASME B31.3 permits the use of ordinary carbon steels down to –50°F if:
(1) the maximum operating pressure of the manufactured components will not exceed 25% of the
maximum allowable design pressure, and (2) the combined longitudinal stress due to pressure,
dead weight, and displacement strain does not exceed 6 ksi (41 MPa). This provision does not
apply to bolting materials, so bolting suitable for use at the lower temperatures would have to be
used.
Copper
–325˚F to 350˚F
TM
Class 150
No
Stainless Steel
Consider using –325˚F to 350˚F
Lowest Lowest the stainless steel
Fire Operating Operating PSS for small systems
Resistance Yes Temperature No Temperature or modifications
Greater than Greater than because of delivery
Required? –20˚F (–30˚C) –50˚F (–45˚C)
No problems. Otherwise,
use the low alloy
steel PSS.
Class 150
Yes Yes
Yes Yes Low Alloy Steel
–150˚F to 350˚F
Operating Operating Consider using

Temperature No Temperature the stainless steel
Less Than Range Less Than Class 150
350˚F (175˚C) 300˚F (150˚C) PSS for small systems
or modifications Impact Tested CS

because of delivery –50˚F to 350˚F
problems. Otherwise,
No use the impact tested
carbon steel PSS.
Class 150
Carbon Steel
–20˚F to 350˚F
This data does not constitute an express or implied warranty. See NOTICE at the front of this Guide.
Class 300
Consider using Stainless Steel
the stainless steel –325˚F to 750˚F
Lowest Lowest
Operating Operating PSS for small systems
Temperature Temperature or modifications
Greater than Greater than because of delivery
–20˚F (–30˚C) –50˚F (–45˚C)
No No problems. Otherwise,
use the low alloy
steel PSS.
Yes Yes Class 300
Low Alloy Steel
–150˚F to 750˚F
Consider using
the stainless steel
PSS for small systems
or modifications Class 300
because of delivery Impact Tested CS
problems. Otherwise, –50˚F to 750˚F
use the impact tested
carbon steel PSS.
Class 300
1.4
Carbon Steel
Guide for Selecting Piping System Specifications (PSS)
–20˚F to 750˚F
Copper Piping System Specification for Use with

Therminol ® Heat Transfer Fluids from –325°F to 350°F
Application Size Range Specifications
Construction 1/2 - 4 Braze Joint Copper
Note: Use ASTM B260 Class BAG-1 strip or wire (Brazing
temperature approximately 1150 °F to 1400 °F)
Tube 1/2 - 4 Seamless hard drawn copper water tube, ASTM B88 Type L
Fittings 1/2 - 4 Wrought copper and bronze fittings, ASME B16.22, solder joint
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 4 Bronze flanges, ASME B16.24, Class 150 threaded, flat face
Gaskets 1/2 - 4 Full face gasket, ANSI B16.21, Class 125 1/16 inch thick metal
inserted flexible graphite, UCAR CARBON COMPANY Grade
GHE
Bolts 1/2 - 4 Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A193 Gr B8, with
heavy hex nut, ASTM A194 Gr 8 for Class 150 joint
Piping System Specifications/Temperature Ranges
Copper Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol ®

Heat Transfer Fluids from -325°F to 350°F
Figure 1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
15
200
Class 150 Flanged Joint
Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

150 10
Maximum Internal Pressure, psig
100
50
0 0
-325 to 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.000 Inches
Table 1 Branch Construction
ST 4
ST ST 3
ST ST 2
ST ST 11⁄2
ST ST 1
ST ST ST with Reducer 3⁄
4
Branch Size
ST ST 1⁄
2
1⁄ 3⁄
2 4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4
Header Size ST – Solder Joint Tee
Class 150 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use with
Construction 1/2 - 1 Socketweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges
1.1/2 - 3 Buttweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges
4 - 12 Buttweld, type A stub ends
1/2 - 12 316 SS may be substituted for the 304 SS pipe and fittings when
the 304 SS material is not available.
Pipe 1/2 - 3/4 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S
1 - 12 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 10S
Nipples 1/2 - 1 304 SS seamless nipple, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S
Fittings 1/2 - 1 Forged 304 SS fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A182 Gr F304, Class
3000 socketweld
1/2 - 1 Forged 304 SS integral seat union, ASTM A182 Gr F304, Class
3000 socketweld
1.1/2 - 12 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W
304L, WP-S 304, or WP-S 304L ASME B16.9, Sch 10S buttweld
1.1/2 - 12 Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000
socketweld welding outlet
For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1 per Table I
3 - 12 Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, buttweld welding
outlet, for Sch 10S header and Sch 10S branch
For branch NPS 1.1/2 thru 3 per Table I
6 - 12 304 SS reinforcing pad made from ASTM A312 Gr Tp304 pipe,
Sch 10S
For branch NPS 4 thru 10 per Table I
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 3/4 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class
150 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 40S bore
1 - 3 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5, Class
150 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 10S bore
4 - 12 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W
type A short stub end
4 - 12 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304, ASME B16.5, Class
150 lap joint
Gaskets 1/2 - 12 Corrugated stainless steel inserted flexible graphite gasket,
MARINE & PETROLEUM GRAPHONIC for Class 150 flanges
Bolts 1/2 - 12 Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A193 Gr B8, with
Class 150 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use

with Therminol ® Heat Transfer Fluids from -325°F to 350°F
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

250
15
200

150
NPS and 8 larger pipe and fittings
10
100
50
0 0
-325 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ET 12
ET 10
ET 8
ET 6
ET Reinforced Stub-in 4
ET ET 3
ET ET BW Welding Outlet 2
ET ET 11⁄2
ET 1
Branch Size
3⁄
SW Welding Outlet 4
Socketweld Tee 1⁄
2
1⁄
2
3⁄
4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12
Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee
Class 150 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification

for Use with Therminol ® Transfer Fluids from –150°F to 350°F
Construction 1/2 - 1.1/2 Socketweld, raised face (RF) flanges
2 - 24 Buttweld, raised face (RF) flanges
Pipe 1/2 - 1.1/2 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, Extra
Strong Wall Thickness
2 - 24 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3,
Standard Wall Thickness
Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,
ASME B16.11, Class 3000 socketweld
2 - 24 Wrought 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL3,
ASME B16.9, Std WT buttweld
2 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, Class
3000 socketweld welding outlet
For branch NPS 1/2 thru 1.1/2 per Table I
4 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,
buttweld welding outlet, for Std Wt header and Std WT branch
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,
ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT
bore
2 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,
ASME B16.5, Class 150 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT
bore
Bolts 1/2 - 24 Stainless steel heavy hex head bolt, ASTM A320 Gr L7, with
Class 150 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Use
with Therminol ® Transfer Fluids from -150°F to 350°F
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
300
20
250
Class 150 Flanged Joint 15

200
150 10
100
50
0 0
-150 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ET 24
ET ET 20
ET ET 18
ET ET 16
ET ET 14
ET ET 12
ET ET Reinforced Stub-in 10
ET ET 8
ET ET 6
ET ET 4
ET ET 2
11⁄2
Branch Size
SW Welding Outlet 3⁄
4
Socketweld Tee 1⁄
2
1⁄
2
3⁄
4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use with
Pipe 1/2 - 2 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong Wall
Thickness
3 - 24 Seamless impact tested carbon steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 1 or
Gr 6, Standard Wall Thickness
Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,
2 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WT
buttweld
3 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A420 Gr WPL-6, ASME
B16.9, Std WT buttweld
2 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, Class
4 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, buttweld
welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branch
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 2 Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,
bore
3 - 24 Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,
bore
Bolts 1/2 - 24 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7M, with heavy
hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2HM, for Class 150 joint
Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use

with Therminol ® Heat Transfer Fluids from -50°F to 350°F
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
300
20
250

15

200
150
10
100
50
0 0
-50 to 100 150 200 250 300 350
ET 24
ET ET 20
ET ET 18
ET ET 16
ET ET 14
ET ET 12
ET ET 8
ET ET 6
ET ET 4
ET ET 2
11⁄2
Branch Size
4
Socketweld Tee 1⁄
2
1⁄
2
3⁄
4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Therminol ® Transfer Fluids from –20°F to 350°F
Pipe 1/2 - 1.1/2 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong Wall
Thickness
2 - 24 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, Standard
Wall Thickness
Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A105, Class
3000 socketweld
1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel integral seat union, MSS SP-83, ASTM
A105, Class 3000 socketweld
2 - 24 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, Std WT
buttweld
2 - 24 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet
4 - 24 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT
header and Std WT branch
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class
150 welding neck, raised face, with XS WT bore
2 - 24 Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class
150 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore
Bolts 1/2 - 24 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7, with heavy
hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2H, for Class 150 joint
Class 150 Piping Systems

Figure 1.1 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

300 20
▲
▲
250 ▲
▲
▲

15
▲
200
▲
▲
▲
150
10
100
50 Legend
▲ – Class 150 Flanged Joint
0 0
-20 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Table 1.1 Branch Construction
ET 24
ET ET 20
ET ET 18
ET ET 16
ET ET 14
ET ET 12
ET ET 8
ET ET 6
ET ET 4
ET ET 2
11⁄2
Branch Size
4
Socketweld Tee 1⁄
2
1⁄
2
3⁄
4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Construction 1/2 - 1 Socketweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges
2 - 12 Buttweld, raised face (RF) welding neck flanges
1/2 - 4 Short radius fittings are not permitted
1/2 - 12 316 SS may be substituted for the 304 SS pipe and fittings when
the 304 SS material is not available.
Pipe 1/2 - 3/4 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule
40S
1 - 4 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 10S
6 - 12 304 SS fusion welded pipe, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule
40S
Nipples 1/2 - 1 304 SS seamless nipple, ASTM A312 Gr Tp304, Schedule 40S
Fittings 1/2 - 1 Forged 304 SS fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A182 Gr F304,
Class 3000 socketweld
1.1/2- 4 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W
6 - 12 304 SS or 304L SS fittings, ASTM A403 Class WP-W 304, WP-W
1.1/2- 12 Forged 304 SS fittings, ATSM A182 Gr F304, Class 3000
socketweld welding outlet
6 - 12 304 SS reinforcing pad made from ASTM A312 Gr Tp304 pipe,
Sch 40S
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 3/4 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5,
Class 300 welding neck, raised face, with Sch 40S bore
1 - 4 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5,
6 - 12 Forged 304 SS flanges, ASTM A182 Gr F304 ASME B16.5,
Gaskets 1/2 - 12 Stainless alloy spiral wound gasket, API 601, Class 300 0.175
inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite with stainless steel centering
ring
Bolts 1/2 - 12 Strain hardened stainless steel continuous threaded stud, ASTM
A193 Gr B8 Class 2, with heavy hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 8-S1,
for Class 300 joint
Therminol ® Heat Transfer Fluids from -325°F to 750°F
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
45
600 40
35
500
30

400
Class 300 Flanged Joint 25
300 20
15
200
10
100
5
0 0
-325 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
ET 12
ET 10
ET 8
ET 6
ET Reinforced Stub-in 4
ET ET 3
ET ET 11⁄2
ET 1
Branch Size
3⁄
SW Welding Outlet 4
Socketweld Tee 1⁄
2
1⁄
2
3⁄
4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12
Class 300 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Use with
14 - 24 Short radius fittings are not permitted
Pipe 1/2 - 1.1/2 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, Extra
2 - 16 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3,
Standard Wall Thickness
18 - 24 Seamless 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel pipe, ASTM A333 Gr 3, Extra
Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,
ASME B16.9, Std WT buttweld
ASME B16.9, XS WT buttweld
2 - 24 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF3, Class
buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branch
buttweld welding outlet, for XS WT header and Std WT branch
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged 3-1/2 nickel alloy steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF3,
bore
bore
bore
inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite with stainless steel centering
ring
Bolts 1/2 - 12 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A320 Gr L7 with heavy
hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 4, for Class joint
Class 300 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification for Use
with Therminol ® Transfer Fluids from -150°F to 750°F
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
800 55
50
700
45
600
40
NPS 112 and larger pipe fittings

500 35
30
400
25
300 20
15
200
10
100
5
0 0
-150 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Table 1. Branch Construction
ET 24
ET ET 20
ET ET 603 18
ET ET 684 573 16
ET ET RS 727 609 14
ET ET 633 RS 695 582 12
ET ET RS 686 RS RS 630 10
ET ET RS RS 659 RS 723 606 8

ET ET 6
ET ET 4
ET ET 2
11⁄2
Branch Size
4
Socketweld Tee 1⁄
2
1⁄
2
3⁄
4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

RS - Reinforced Stub-in
Pipe 1/2 - 2 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong Wall
Thickness
Gr 6, Standard Wall Thickness
Gr 6, Extra Strong Wall Thickness
Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,
2 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WT
buttweld
B16.9, Std WT buttweld
B16.9, XS WT buttweld
3 - 24 Impact tested carbon steel fittings, ASTM A350 Gr LF2, Class
welding outlet, for Std WT header and Std WT branch
welding outlet, for XS WT header and Std WT branch
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 2 Forged impact tested carbon steel flanges, ASTM A350 Gr LF2,
bore
bore
bore
inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite
Bolts 1/2 - 24 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7M with heavy
hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2HM, for Class 300 joint
Therminol ® Heat Transfer Fluids from -50°F to 750°F
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
800 55
50
700
45
600
40

500 35
NPS 112 and larger pipe fittings 30

400
25
300 20
15
200
10
100
5
0 0
-50 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
ET 24
ET ET 20
ET ET 509 18
ET ET 577 483 16
ET ET 679 613 514 14
ET ET 534 648 586 491 12
ET ET 659 579 702 634 531 10
ET ET 692 632 555 675 610 511 8

ET ET 6
ET ET 4
ET ET 2
11⁄2
Branch Size
4
Socketweld Tee 1⁄
2
1⁄
2
3⁄
4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Pipe 1/2 - 1.1/2 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, Extra Strong Wall
Thickness
2 - 16 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, Standard Wall
Thickness
18 - 24 Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A53 Tp S Gr B, Extra Strong
Wall Thickness
Fittings 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.11, ASTM A105, Class
3000 socketweld
2 - 16 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, Std WT
buttweld
18 - 24 Carbon steel fittings, ASME B16.9, ASTM A234 Gr WPB, XS WT
buttweld
2 - 24 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, Class 3000 socketweld welding outlet
4 - 16 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for Std WT
18 - 24 Carbon steel, ASTM A105, buttweld welding outlet, for XS WT
Flanged Joint 1/2 - 1.1/2 Forged carbon steel flanges, ASTM A105, ASME B16.5, Class
300 welding neck, raised face, with Std WT bore
inch thick 304 SS/flexible graphite
Bolts 1/2 - 24 Alloy continuous threaded stud, ASTM A193 Gr B7 with heavy
hex nuts, ASTM A194 Gr 2H, for Class 300 joint
Class 300 Piping Systems

Figure 1.2 Pressure/Temperature Limits for Components
Temperature, C
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
800 55
▲
50
700 ▲
▲ ▲ 45
● ● ● ● ▲
● ▲
● ▲
● ▲
●
600 ▲
●
▲
● 40
▲
●
▲
● ▲
● ▲ 35

500
● 30
400
25
300 20
15
200
Legend
10
▲ – Class 150 Flanged Joint
100 ● – NPS 16 and larger Pipe 5
and/or Fittings
0 0
-20 to 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Table 1.2 Branch Construction
ET 24
ET ET 20
ET ET 556 18
ET ET 630 528 16
ET ET RS 670 562 14
ET ET 583 709 640 537 12
ET ET 720 632 RS 693 580 10

ET ET RS 691 607 738 666 559 8
ET ET 6
ET ET 4
ET ET 2
Branch Size
11⁄2
SW Welding Outlet 1
Socketweld Tee 3⁄
4
3⁄
4 1 11⁄2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

RS - Reinforced Stub-in
Valve Types and Service
Specifications
Valve Stem Seals Various types of stem seals are used to seal valve stems
on Therminol ® systems.
Flexible graphite packing, with inner and outer anti-extrusion rings of braided graphite fiber,
gives the best results for elevated temperature systems. It is important that flexible graphite
ring dimensions conform closely to the valve stem and stuffing box. Cup and cone shaped
ring sets such as those offered by Garlock are less sensitive to dimensional miss-matches.
Flexible graphite packed stuffing boxes are generally considered to be fire resistant.
PTFE packing works in systems operating up to 400°F (200°C).
PTFE packed stuffing boxes are not generally considered to be fire resistant.
Metal bellows sealed valves are frequently used with excellent results, but these valves are
relatively expensive, especially in larger sizes. Bellows sealed are generally considered
to be fire resistant.
Fiber packing materials have given poor performance in Therminol® service, and are not
recommended.
Packed valves should be surveyed occasionally, and valve stem packing should be adjusted to
minimize leakage. The more frequently operated valves should be surveyed more often. The use of
spring loaded packing followers will improve the performance of the packing and lower the
frequency at which the packing needs to be tightened.
Packing Manufacturers
Anchor
Chesterton
Crane
Durametallic
Garlock
Klinger
Parker
UCAR Carbon Company, Inc. (formally Union Carbide)
Gate Valves
These valves are considered suitable for service up to 800°F (425°C).
Carbon steel valves can be used down to –20°F (–30°C), and stainless steel valves can be used
down to –150°F (–100°C). Impact tested carbon steel and low alloy steel valves can also be used
for services below –20°F (–30°C), but the expense of the handling of these special materials by
the valve manufacturers frequently results in valves more expensive than stainless steel valves.
Valves which are intended for continuous operation below 0°F (–20°C) should be ordered with
extended bonnets so the valves can be completely insulated and the packing gland can be kept
warm enough to prevent ice balls from forming on the packing gland. Ice balls prevent packing
adjustments and can prevent operation of the valve.
Known suppliers of specific valves are given. A list showing the full name and location of the valve
manufacturers is provided at our website, www.therminol.com.
Valve Types and Service Specifications
Gate Valves (Continued)
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld gate

Forged carbon steel, bolted Anvil Products
bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap Bonney Valve
valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or DSI
Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Smith
Flexible graphite packing: Vogt
spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible Walworth Company
graphite, soft iron, confined
graphite, metal-inserted
flexible graphite, or non-
asbestos-filled jacketed
gasket. NPS 1/2 to 2.
Carbon steel welded bonnet valve, Class 800 socketweld gate

Carbon steel, welded bonnet, Anvil Products
OS&Y or welded cap valve. Bonney Valve
13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited Smith
seat(s). Flexible graphite Vogt
packing. NPS 1/2 to 2. Walworth Company
Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 600 socketweld gate

Carbon steel bellows sealed Armour
OS&Y valve. 13 Cr stem and EG&G Sealol Eagle
disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible Hattersley-Heaton
graphite back-up packing. Kerotest
NPS 1/2 to 2.
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF gate


Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, Crane
OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Hitachi Metals
Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc Kitz
and seat(s). Flexible graphite Lunkenheimer
packing: spiral-wound 304 SS/ Nibco
flexible graphite, soft iron, Pacific
confined graphite, metal- Powell
inserted flexible graphite or Stockham
non-asbestos-filled jacketed Walworth Company
gasket. NPS 2 to 24.

flexible graphite or
non-asbestos-filled jacketed

Carbon steel bolted bonnet, Crane
non-asbestos filled jacketed Walworth Company
Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 300 flanged RF gate

disc, Stellited seat(s). Flexible
graphite back-up packing.
NPS 1/2 to 2.
316 SS Class 300 socketweld gate valve

316 SS bolted bonnet OS&Y Bonney Valve
valve. 316 SS stem, disc, and Cooper
integral seat(s). Flexible Crane
graphite packing. Spiral Kitz
wound 316 SS/flexible Ladish
graphite, soft 316 SS, confined OIC
graphite, metal inserted Powell
flexible graphite, or non- Smith
asbestos filled 316 SS Vogt
jacketed gasket. Valve bolting
and other trim suitable for
operation down to –150°F
(–100°C).
316 SS Class 150 flanged RF gate valve

graphite, metal inserted Powell
flexible graphite, or non- Tong Yung
asbestos filled 316 SS Williams
(–100°C).
316 SS Class 300 flanged RF gate valve

graphite, soft 316 SS, confined Lunkenheimer
graphite, metal inserted OIC
flexible graphite, or non- Powell
asbestos filled 316 SS Tong Yung
jacketed gasket. Valve bolting Williams
(–100°C).
Globe Valves
Globe valves generally seal better through the seat in vapor phase service than gate valves after
being in operation for a period of time.
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld globe

Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Edward
Flexible graphite packing: Smith
spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible Vogt
graphite, soft iron, confined Walworth Company
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld globe

13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited Smith
seat(s). Flexible graphite Vogt
packing. NPS 1/2 to 2. Walworth Company
Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 600 socketweld globe

NPS 1/2 to 2. Vogt
Globe Valves (Continued)
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF globe

Forged carbon steel, bolted Bonney Valve
bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap DSI
valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Vogt
Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Walworth Company
Flexible graphite packing:
spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible
flexible graphite or non-



OS&Y or bolted cap valve. 13 Edward
Cr stem, 13 Cr or Stellited disc Hitachi Metals
and seats(s). Flexible graphite Kitz
packing: sprial-wound 304 SS/ Lunkenheimer
flexible graphite, soft iron, Nibco
confined graphite, metal- Pacific
inserted flexible graphite or Powell
non-asbestos-filled jacketed Stockham
gasket. NPS 2 to 14. Walworth Company
Carbon steel bellows sealed valve, Class 300 flanged RF globe

NPS 1/2 to 8.
316 stainless steel Class 300 socketweld globe valve

graphite packing. Spiral- Kitz
graphite, metal-inserted Powell
flexible graphite, or non- Smith
asbestos-filled 316 SS Vogt
(–100°C).
316 SS Class 150 flanged RF globe valve

graphite packing. Spiral- Kitz
graphite, soft 316 SS, confined Lunkenheimer
graphite, metal-inserted OIC
asbestos-filled 316 SS Tong Yung
(–100°C).
316 SS Class 300 flanged RF globe valve

graphite packing. Spiral- Edward
wound 316 SS/flexible Kitz
graphite, soft 316 SS, confined Ladish
graphite, metal-inserted OIC
asbestos-filled 316 SS Tong Yung
(–100°C).
Check Valves
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld lift check

Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Edward
Flexible graphite packing: Smith
spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible Vogt
graphite, soft iron, confined Walworth Company
Carbon steel valve, Class 800 socketweld swing check

13 Cr stem and disc, Stellited Vogt
seat(s). Flexible graphite
packing. NPS 1/2 to 2.
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF lift check

Forged carbon steel, bolted Crane
bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap Hitachi Metals
valve. 13 Cr stem, 13 Cr or Kitz
Stellited disc, Stellited seat(s). Lunkenheimer
Flexible graphite packing: Nibco
spiral-wound 304 SS/flexible Pacific
graphite, soft iron, confined Powell
graphite, metal-inserted Stockham
flexible graphite or non- Walworth Company
Check Valves (Continued)
Carbon steel wafer valve, Class 150 wafer check

Cast carbon steel, bolted APCO
bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap Gulf Valve Company
valve. Carbon steel seats and Marlin Valve Company
discs (304 SS acceptable Keystone
alternate), Inconel springs.
NPS 2 to 24.
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF lift check

Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF swing check

packing: spiral-wound 304 Nibco
SS/flexible graphite, soft iron, Pacific
Carbon steel wafer valve, Class 300 wafer check

Cast carbon steel, bolted APCO
bonnet, OS&Y or bolted cap Gulf Valve Company
valve. Carbon steel seats and Marlin Valve Company
discs (304 SS acceptable Keystone
alternate), Inconel springs.
NPS 2 to 24.
316 SS Class 300 socketweld swing check valve

316 SS bolted valve. 316 Bonney Valve
SS stem, disc, and integral Cooper
seat(s). Flexible graphite Crane
packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/ Kitz
flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, Ladish
confined graphite, metal- OIC
inserted flexible graphite, or Powell
non-asbestos-filled 316 SS
(–100°C).
316 SS Class 300 socketweld lift check valve

316 SS bolted cap valve. 316 Bonney Valve
SS stem, disc, and integral Crane
seat(s). Flexible graphite Ladish
packing. Spiral-wound 316 SS/ OIC
flexible graphite, soft 316 SS, Powell
confined graphite, metal- Smith
inserted flexible graphite, or Vogel
non-asbestos-filled 316 SS
(–100°C).
316 SS Class 150 flanged RF swing check valve

confined graphite, metal- Lunkenheimer
inserted flexible graphite, or OIC
non-asbestos-filled 316 SS Powell
jacketed gasket. Valve bolting Tong Yung
and other trim suitable for Marlin Valve Company
operation down to –150°F Williams
(–100°C).
316 SS wafer valve, Class 150 wafer check valve

316 SS wafer valve. 316 SS APCO
hinge pins, discs, and integral Eagle
seats. Inconel springs. Valve Gulf Valve Company
bolting and other trim suitable Marlin Valve Company
for operation down to –150°F Keystone
(–100°C).
316 SS Class 300 flanged RF swing check valve

confined graphite, metal- OIC
inserted flexible graphite, or Powell
non-asbestos-filled 316 SS Tong Yung
jacketed gasket. Valve bolting Marlin Valve Company
and other trim suitable for Williams
(–100°C).
316 SS wafer valve, Class 300 wafer check valve

316 SS wafer valve. 316 SS APCO
hinge pins, discs, and integral Eagle
seats. Inconel springs. Valve Gulf Valve Company
bolting and other trim suitable Marlin Valve Company
for operation down to –150°F
(–100°C).
Ball Valves
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 socketweld swing out ball

Carbon steel ball valve. Apollo
Electroless nickel or hard Contromatics
chrome-plated carbon steel, Cooper
ductile iron, or stainless steel DynaQuip
ball and stem. Seats: PTFE or Gemini
reinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFE Jamesbury
or Viton. MarPac
W-K-M
Watts
Worcester
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 flanged RF ball

Carbon steel ball valve. Apollo
Electroless nickel or hard Cameron
chrome-plated carbon steel, Contromatics
ductile iron, or stainless steel Cooper
ball and stem. Seats: PTFE or ITT Valves
reinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFE Jacoby-Tarbox
or Viton. Jamesbury
MarPac
McCanna
PMB
Smith
W-K-M
Watts
Ball Valves (Continued)
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 flanged RF ball

Carbon steel ball valve. Cameron
Electroless nickel or hard Contromatics
chrome-plated carbon steel, Cooper
ductile iron, or stainless steel ITT Valves
ball and stem. Seats: PTFE or Jamesbury
reinforced PTFE. Seals: PTFE MarPac
or Viton. NPS 1/2 to 12. McCanna
Smith
W-K-M
Worcester
316 SS Class 300 socketweld swing out ball valve

316 SS or 316L SS ball valve. Apollo
316 SS or 316L SS ball and Contromatics
secondary seat. Seats: PTFE Cooper
or PFA, with metal-to-metal Mark Controls
secondary seat(s). Flexible MCF
graphite packing and TBV, Inc.
contained seals, or metal Whitey
seals. Fire resistant trim. Valve Worcester
bolting and other trim suitable
(–100°C).
316 SS Class 150 flanged RF ball valve

316 SS or 316L SS ball valve. Apollo
316 SS or 316L SS ball and Argus
secondary seat. Seats: PTFE Contromatics
or PFA, with metal-to-metal Cooper
secondary seat(s). Flexible Crane
graphite packing and ITT Valves
contained seals, or metal Jamesbury
seals. Fire resistant trim. Valve Kitz
bolting and other trim suitable KTM
for operation down to –150°F Mark Controls
(–100°C). MCF
McCanna
Quartrol
Smith
TBV, Inc.
Velan
Watts
Worcester
Ball Valves (Continued)
316 SS ball valve, Class 300 flanged RF top entry

316 SS or 316L SS ball valve. ITT Valves
316 SS or 316L SS ball and McCanna
secondary seat. Seats: PTFE Velan
or PFA, with metal-to-metal
secondary seat(s). Flexible
graphite packing and
contained seals, or metal
seals. Fire resistant trim. Valve
bolting and other trim suitable
(–100°C).
High Pressure Butterfly Valves

Do not use these values with spiral wound gaskets without verifying that the gasket seating area
will not be compromised by the seat retaining bolting.
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 wafer high pressure butterfly

Carbon high pressure butterfly Contromatics
valve. Electroless nickel or DeZurik
hard chrome-plated carbon Durco
steel, ductile iron, or stainless Mark Controls
steel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seats McCanna
and seals: PTFE or PFA. 316 Jamesbury
SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglass Keystone
elastic member in seat (if Norris
required). NPS 3 to 24. Posi-Seal
Tufline
W-K-M
Carbon steel valve, Class 150 lug high pressure butterfly

steel, ductile iron, or stainless Mark Controls
steel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seats McCanna
and seals: PTFE or PFA. 316 Jamesbury
SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglass Keystone
elastic member in seat (if Norris
required). NPS 3 to 24. Posi-Seal
W-K-M
High Pressure Butterfly Valves (Continued)
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 wafer high pressure butterfly

steel, ductile iron or stainless Jamesbury
steel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seats Keystone
and seals: PTFE or PFA. 316 McCanna
SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglass Posi-Seal
elastic member in seat (if
required). NPS 3 to 24.
Carbon steel valve, Class 300 lug high pressure butterfly

steel, ductile iron or stainless Jamesbury
steel disc. 17-4 PH stem. Seats Keystone
and seals: PTFE or PFA. 316 McCanna
SS, Inconel, Viton or fiberglass Posi-Seal
elastic member in seat (if
required). NPS 3 to 24.
316 stainless steel high pressure butterfly valve, Class 150 wafer
316 SS or 316L SS high Contromatics
pressure butterfly valve. 316 Jamesbury
SS or 316L SS disc, stem and Keystone
secondary seat. 316 SS, McCanna
Armco Nitronic 50, or Inconel Posi-Seal
X750 shaft. Seats: PTFE or Tufline
PFA, with metal-to-metal
seals. Inconel garter spring (if
required). Fire resistant trim.
Valve bolting and other trim
suitable for operation down to
–150°F (–100°C).
316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 150 lug

–150°F (–100°C).
316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 300 wafer

–150°F (–100°C).
316 SS high pressure butterfly valve, Class 300 lug

–150°F (–100°C).
Proprietary Valves
These valves are valve types offered by a single manufacturer and are suitable for use up to 800°F
(425°C).
Carbon steel Class 150 and 300 piston valves

Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, Klinger
OS&Y piston valve. 13 Cr
piston and flexible graphite/
metal laminate seal rings.
Carbon steel Class 150 and 300 rising stem ball valves
Carbon steel, bolted bonnet, Orbit
OS&Y rising stem ball valve.
Stainless steel seat and
flexible graphite packing.
Bolted Joints
Minimizing Leaks
Minimizing leaks from bolted joints requires the proper marriage of the flanges, gaskets, bolting,
and, for the case of piping, appropriate level of external loading on the joint. Softer gaskets can be
used with lighter flanges successfully as long as external moments do not distort the joint enough to
cause leakage. Harder gaskets require heavier flanges and strong bolting, and the heavier flanges
can usually resist higher external moments. For the range of applications for Therminol,® Class 150
flanges are lighter flanges, and Class 300 flanges are heavier flanges.
Using appropriate procedures for assembling the joints and tightening the bolts is essential to
minimize leaks. Suggested steps are:
Gasket A new gasket should almost always be used. The only exception is that the metal
inserted flexible graphite gaskets can be reused if the graphite is intact on both sides of the
gasket.
Flange Faces Flange faces should be finished with a spiral or concentric grooved pattern as
specified in ASME B16.5. Flange faces should also be clean and free of grooves or gouges
running radially across the surface.
Bolting Bolting must be clean and free of rust and burrs. Threads should be lubricated to
reduce difficulty in seating the gasket. Threads and the nut face in contact with the flange
should be lubricated with antiseize compound.
Bolt Tightening Tighten bolts in small increments and in a crossing sequence until the joint
is tightened completely. The bolts should be tightened again after waiting 1/2 hour or longer in
order to compensate for gasket relaxation.
Bolting
Using bolting at least as strong as those listed by ASME B16.5 as having intermediate strength such
as strain hardened stainless steel and ASTM A193 Gr B7M is recommended for any Therminol ®
service. Using high strength bolting such as ASTM A193 Gr B7 is recommended when the high
strength bolting will meet corrosion and operating temperature requirements. High strength bolting
is especially valuable for use with hard gaskets such as spiral wound and ring joint.
Flanges
For custom designed flanges, such as those in pump casings and body flanges for heat
exchangers and pressure vessels, using recognized rules for design such as those shown in
Appendix 2, Section VIII, Division 1 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code is
recommended.
For ASME B16.5 flanges, recommendations are based on expected operating conditions. For
operating temperatures above 350°F (175°C), and for systems which have an operating temperature
range of 300°F (170°C), Class 300 flanges are recommended. For other systems, Class 150 flanges
are recommended. The recommended temperatures are somewhat arbitrary, but they are based on
experience with the leak tightness of these flanges in Therminol ® service. Factors affecting the leak
performance of the lighter Class 150 flanges include the ability of the lighter bolting to effectively
seal the gaskets and the ability of the flange to withstand external moments in the piping system.
Bolted Joints
Gaskets
Flexible graphite reinforced in a number of different ways is recommended for use as gaskets in
Therminol ® service. Some fiber reinforced rubber bound gaskets, especially compressed asbestos
gaskets, have proven to perform satisfactorily, but are not recommended because the flexible
graphite materials have been shown to perform much better.
Gaskets for Custom Designed Flanges These joints can be designed to handle virtually any of the
gaskets.
For non-circular gaskets such as for pump casings and some valve bonnet gaskets, foil inserted
flexible graphite is probably the best choice. This gasket can be cut in the field and has seating
requirements similar to other sheet gaskets.
For circular gaskets, including heat exchanger gaskets with pass partitions, any of the following
gaskets can be used:
Foil Inserted Flexible Graphite UCAR CARBON Grade GHR, flat 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) thick
316 stainless steel insert with flexible graphite adhesively bonded on each side. Can be cut in
the field. Flimsy and hard to handle when larger than 20 in. (500 mm).
Tang Metal Inserted Flexible Graphite UCAR CARBON Grade GHE, perforated tang 0.004
in. (0.10 mm) thick 316 stainless steel insert with flexible graphite mechanically bonded to
each side. Cannot be cut in the field. Flimsy and hard to handle when larger than 30 in.
(750 mm).
Corrugated Metal Inserted Flexible Graphite MARINE & PETROLEUM MFG. INC.
Graphonic,® corrugated 0.026 in. (0.66 mm) thick carbon steel or stainless steel insert with
flexible graphite adhesively bonded to each side. Custom fabricated. Easier to handle in the
larger diameters. Requires the lowest seating stress.
Flexible Graphite Filled Spiral Wound Manufactured to API Standard 601 or ASME B16.20
by a number of manufacturers, alternate windings of metal and flexible graphite. Custom
fabricated. Easier to handle in the larger diameters, but may unwind when handling sizes
larger than 40 in. (1 m). Spring action of metal windings makes joint able to withstand small
joint movements without leaks. Requires higher seating stresses.
Bolted Joints
Gaskets (Continued)
Double Jacketed with Flexible Graphite Tape Applied to Seating Surfaces Manufactured
to API Standard 601 or ASME B16.20 by a number of manufacturers, a non-metallic filling
encased in metal. Graphite tape is applied to improve sealing. Easier to handle in the larger
sizes. Requires the highest seating stress.
Gaskets for Class 150 Flanges The metal inserted flexible graphite gaskets are recommended.
These gaskets have lower seating stresses, and a proper seal can be obtained with the more lightly
bolted Class 150 flanges.
Gaskets for Class 300 Flanges The flexible graphite filled spiral wound gaskets are recommended.
These gaskets require the bolts to be tightened more in order to properly seat the gasket, but the
tighter bolts, along with the spring action of the gasket, make the joint more resistant to leakage
when it is subjected to external moments. Ring joint gaskets will also perform well with Class 150
flanges, but the gaskets and flanges with ring grooves result in a more expensive joint.
Spiral wound gaskets should be tightened until the raised face portion of the flange comes in
contact with the centering ring on the gasket. The joint tightness can be checked visually, with the
aid of a feeler gage when necessary. When the visual method of judging joint tightness is not
satisfactory, tightness can be judged by bolt tension. Bolting should be tightened until the bolts
reach about 30,000 psi (200 MPa). Bolt tension can be judged, with a significant error in accuracy,
by the use of bolt torque measurements on well lubricated nuts as shown in the table below:
Minimum
Stud Size Torque
(inch) (ft-lb)
1/2 30
5/8 60
3/4 100
7/8 160
1 245
1-1/8 355
1-1/4 500
1-3/8 680
1-1/2 800
Bolted Joints
Gasket Manufacturers
A partial list showing the full name and location of gasket manufacturers is provided at our website,
www.therminol.com.
Pumps and Seals
Pump Selection
The conventional high temperature pump is a horizontal frame, centerline supported centrifugal
with a mechanical seal. Some fluid leakage at the seal is common. For those applications where
the small leakage is undesirable, consider the use of a double mechanical seal or using canned
pumps. Small flow rates (100 gpm or less) are frequently handled using positive displacement
pumps.
Therminol services can be handled with properly applied sealless pumps. Either canned motor or
magnet drive type can be used and the considerations for the application are essentially the same.
Other than hydraulics, sealless pump application must consider heat and temperature, pressures
and operations in more detail than for a mechanically sealed pump.
Since the fluid being pumped in both designs is used to cool and lubricate the pump sleeve
bearings (carbon and/or silicon carbide materials are generally used) and remove heat generated
by motor stator magnetic drive inefficiency losses, the impact of that added heat needs to be
assessed relative to the vapor pressure of the pumped fluid. The pump manufacturer should be
consulted as to the amount of heat added for the specific range of operating conditions.
The temperature at which the fluid is pumped will impact the need for cooling for both designs, the
stator insulation class and stator fill material for canned motor designs, and the magnet material
type and power rating for magnet drive designs.
Either design can be furnished for a wide range of pressures. For sealless pumps consideration
needs to be given to the need for pressure containment outside the containment can should the
can rupture.
Because the pump bearings are lubricated by the pumped fluid, special operating attention and
instrumentation is needed to assure a reliable application of sealless pumps. Potential to run the
pump dry, at too low a flow to remove the heat, variations in fluid properties such as vapor pressure
and viscosity over the range of operation, solid materials in the system, etc. all need to be
addressed. Start-up and shutdown in particular require consideration.
Sealless pumps have been successfully applied in Therminol services at temperatures over 600°F.
To assure a good application and installation it is essential to involve the end use (operations
considerations), Therminol sales and technical service (fluid properties), and the pump
manufacturer (heat generation and removal) at the design stage.
Pump Selection and Pump Manufacturers
Pump Manufacturers
A partial list showing the full name and location of pump manufacturers is provided at our website,
www.therminol.com.
Mechanical Seals
Mechanical seals in high temperature heating systems are universally preferred for rotary
equipment. Even though the state-of-the-art of mechanical seal application has progressed greatly
in recent years, seal failure still occurs.
Certain conditions within a high temperature heating system will increase the incidence of seal
failure. The most critical conditions are heat, pressure, corrosion, cavitation and product
characteristics. Therminol ® heat transfer fluids can affect, or be affected by, these conditions. Other
conditions, such as particle debris, shaft deflection, bearing wear, vibration and poor installation,
also can affect the life of a seal. These problems, however, are usually minimized by proper pump
selection for the intended service, careful installation and proper maintenance.
Heat
Excessive temperature at the mechanical seal face usually leads to premature failure. The seal
environment should not normally exceed 300°F for most heat transfer fluid applications, including
the Therminol fluids.
Common seal face materials, such as carbon, Stellite, tungsten carbide and silicon carbide require
some fluid film lubrication. High temperatures decrease lubricity, and the resulting friction and heat
build-up can promote abnormal face wear. Therminol heat transfer fluids generally provide
adequate lubricating characteristics below 300°F.
Excessive temperatures also vaporize fluid at the seal face resulting in no lubrication and/or
mechanical damage to face materials, such as carbon. Therminol heat transfer fluids are low vapor
pressure, high boiling compounds that normally do not vaporize over their use range. Some thermal
decomposition products of Therminol head transfer fluids, however, are lower boiling components
and could cause vaporization conditions at the seal face.
Dead-ended stuffing boxes provide little chance for fluid circulation. They frequently collect
abrasive or corrosive system dirt, as well as heat, that can damage the seal faces.
In addition to stuffing box and seal gland cooling to control seal temperatures, many pump
suppliers offer a seal flush system that provides a cooled, filtered supply of the pumped fluid.
Flush systems minimize mechanical seal face wear and particle debris accumulation on flex
metal bellows in many high temperature applications. Flush systems should be considered
where Therminol heat transfer fluids are used.
A secondary seal with a vent and drain gland fixture outside the primary seal generally is effective
in collecting leakage that may occur, offers a gland for inert gas blanketing, and provides seal
protection in case of primary seal failure. “Inert gas blanketing” of a steam quench helps in
preventing carburized material from forming on the outside of the seal faces resulting in longer
seal life.
Pressure
Hydraulic seal face loading depends on the stuffing box pressure and the type of seal used.
Generally, a single, inside, unbalanced or partially balanced seal is used in high temperature
Therminol heat transfer fluid applications. Excessive face pressure, either hydraulic or installation
imposed, can reduce face lubrication, increase frictional heat build-up, and cause face distortion
resulting in reduced seal face life.
Pressure surges and hydraulic shock created by automatic valving within the system also can
reduce seal life. While this is not a common problem, proper valve selection and system hydraulics
operation generally decreases this type of overload on the seal faces.
Mechanical Seals
Corrosion
Some heat transfer fluids may create – through decomposition or contamination – a corrosive
environment at the mechanical seal. Therminol ® heat transfer fluids normally do not create corrosive
conditions within the heating system. And, even though most heating fluids are miscible when
combined, certain chemical incompatibilities can result in a corrosive environment.
Acidic conditions can form acidic metal salts. These can be abrasive to seal faces in the latent
environment of a dead-ended pump stuffing box.
The seal flush mentioned above also can be effective in minimizing excessive seal wear by
removing harmful corrosive deposits. The seal flush has prevented particulates from centrifuging in
the seal face area and avoided seal lift off and resulting leakage.
Cavitation
Cavitation – the formation and collapse of vapor pockets from fluid near its vapor point or from low
boiling components in the fluid – normally does not have a direct impact on mechanical seals.
Frequent or continuous cavitation at the pump can cause pressure variation (discussed above),
shaft deflection, vibration or mechanical shock that will damage seal components.
An effect similar to cavitation – entrained gases or rapid liquid to vapor phase change – can
produce chattering on the seal, causing face damage and leakage.
System design, with attention to Net Positive Suction Head requirements, usually corrects
cavitation problems.
Many heat transfer fluids form lower boiling components on thermal or oxidative decomposition that
can result in cavitation conditions. Therminol heat transfer fluids can form low boilers from thermal
damage. Venting a slip stream of pumped fluid to a nitrogen or CO2 inert, vented expansion tank
generally will relieve low boilers from the fluid. Any vented material should be collected for proper,
non-polluting disposal. Inerting usually prevents oxidation damage to the fluid during venting
operation.
The seal flush system continuously vents the stuffing box and cools the seal area with filtered fluid.
Mechanical Seals
Product Characteristics
Mechanical seal performance can be affected by certain characteristics of the heat transfer fluid,
such as system dirt pick-up, decomposition products, chemical compatibility, sludge formation,
oxidation resistance, vapor pressure and lubricity.
Abrasive particles are a major contributing factor to seal failure, particularly particles under 200
mesh size. These particles include: thermal decomposition products, such as salts, oxides and tars;
carbonaceous oxidation products from certain types of fluids; dirt from the environment external to
the seal; or combinations of these.
Rust and scale usually found in the pipework are loosened frequently by heat transfer fluids and
circulated throughout the system. Filtration through a glass string-wound filter in a side stream
operation usually effectively removes the particles.
Decomposition products from some fluids can create conditions detrimental to seal performance.
For example, highly acidic decomposition products not only catalyze further fluid decomposition,
but also establish the corrosive seal environment discussed earlier. Oxidation products from many
fluids develop into abrasive carbonaceous deposits that can seriously affect seal face wear. Air
contact should be minimized with those fluids with oxidative instability. Cold or inerted (nitrogen)
expansion tanks generally reduce oxidation problems and potential seal problems from oxidation
residues.
Some fluids may be chemically incompatible with one another in heating applications. Certainly, any
change of heating fluid or top up with another fluid should be evaluated thoroughly to preclude seal
and other system problems. Most heat transfer fluids can form high boilers and tars on thermal
decomposition. These tars are sludge-like and abrasive to the seal faces. This sludge-like deposit
has been observed as an uneven coating on mating seal faces which prevents sealing of the
surfaces and results in leakage.
Most Therminol ® heat transfer fluids are low vapor pressure, high boiling compounds. Vaporization
of the fluid is not expected under conditions of proper pump selection and operation. Low boilers of
Therminol heat transfer fluids occasionally develop from over-heating or excessive oxidation.
Venting the system, as discussed under Cavitation, generally resolves this problem. Attention
should be given to operating conditions that might bring about low boiler formation, such as air
contact, over-heating and process leakage contamination.
Lubricity of clean Therminol heat transfer fluids usually is adequate for seal faces, even at seal
environment temperatures above 300°F. Some work on uncooled seal applications using improved
face materials shows reasonable lubricity at pumped fluid temperatures approaching the fluid
boiling point within 75°F fluctuation. Seal environment temperatures, however, should be maintained
below 300°F for long-term service.
Virtually all heat transfer fluid systems generate dirt or debris that can affect seal performance. The
mechanical seal or pump supplier should be contacted to determine how seal failures can be
minimized.
In summary, a clean and cool mechanical seal environment is a prerequisite to satisfactory seal
service in high temperature heating systems. As a heat transfer fluid supplier, we welcome the
opportunity to work with you and your seal or pump supplier on application of the Therminol heat
transfer fluids.
Mechanical Seals
Mechanical Seal
Manufacturers
A partial list showing the full name and location of mechanical seal manufacturers is provided at our
website, www.therminol.com.
Insulation Designs to Reduce
Fire Hazard
Insulation systems can be Calcium silicate, asbestos and On horizontal runs of pipe
designed to minimize fire magnesium oxide insulation with welded joints and proper
problems in the event of fluid can absorb almost their origi- flange fittings, use the stan-
leakage. nal weight of leaking fluid. This dard high temperature insula-
saturation, when spread over tion, such as calcium silicate,
Fires have occurred in insula-
the large surface area within magnesium oxide, etc.
tion materials that have been
the insulation at high tempera- On vertical runs of lines
soaked with heating fluids at
ture, can cause fluid oxidation where occasional leak sources
apparent temperatures of
and the formation of lower can develop at flanges and
500°-600°F, which is well
boiling, more combustible, valves, install protective, tight-
below the auto-ignition temper-
decomposition products. Then fitting caps below flanges and
ature of most commercial
the fluid within the insulation valves to divert any fluid leak-
heating fluids. Tests indicate
system can ignite. age to the outside of the
that magnesia, calcium silicate
and silicate-bonded asbestos An alternate insulation, cellular insulation.
insulations are subject to this glass, resists saturation by the Install valve stems horizon-
problem. While the exact heat transfer fluid and, there- tally so that any stem leakage
mechanism by which such fore, may be a safer insulation does not enter the insulation.
fires occur is not fully under- to use. Cellular glass normally On those sections of lines
stood, the most probable is more costly for most applica- where control valves and
explanation is that a slow tions because of its higher instrument fittings are attached
exothermal oxidation reaction installation cost and its ten- and where leaks are a poten-
between hydrocarbon-type dency to crack when thermally tial problem, install cellular
heating fluids and air inside shocked. The use of cellular glass insulation or metal
the voids of the insulation glass insulation does not shielded insulation to minimize
starts at about 500°F. Such a ensure that insulation fires will or eliminate any fluid saturation
reaction is believed to occur not develop, but the amount of of the insulation system.
for these reasons: fluid that can be absorbed by
the insulation system and be Consult your insulation sup-
The combination of the large plier and insurance company
heating fluid surface exposed oxidized is reduced greatly.
for suggestions on reducing
on the insulation fibers The following suggestions may fire hazards.
Poor heat dissipation help minimize the fire hazard
conditions potential in insulation systems:
The formation of low flash Install and maintain a leak-
point oxidation products free piping system when com-
Temperature build-up in the bustible heat transfer fluids are
saturated insulation mass, being used. Reduce the num-
causing material ignition when ber of flanges in initial system
exposed to air design. Use suggested piping
specifications. If a leak devel-
Fires such as these have been ops, remove the insulation,
reported from time to time in contain and control the fluid
heat transfer systems. until the leak can be repaired.
Fuel Fired Heater, Electric
Heater, and Chiller
Manufacturers
A partial list showing the full name and location of fuel fired heater, electric heater and chiller
System Designers
A partial list showing the full name and location of system designers manufacturers is provided at our
website, www.therminol.com.

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Pub. No.

® Registered Trademark of Solutia Inc.

Copper: –325°F (–200°C) to 350°F (175°C)

Cost/Delivery for Cold Services

Operating Operating Consider using

be made only after investigation and/or careful testing.

Copper Piping System Specification for Use with

Copper Piping System Specification for Use with Therminol ®

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.000 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

Header Size ST – Solder Joint Tee

Class 150 Stainless Steel Piping System Specification for Use

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.060 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee

Class 150 Low Alloy Steel Piping System Specification

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

Class 150 Flanged Joint 15

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.060 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee

Class 150 Carbon Steel Piping System Specification for Use

40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Class 150 Flanged Joint

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.060 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee

Class 150 Piping Systems

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.060 Inches

Table 1.1 Branch Construction

Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.000 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.060 Inches

Table 1. Branch Construction

ET ET 633 RS 695 582 12

ET ET RS RS 659 RS 723 606 8

Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

NPS 112 and larger pipe fittings 30

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.060 Inches

Table 1 Branch Construction

ET ET 679 613 514 14

ET ET 534 648 586 491 12

ET ET 659 579 702 634 531 10

ET ET 692 632 555 675 610 511 8

Header Size ET - Buttweld Tee

Class 300 Piping Systems

Maximum Internal Gage Pressure, bar

Temperature, F Corrosion Allowance – 0.060 Inches

Table 1.2 Branch Construction

ET ET 583 709 640 537 12

ET ET 720 632 RS 693 580 10