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Earth Science
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Minerals and Rocks

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Earth Science- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 2: Minerals and Rocks
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High
Senior School
High School

Earth Science
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Minerals and Rocks

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This page is intentionally blank
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. ii
How to Learn from this Module ............................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module ...............................................................................................................................iii

What I Know ........................................................................................................................................... .iii

Lesson 1:
Composition and Structure of Minerals ..........................................................
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................
What’s New: Anticipation Guide (Minerals: Pre-reading
What Is It ........................................................................................................................
What’s More: Anticipation Guide (Minerals: Post-reading
What Is It: Terms to Remember...............................................................................
What’s More: Bubble Chart .......................................................................................
What I Have Learned: Self- test...............................................................................
What I Can Do: Online Browsing and familiarize different kinds of minerals
Summary....................................................................................................................
Key to Answers

Lesson 2:
Properties of Minerals ........................................................................................................
What’s In ........................................................................................................................
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................
What’s New: Examine the pictures
What Is It: Two questions given to assess the understanding of the concepts.
What’s More: Venn Diagram ..................................................................................
What I Have Learned: Self -test ..........................................................................
What I Can Do: Make a collage of the different kinds of minerals showing its
properties
Summary .....................................................................................................................
Key to Answers
Lesson 3:
Classification of Rocks
Rock Cycle
What’s In ........................................................................................................................
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................
What’s New: Anticipation Guide (Pre-reading)
 What Is It: Diagram of the Rock Cycle
What’s More: Anticipation Guide (Post-reading)
What I Have Learned: Identify the process of rock cycle
Classification of Rocks

What’s In ........................................................................................................................
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................
What Is It: Word: Classify the Rocks ..................................................................
What’s More: Word Analysis .................................................................................
What I Have Learned: Self-test ............................................................................
What I Can Do: Visit an area of your place .....................................................

Summary ................................................................................................................................................
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Key to Answers ....................................................................................................................................
References ............................................................................................................................................
This page is intentionally blank
 Module 2
Minerals and Rocks
What This Module is About
This module deals with the relationship between minerals and rocks. It is
important that we gain knowledge of the materials that make up the Earth’s crust.
Rocks and minerals are significant in the formation of earth as an inner planet. The
minerals that we will emphasize on this module are those which are rock-forming
and those which are highly important in our economy. It is necessary for use to have
a good understanding of the physical and chemical properties of minerals because
this will help us in identifying rock-forming minerals. By learning these earth
materials, we will have a good grasp of the various earth processes.
This module will help you understand the key concepts that will answer the
questions pertaining to minerals as the building block of rocks and the solid materials
that are the core of the earth processes.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

• Lesson 1- Composition and Structure of Minerals
• Lesson 2- Properties of Minerals
• Lesson 3- Classification of Rocks

What I Need to Know

Learning Objectives

In this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical

properties (S11ES-Ib-5);
2. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (S11ES-Ic-6)
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
 What I Know

PRE-TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Place all your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following properties may vary for different samples of a given
mineral?
A. color C. luster
B. hardness D. streak

2. Which minerals has a resinous luster?

A. calcite C. quartz
B. diamond D. sulfur

3. Which of the following is a physical property of minerals?

A. chemical make-up C. fracture
B. bonding formation D. viscosity

4. Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to
produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
A. Calcite C. Plagioclase
B. Gypsum D. Quartz

5. What is the hardest known mineral on earth?

A. Diamond C. Native gold
B. Muscovite D. Silicate

6. Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?

A. Calcite C. Olivine
B. Diamond D. Quartz

7. What characteristics of a mineral refers to resistance to abrasion?

A. cleavage C. luster
B. hardness D. streak

8. Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?

A. Diamond C. Olivine
B. Halite D. Talc

9. Which element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

A. Carbon C. Oxygen
B. Chlorine D. Sodium

10. Which one of the following is NOT true for minerals?

A. They may be liquid, solid, or gas form.
 B. They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.
C. They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
D. They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
11. Which of the following elements bonds with silicon and forming silicates?
A. calcium C. oxygen
B. hydrogen D. Sodium

12. Which of the following characteristics refer to the tendency of minerals to break
forming smooth flat surfaces?
A. cleavage C. streak
B. conchoidal D. fracture

13. Which of the following is the most common mineral on the Earth’s surface?
A. feldspar C. olivine
B. mica D. Quartz

14. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of minerals?

A. possess a crystalline structure C. definite chemical composition
B. formed by inorganic processes D. either liquid or solid

15. Which of the following is the most abundant mineral group on the Earth's crust?
A. carbonates C. silicates
B. oxides D. sulfides

16. Which of the following refers to ability of minerals to reflect light on its surface?
A. Streak C. fluorescence
B. luster D. color

17. Which of the following is said to be the most unreliable (variable) diagnostic pro-
perty of minerals?
A. luster C. crystal form
B. hardness D. color
.
18. On Mohs hardness scale, which is the softest mineral?
A. apatite C. quartz
B. calcite D. talc

19. Which one of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in
Earth's crust?
A. aluminum C. carbon
B. calcium D. potassium

20. Which of the following best suits the definition of a mineral?

A. clastic and mafic C. naturally occurring and crystalline
B. foliated and amorphous D. organic and solution

21. Which of the following refers to an aggregate of one or more minerals?

A. compounds C. mineraloids
B. elements D. rock
22. Which of the following leads to formation of an igneous rock?
A. at great depth within Earth C. by changes in mineral composition
B. by crystallization of molten rock D. by the weathering of pre-existing rocks

23. Which of the following is produced when limestone undergoes metamorphism?

A. phyllite C. marble
B. mica schist D. gneiss

24. Sedimentary rocks account for about how much in the total percentage of rocks
found in all continents?
A. 20 C. 50
B. 35 D. 75

25. Which of the following does NOT refer to sedimentary rocks?

A. may contain fossils
B. may be economically important
C. hold important clues to Earth's history
D. formed because of heat and pressure at depths
This page is intentionally blank
Lesson
Composition and Structure of
1 Minerals

What’s In

Question?
Are the minerals present in dietary supplements and the minerals we are talking
about here the same?

No. From geologic perspective, a mineral must be naturally occurring crystalline

solid. Minerals found in dietary supplements are human-made inorganic compounds
that contain elements needed to sustain life. These dietary minerals typically contain
elements that are metals- calcium, potassium, phosphorus magnesium, and iron.
Although these two types of “minerals” are different, they are related. The sources of
the elements used to make dietary supplements are in fact the naturally occurring
minerals on Earth’s crust. It should also be noted that vitamins are organic
compounds produced by living organisms, not inorganic compounds, like minerals.

What’s New

Learning activity no. 1a: ANTICIPATION GUIDE

Minerals
Write Yes if the statement is true, otherwise, No if the statement is not correct.
Write your answer in the pre-reading column. Do not answer the post reading yet.
You can answer the post reading column after you have reading the characteristics
of minerals below. You are given only 5 minutes to answer the statement below.

If you are done in answering the pre-reading column, set aside your
ANSWER

Pre-Reading Statements Post Reading

(write your answer (write your answer
before reading the after reading the
text below) text below)
1. Is a mineral solid? 1.
2. Is a mineral naturally occurring crystalline materials? 2.
3. Is a mineral has definite chemical composition? 3.
4. Is a mineral organic substance? 4.
5. Is a mineral an aggregate of rock? 5.
Oops!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Do not proceed reading the text below, unless you have
answered first the anticipation guide.

What Is It

Learning Concept

Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Geologists define minerals as any
present inorganic solids that possess an orderly crystalline structure and a well-
defined chemical composition. A mineral must exhibit the following characteristics:

orderly
naturally crystalline
occurring structure inorganic
substance substance (was
never alive)

a solid chemical
composition

Minerals exhibit the following characteristics:

1. Naturally occurring: Minerals form through natural processes, including volcanic
eruptions, precipitation of a solid out of a liquid, and weathering of pre-existing
minerals. Synthetic diamonds and rubies, and other substances with a specific
chemical composition and structure produced by chemists, engineers, and
manufacturers are not considered true minerals.
2. Solid: A true mineral must be solid at temperatures encountered at the earth’s
surface. Liquids and gases are not considered minerals, they do not have a
characteristic crystal structure. Ice for example ceases to exist as a mineral upon
melting into liquid water.
3. Inorganic processes: Any material produced through organic activity – such as
leaves, bones, peat, shell, or soft animal tissue – is not considered a mineral. Most
fossils, although they were once living, have generally had their living tissues
completely replaced by inorganic processes after burial; thus, they are considered to
be composed of minerals as well.
4. Chemical composition: Most minerals exist as chemical compounds composed
of two or more elements. The chemical formula of salt, or halite, is NaCl. A few
minerals, consist of only one type of atom such as graphite (carbon, in this case),
therefore, the chemical formula for graphite is written simply as C. All minerals are
defined by their chemical composition. Quartz, for example, has the chemical
formula SiO2 .The gemstone amethyst is a form of quartz that is colored pale to deep
purple by the presence of the impurity Iron (Fe).

Figure 1: An example of rose quartz Figure 2: Quartz (amethyst)

5. Orderly crystalline structure: Minerals are crystalline substance which means

the chemical composition of a mineral is reflected internally in a regular, repeating
arrangement of atoms, called the crystal structure of the mineral. The crystal
structure of halite is shown in Figure 2a and Figure 2b is cubic shape. The cubic
shape of salt crystals very clearly reflects the right-angle bonds between the Sodium
(Na) and Chlorine (Cl) atoms in its atomic structure.

Figure 2a: structure of sodium Figure 2b: The cubic shape of salt
chloride crystal crystals results from the regular
the crystal

Through organic and inorganic processes, minerals are formed. A few

naturally occurring substances called mineraloids have characteristic chemical
compositions but are amorphous (having no definite shape). Opal is an example.

What’s More
Now, you are done reading the text. To check your understanding from
the discussion above, it’s time for you to answer the post reading part of the
anticipation guide. Try to compare your answers with your pre-reading
answers. Check the correctness of your answer but please be honest.
 Learning activity no. 1b: ANTICIPATION GUIDE

Write Yes if the statement is true, otherwise, No if the statement is not correct. You
are given only 5 minutes to answer the statement below.

Pre-Reading Statements Post Reading

(write your answer (write your answer
before reading the after reading the
text below) text below)
1. Is a mineral solid? 1.
2. Is a mineral naturally occurring crystalline materials? 2.
3. Is a mineral has definite chemical composition? 3.
4. Is a mineral organic substance? 4.
5. Is a mineral an aggregate of rock? 5.

Congratulations!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

What Is It

Terms to remember:
1. inorganic processes- are found naturally in the ground after the burial of the
living materials e.g. salt or calcium carbonate (from shells and corals
reefs).
2. crystal structure – the atoms of a mineral must be arranged in a definite pattern
such as quartz.
3. chemical composition – a mineral is composed of two or more elements.

You are done reading the characteristics of minerals, now you may
proceed to the composition of rocks.

THE COMPOSITION OF MINERALS

There are approximately 4000 known minerals, uniquely defined by their

chemical composition and internal structure. From the previous texts, you are now
familiar with minerals such as quartz, halite (rock salt), gold, and diamond. Many
materials found on the Earth’s surface are not minerals. Water (H2O(l)) is not mineral
because it's not a solid though having the same chemical formula with ice. Coal is
not a mineral because it is made up of plant remains, it lacks a particular
composition, and its atoms are not arranged in an orderly way. Although they are
produced by living things, the shells of such marine animals as clams are composed
of minerals. Out of all the elements found on Earth, only eight (8) make up 98.5
percent of the crust’s total mass.
 4

These elements, which are the ones most common in minerals, are listed in
the table below. More than 90 percent of the minerals on the Earth’s crust are
compounds containing oxygen and silicon, the two most abundant elements. Most
minerals are compounds. Quartz is a compound of Silicon and Oxygen. The mineral
galena is a compound of Lead and Sulfur. A few minerals, however, contains single
elements and are called native elements, these are minerals that exists in their
purest forms. Some of which include, Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Sulfur (S), and
Diamond (C). Often, differing types of minerals (compounds and native elements)
are found mixed together. Such mixtures of minerals are called rocks.

The precise chemical composition and internal atomic structure that defines
each mineral also directly determines its outward appearance and physical
properties. Thus, in most cases, general appearance and a couple of easily
determined physical properties are sufficient to spot the mineral.

Common Elements of
Earth’s Crust
Name Percent by
Element Symbol Mass
Oxygen O 46.6
Silicon Si 27.7
Aluminum Al 8.1
Iron Fe 5.0
Calcium Ca 3.6
Sodium Na 2.8
Potassium K 3.6
Magnesium Mg 2.1
Other - 1.5

THE STRUCTURE OF MINERALS

A mineral is composed of an ordered array of atoms chemically bonded to make a

particular crystalline structure. This orderly packing of atoms is reflected in the
regularly shaped objects we call crystals. Rocks are considered to be a combination
of one or more minerals. The growth of crystals is affected by competition for space.
The following are some of the defining features of a crystal.

 Crystal structure
 Regular, geometric, smooth faces
 Orderly arrangements with repeating structures
 Each mineral always forms the same crystal shape
 Six basic crystal shapes
 Crystallographic axes are used to determine structure
 What’s More

Learning Activity no.2: Bubble Chart

1. Instruction: Fill in the circles in the bubble chart with the characteristics of
minerals that you have just learned.

Minerals

What I Have Learned

Learning Activity no.3: Self- test

Answer each item below:
1. What are the most common elements on the earth crust?
2. Which elements are the most abundant on the Earth's crust?

What I Can Do

Online Browsing and familiarize the different kinds of

minerals
Summary:

❖ A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses a definite

chemical composition and a definitive molecular structure that gives it a
unique set of physical properties. Rocks are the result of the accumulation of
two or more minerals.
❖ Characteristics of a mineral include being inorganic, solid, natural occurring,
with orderly internal arrangement of particles, and has a definite chemical
structure.

❖ Rocks are considered to be a combination of one or more minerals. The

growth of crystals is affected by competition for space.

Key to Answers

Lesson 1: Composition and Structure of Minerals

Anticipation Guide Bubble Chart
Post- reading
1. YES 1. naturally occurring
2. YES 2. solid
3. YES 3. inorganic
4. NO 4. definite chemical composition
5. NO 5. crystalline structure
Self- test
1. Common Elements of the Earth Crust
1. Oxygen 5. Calcium
2. Silicon 6. Sodium
3. Aluminum 7. Potassium
4. Iron 8. Magnesium

2. The most abundant elements in the earth crust

1. Oxygen
2. Silicon

What Is It
Lesson

Properties of Minerals
2
What’s In

Learning Concept

Now that you have gained knowledge about minerals, it is time for you to
know about the properties of minerals. Take note of the following points:

❖ Minerals are identified using a set of properties.

❖ Looking at more than one property is important when identifying minerals .

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Identify a mineral by using their physical properties such as color, luster,

streak, cleavage, and hardness etc.
 Compare and contrast the minerals by using their properties physical and
chemical properties. Understand that it is necessary to examine more than
one property to identify a mineral.

What’s New

Examine the pictures below. Can you identify these

minerals by looking at them?
 It’s time for you to know the different properties
of minerals, so that you can easily identify
the minerals found in your surroundings.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Minerals differ from each other in chemical composition and architecture, and
these factors produce distinctive physical properties that enable minerals to be
identified

Minerals are solids formed primarily by inorganic processes. Each mineral has
an orderly arrangement of atoms (crystalline structure) and a particular chemical
composition, which provides it a singular set of physical properties. Minerals can be
identified by their color, luster, streak, cleavage, hardness, and even by their
chemical composition. Using these properties is one way a Geologist defines and
identifies what kind of mineral a specimen is.

1. Crystal form – The external expression of a mineral that reflects the orderly
internal arrangement of atoms. A crystal may be a solid, homogeneous, displaying
an orderly array of atoms and should be in any size. The shape of a mineral’s
crystal is determined by the arrangement of atoms within it. Some crystals have
smooth, planar and regular geometric shapes. These are what most people think of
as crystals. These crystals rarely occur in nature, however, to develop those
beautifully-shaped crystals, the mineral must have unlimited space for growing.
When minerals start to form solid structure, microscopic crystals form and
grow. This results from the cooling of molten material or through precipitation from a
solution. These tiny crystals will continue to grow until they run out of space. Their
shape will simply reflect the form of the void which they grew. A nicely shaped crystal
such as a geode will be formed if the growing crystal runs out of material before it
runs out of space. Examples of which will include pyrite and quartz.

A. Pyrite B. Quartz (variety: amethyst) C. Quartz (variety: white)

2. Luster – This property describes the appearance of a mineral when light is

reflected from its surface. Is it shiny or dull: does it appear as like a metal or like
glass? Generally, the first thing you notice when identifying an unknown sample is
the mineral’s luster. Minerals that have the appearance of metals, regardless of
color, are said to have a metallic luster, like pyrite crystals. Minerals with a
nonmetallic luster are described by various adjectives. They may be described as
vitreous (glassy -like crystals), pearly, silky, resinous, and earthy (dull). Some
minerals appear somewhat metallic in luster and are said to be sub-metallic.

Minerals with a metallic luster look like metals such as steel or Copper. They
possess characteristics of being shiny and opaque, even when watching through a
skinny edge. Many metallic minerals become dull or earthy when they are exposed
to the elements for a long time (like Silver, they tarnish). To determine whether or not
a mineral exhibits a metallic luster, you may want to check out a recently broken part
of the mineral and exposed it to light. Minerals with an earthy luster exhibits earth or
dirt like features. Like metallic minerals, these are completely opaque, but dull. One
example is rust on Iron or tarnish that forms on metals. Vitreous luster is like that of
a shiny glass which may vary from translucent to transparent. Remember that glass
can be almost any color, including black, so don't be fooled by the color. Also, a dark
piece of glass may appear to be opaque if its thick enough. If you hold a thin edge up
to the light you should be able to see light bleeding through. Minerals with a waxy
luster look like paraffin, typically translucent but dull. Moreover, minerals with pearly
luster have an appearance almost like a pearl or that of an abalone shell –
translucent and glossy. When exposed to sunlight, a rainbow effect is displayed on
the surface (similar to an oil slick).

A. Pyrite B. This rock contain gold & copper

3. Color – This is the most obvious feature of a mineral but often an unreliable
diagnostic property. Many minerals are found in several colors. This is may be
attributed to the impurities added to the minerals. Some may have extra chemicals in
them that give them an unexpected color. One good example is quartz. Due to
impurities, quartz may have variety of colors including pink, purple (amethyst), milky
white, and even black.

Quartz (white & amethyst)

4. Streak – This color of the mineral in its powdered form, which may or may not be
the same color as the outward color of the mineral. Streak is useful for identifying
minerals with metallic or earthy luster. Streak is obtained by scratching the mineral
on an unpolished piece of white porcelain called a streak plate. When the mineral is
rubbed across the plate, it produces a powder of that mineral, the reason that the
streak plate is harder than most minerals. When the excess powder is blown away,
what remains is the true color of the mineral. Streaking reveals the internal color of
the mineral thus it is more reliable than color in identifying minerals.
5. Hardness – This refers to a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or
scratching. Geologists use a standard hardness scale, called the Mohs scale. It
consists of 10 minerals arranged in order from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).

Table: Mohs scale of mineral hardness

Relative Scale Mineral Hardness of Some Common Objects
Hardest 10 Diamond
9 Corundum
8 Topaz 8.5 Masonry Drill bit
7 Quartz
6 Potassium
Feldspar 5.5 Glass, Pocketknife
5 Apatite
4 Fluorite
3 Calcite 3.5 Copper Penny
2 Gypsum 2.5 Fingernail
Softest 1 Talc

6. Cleavage – A mineral that exhibits cleavage consistently breaks, or cleaves,

along parallel flat surfaces called cleavage planes. Some examples are exhibited by
the following: halite, calcite, and fluorite as shown in the table.

Figure 2.15 Common

cleavage directions
exhibited by minerals.
(Photos courtesy of E. J.
Tarbuck)

7. Fracture – Minerals that don't exhibit cleavage when broken have exhibits fracture
like quartz. Minerals that break into smooth curved surfaces like those seen in
broken glass have a conchoidal fracture. Others break into splinters or fibers, like
asbestos, but most minerals fracture irregularly. Fractures are generally rough or
irregular, instead of flat, and thus appear duller than cleavage surfaces. Some
minerals fracture in a way that helps spot them. There are other kinds of fracture that
exist in nature such as fibrous, splintery, or irregular.
8. Specific gravity –The specific gravity of a mineral is the weight of that mineral
divided by the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of water
equals 1.0, by definition. Most silicate, or rock-forming, minerals have specific
gravities of two .6 to 3.4; the ore minerals are usually heavier, with specific gravities
of 5 to eight. If you compare similar-sized samples of two different minerals, the one
with the higher specific gravity will feel the heaviest; it has a greater heft. For most
minerals, relative density isn't a very noteworthy feature, except for some, high
relative density is distinctive (examples are barite and galena). The average specific
gravity for mineral is around 2.7.

9. Other properties
a. Taste – The salty taste if halite makes it easy to identify
b. Smell – Sulfur smells like rotten-egg.
c. Elasticity –A thin sheet of mica will bend and elastically snapback
d. Malleability- Gold for example is widely use because of its ability to be
hammered and turn into sheets.
e. Feel – Minerals like talc and graphite are easily identified due to the distinct
feeling they give to the observer; talc feels soapy while graphite feels greasy
f. Magnetism – Some minerals with high Iron content like hematite can easily be
identified using a magnetite.
g. Double refraction – Some mineral like the transparent calcite exhibits double
refraction when light passes through them. When a printed material is placed
under it, the text will appear double.
h. Reaction to hydrochloric acid – Like calcite and other carbonates, some
minerals react rapidly to weak acids. When exposed to acids, these minerals
will effervesce (fizz) indicating the release of Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.

MINERAL CLASSES

Approximately 4000 minerals have been named and new ones are identified
each year, but only a few dozen are common. Eight elements make up the bulk of
these minerals, and represent more than 98 percent (by weight) of continental crust.
The eight elements that compose most rock forming minerals, are: Oxygen (O),
Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K),
and Magnesium (Mg). Oxygen (46.6% by weight) and Silicon (27.7% by weight) are
the most abundant elements in the crust of the earth.
All silicate minerals have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their fundamental
building block. In some silicate minerals the tetrahedra are joined in chains; in
others, the tetrahedra are arranged into sheets, or three-dimensional networks.
The term ore is employed to denote useful metallic minerals, like hematite
(mined for iron) and galena (mined for lead) which will be mined for a profit also as
some nonmetallic minerals, like fluor¬ite and sulfur, that contain useful substances.
There are different kinds of minerals. They are classified according to their
properties, chemical composition or uses. Table 2.1 lists the common groups of
minerals with corresponding examples and uses.
Table 2.1 Common Groups of Minerals
Group Example Chemical composition uses
Quartz SiO2
Magnetite Fe3O4 Source of iron
Rutile TiO2 paints
Hematite Fe2O3 Ore of iron, pigment
Corundum Al2O3 Gemstone , abrasive
Ice H2O Solid form of water
Oxides
Chromite FeCr2O4 Ore of chromium
Ilmenite FeTiO3 Ore of titanium
Limonite FeO(OH) • nH2O Ore of iron, pigments
Hydroxides Bauxite Al(OH)3 • nH2O Ore of aluminum
Sulfides Pyrite FeS2 Sulphuric acid production
Galena PbS Source of lead
Sphalerite ZnS Ore of zinc
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Ore of copper
Bornite Cu5FeS4 Ore of copper
Cinnabar HgS Ore of mercury
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O Plaster of paris
Sulfates Anhydrite CaSO4 Plaster of paris
Barite BaSO4 Drilling mud
Gold Au Trade, Jewelries
and coins
Silver Ag Jewelries and
coins
Copper Cu Electrical conductor
Diamond C Gemstone, abrasive
Sulphur S Sulpha drugs chemicals
Native elements
Graphite C Pencil lead
dry lubricant
Platinum Pt Catalyst
Halides Halite NaCl Common salt
Fluorite CaF2 Component of
steelmaking
Sylvite KCl Fertilize
Carbonates Calcite CaCO3 Chalk, Portland cement,
lime
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Portland cement, lime
Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2 Gemstone
Azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Pigment
phosphates Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH) fertilizer
Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 Gemstone

What Is It

Answer the following questions:

1. In your own words, describe the following properties of minerals:

Streak:

Color:

Hardness:

Luster:
 Cleavage:

2. Fill the table below by identifying and grouping the minerals used to
demonstrate each physical property.

hematite pyrite (2) sulfur potassium feldspar calcite(2)

quartz (3) biotite diamond magnetite copper fluorite (2)
corundum topaz (2) talc halite galena earthy (goethite)
feldspar moscuvite

Streak Color Hardness Luster Cleavage

What’s More
Using the Venn diagram below, pick two minerals to compare and contrast.
Name at least 3 similarities and 3 differences between 2 minerals.

Mineral 1 Write 3 Mineral 2

Write 3 differences similarities Write 3 of
of both differences
 What I Have Learned
Self-Test
True-False:
1. All minerals exhibit cleavage.
2. Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals.
3. Most minerals are economically important.
4. Most minerals have a higher specific gravity than water.
5. The micas exhibit sheet-type cleavage.
6. A mineral can be composed entirely of one element.
7. Nearly 4,000 minerals have been named
8. The hardest naturally occurring mineral is corundum.
9. Mohs scale is used to describe mineral property of diamond.
10. Solid ice is a mineral.

Summary:

❖ A mineral is an inorganic solid that possesses a particular chemical

composition and a definitive molecular structure that provides it a singular set
of physical properties. Rocks are accumulations of two (2) or more minerals.
❖ Mineral properties include crystal form, shine or luster, streak, hardness,
cleavage, fracture, color, and relative density. The eight most abundant
elements found in Earth's continental crust (Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron,
Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium) also compose the bulk of
minerals.
❖ All silicate minerals have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their fundamental
building block. In some silicate minerals the tetrahedra are joined in chains; in
others, the tetrahedra are arranged into sheets, or three-dimensional
networks.
❖ The term ore is employed to denote useful metallic minerals, like hematite
(mined for iron) and galena (mined for lead) which will be mined for a profit
also as some nonmetallic minerals, like fluor¬ite and sulfur, that contain useful
substances.

Key to Answers

1. Description on the properties of minerals

Streak: the colour of mineral in its powdered form

Color: most reliable diagnostic property

Hardness: ability of a mineral from scratching.

Luster: the looks of a mineral when light is reflected from its surface.

Cleavage: the capacity of a mineral to break or cleave, along parallel flat surfaces
2. Identify the minerals

Streak Color Hardness Luster Cleavage

hematite quartz diamond copper calcite
pyrite fluorite corundum pyrite halite
biotite sulfur topaz earthy (goethite) fluorite
quartz talc quartz galena muscovite
magnetite topaz potassium calcite feldspar
feldspar

Self- Test

TRUE or FALSE
1. F 6. T
2. T 7. F
3. T 8. T
4. F 9 .F
5. T 10. T
Lesson

Classification of Rocks
3

What I Need to Know

To understand the relationship between minerals and rocks, imagining a

Choco Mucho chocolate bar might just help you! It is made up of several different
materials: chocolate, wafer cereal crispies coated, and caramel. A rock is like that
chocolate bar. There is an aggregate of distinctive components that makes it. Mainly,
these components are the minerals which you have just learned from the previous
lesson. Rock components and origin are used to identify them.
Learning Objectives
After reading the text, this lesson student should be able to:
1. draw the diagram and explain the rock cycle; and
2. classify the different kinds of rock based on their mode of origin.

What’s In

Why study rocks? As you have learned in the previous topic, minerals are
the building blocks of rocks. Rock is composed of one or more minerals. These earth
materials, rocks and minerals have great economic value and the earth processes
from which they originate, determine their properties.

In this lesson, we will discuss the classification of rocks based on their

mode of origin. Before examining each group as igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rock, we will view first the rock cycle, which describes the
interrelationships among these rock groups.
 What’s New
ANTICIPATION GUIDE
Pre-reading

Write Yes if the statement is true, otherwise, No if the statement is not correct.
Write your answer in the pre-reading column. Do not answer the post reading yet.
You can answer the post reading after you have read the text about the rock cycle.
You are given only 5 minutes to answer the statement below.

If you are done in answering the pre-reading column, set aside your
answer.

Pre-Reading Statements Post Reading

(write your answer (write your answer
before reading the after reading the
text below) text below)
1. Is the rock is compose of minerals? 1.
2. Is the rock living? 2.
3. Is an igneous rock form by crystallization of molten 3.
magma?
4. Is sedimentary rock form due to greater heat and 4.
pressure?
5. Is metamorphic rock become a magma again when melt? 5.

Oops!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Do not proceed reading the text below, unless you have
answered first the anticipation guide.

What Is It

Fig. 1 Rock Cycle

 Rock Cycle

To conveniently discuss the rock When igneous rocks make their

cycle let us begin with the
formation of igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks are formed by
solidification and cooling of
molten materials. This process
called crystallization may occur
either beneath the earth’s surface
or following volcanic eruption at
the surface.
way to the surface, they will be
pick up, transported and
deposited by any number of
erosional agents such as running
water, glaciers, wind and waves.
Due to these agents, the rocks
will turn into sediments, which will
be deposited, usually as
horizontal beds in the ocean and
will undergo lithification. This
process where rocks experience
cementation and compaction of
converting the sediments into
solid rock (sedimentary rocks).

If the resulting sedimentary is buried deep within the earth or involved in the dynamic
of mountain building, it will be subjected to great heat and pressure. The sedimentary
rock will react to changing environment turn into the third type, metamorphic rock.
When metamorphic rock is subjected to still greater heat and pressure, it will melt to
create magma, which will eventually solidify as igneous rock.

Alternative Path….
The path shown in Figure 1 is only the basic cycle; this is not the only possible
path. For example, if the igneous rock did not reach the surface instead is
subjected to heat and pressure beneath, it will turn into a metamorphic rock.
Metamorphic rocks may be exposed to the surface and be subjected to the agents
that will turn them into sediments and eventually through lithification turn them into
sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks may be get buried and melt turning into
magma which will turn into igneous rocks. Rocks can transform from one form to
another. When magma pours out on Earth's surface, magma is called lava. Lava is
the same liquid rock matter that you see coming out of volcanoes.
 What’s More

Now, you are done reading the text. To check your understanding from the
discussion above, it’s time for you to answer the post reading part of the anticipation
guide. Try to compare your answers with your pre-reading answers. Check the
correctness of your answer but please be honest.
ANTICIPATION GUIDE
Rocks
Write Yes if the statement is true, otherwise, No if the statement is not correct.
Write your answer in the post reading column. You are given only 5 minutes to
answer the statement below.

Pre-Reading Statements Post Reading

(write your answer (write your answer
before reading the after reading the
text below) text below)
1. Is the rock is compose of minerals? 1.
2. Is the rock living? 2.
3. Is an igneous rock form by crystallization of molten 3.
magma?
4. Is sedimentary rock form due to greater heat and 4.
pressure?
5. Is metamorphic rock become a magma again when melt? 5.

CONGRATULATIONS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

What I Have Learned

Rock Cycle Diagram

Word Bank
melting sediments igneous rock
crystallization metamorphic rock metamorphism
lithification heat and pressure weathering, transportation, and deposition
sedimentary rock weathering and erosion
Complete the Rock Cycle diagram by placing terms from a word bank into the
diagram.

MAGMA
(Molten rock)
1.

9.

2. 10. 8.

7. Heat &
pressure
3. 11

12
4. 6.
Cementation & compaction
.
5.
 As you have learned from the discussion of the rock cycle, there are three
kinds of rocks. Each has a different texture and origin. Let us find out more about
these rocks.

Rocks

Classification

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Intrusive Extrusive Foliated Non-foliated

Granite Basalt Slate Quartzite

Gabbro Andesite Schist Marble
Diorite Rhyolite Gneiss

Detrital Chemical
Sedimentary Sedimentary
rocks rocks

Conglomerate/ Limestone
Breccia Evaporites
Sandstone Coal
Siltstone Chert
Mudstone
Shale
Classification of Rocks

1. Igneous rock form from magma that cools and solidifies in a process called
crystallization. Crystal size depends on the rate of cooling. The faster the rate of
cooling is, the smaller the crystal; this is because, there is less time for crystals of the
same chemical composition to group together. On the other hand, the slower the rate
of cooling, the bigger the crystal sizes are; this is because the longer time for cooling
is, the more the time for crystals of the same chemical composition to group
together. The texture of igneous rocks is classified into four (4): 1) fine-grained, 2)
coarse-grained, 3) porphyritic, and 4) glassy. Texture among minerals refers to the
size and arrangement of crystals.

Types of texture
Texture Description Example
1. Fine-grained fast rate of cooling

Rhyolite
2.Coarse-grained slow rate of cooling

Granite
3.Porphyritic (two two rates of cooling
crystal sizes)

Andesite porphyry
4. Glassy very fast rate of cooling

Obsidian

Igneous rocks can be categorized based on their texture and mineral

composition. Felsic rocks are usually made up of the light-colored silicate minerals
like Potassium feldspar and quartz. More examples of this are granite and rhyolite.
Rocks of intermediate composition contain plagioclase feldspar and amphibole such
as andesite. Mafic rocks (e.g. basalt) contain abundant olivine, pyroxene, and
calcium feldspar

Basalt
Classification of Igneous Rocks

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

There are two groups of sedimentary rocks based on the source of the material.
1. Detrital sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of materials that
originated from pre-existing rocks and was transported in the form of sediments as a
result of mechanical and chemical weathering. Common examples of this rock
classification include shale (most abundant), siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate or
breccia.

Classification of detrital sedimentary rock name.

Sediment Detrital Rock name Example
name
Gravel Conglomerate or
breccia

Conglomerate
Sand Sandstone

Sandstone
Silt Siltstone

Siltstone
Clay Shale

Shale
2. Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed when the dissolved substances from pre-
existing rocks are precipitated by either inorganic or organic processes. Precipitation
may occur directly as the result of inorganic processes or indirectly as the result of
life processes by water dwelling organism like snails and clams that produce
Calcium carbonate and is said to have a biochemical origin.

Common sedimentary rocks

1. Limestone is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock. It is made up of
Calcium carbonate and forms either by inorganic means or as the result of
biochemical processes.
“Identified Biochemical Limestone”

a. Coquina is a coarse rock composed of poorly cemented shells and shell

fragments.
b. Chalk is a rock made up almost entirely of hard parts of microscopic organisms
that are not longer than the head of a pin.
c. Travertine is a form of limestone (CaCO3) that is deposited by hot springs or as a
cave deposit. This type of limestone is commonly seen decorated in caverns
or as a deposit when groundwater containing Calcium carbonate
evaporates.
2. Microcrystalline quartz (precipitated quartz) are very small crystals which cannot
be seen by the naked eye. Examples include chert (light color), flint
(dark), jasper(red) and agate(banded)

3. Evaporites form eventually when the water saturated with salt evaporates but
leaves the deposit behind such as rock salt and gypsum.

Fossiliferous limestone

Coquina Chalk Rock salt

4. Coal is made up mostly of organic matter, it is the end-product of the burial of

large amounts of plant material over extended periods. Lignite and bituminous coals
are sedimentary rocks, but anthracite is a metamorphic rock. Anthracite is formed
when bituminous coal undergoes metamorphism, and although it burns more
cleanly, it is not as widespread and is more expensive to mine.

Bituminous coal

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

3. Metamorphic rocks (“changed form" rocks) are formed from igneous rocks,
sedimentary rocks or even from other metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism is the
change in the mineral’s composition and texture of the rock when subjected to high
temperature and pressure within the earth; there is transformation of pre-existing
rocks. The degree of metamorphism is shown in the rock's texture and mineralogy.
Types:
1. Low-grade (slight changes) e.g., shale becomes slate
2. High-grade (substantial changes) causes the original features to be obliterated.

Metamorphic settings
1. Contact or thermal metamorphism takes place when the rock is intruded by
magma. Here, change is driven by the rise in temperature within the host rock
surrounding a molten igneous body.
2. Regional metamorphism occurs when a large area is affected due to large-scale
heat and pressure such as mountain building. When this happens, metamorphism
produces a great volume of metamorphic rocks.
Agents of Metamorphism

In this module, we identify three (3) agents of metamorphism, these are: (1) heat,
(2) pressure or stress due to confining pressure and differential stress during
mountain building, and (3) chemically active fluids (mainly water and other volatiles)
which promote recrystallization by enhancing ion migration.

Metamorphic textures
When rocks are subjected to low-grade metamorphism, they become more compact
and thus denser. A common example is the metamorphic slate. Here some types of
metamorphic textures:
1. Foliated texture results in the mineral alignment perpendicular to the
compressional force and usually gives the rock a layered or banded appearance.

Common foliated metamorphic rock:

a. Slate is a finely grained rock composed mostly of mica and produced
through the low-grade metamorphism of shale.

b. Schist (pronounce “shists”) is a strongly foliated rock and described as platy

meaning, the rock’s crystals are thin and leaf-like". Its types are based on
composition.
c. Gneiss (pronounced “nice”) is a strong segregation of silicate minerals and
exhibits a "banded" texture (alternating layers of light and dark minerals like granite.

Slate Mica Schist Gneiss (banded appearance)

2. Non-foliated texture contains equidimensional crystals and resembles a coarse-

grained igneous rock. Examples of non-foliated rocks are the following:

a. Marble results when limestone (parent rock) is metamorphosed. There are

large, interlocking crystals of calcite and is used as a building stone and has
variety of colors.
b.Quartzite forms from quartz sandstone (parent rock); quartz grains are
fused.

Marble – a nonfoliated metamorphic . Quartzite

 What Is It

Word Bank
granite anthracite shale arkose rhyolite obsidian
gypsum gneiss scoria sandtone conglomerate
marble slate quartzite pumice

Classify the following rocks as igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Find

your answer from the word bank.
Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

What’s More

Word Analysis. Go through the words and/or phrases in each item below and
identify the relationship which is common in most of the words/phrases. Select the
word or phrase which does not fit the pattern.

1. A. diorite B. gabbro C. granite D. basalt

2. A. shale B. sandstone C. breccia D. conglomerate
3. A. chemical fluids B. recrystallization C. melting D. pressure
4. A. cementation B. weathering C. lithification D. compaction
5. C. hydrolysis D. sheeting C. oxidation B. dissolution

What I Have Learned

Self-Test
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following results from metamorphic activity?
A. sandstone can change to marble C. slate can change to shale
B. granite can change to clay minerals D. granite can change to gneiss

2. What supplies most of the heat for contact metamorphism?

A. frictional heating along a fault C. deep burial within Earth
B. radioactive elements D. a nearby mass of magma

3. What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade
metamorphism?
A. marble C. slate
B. mica schist D. gneiss
4. Which of the following is the primary agent of contact metamorphism?
A. folding C. stress
B. heat D. sheer

5. Which of the following are agents of metamorphism?

A. uplifting and folding C. contact and regional deformation
B. foliation and deposition D. heat, pressure, and chemical fluids

6. Which of the following is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock?

A. limestone C. chert
B. dolomite D. rock salt

7. Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks?

A. quartz and olivine C. halite and feldspar
B. calcite and clay D. clay and quartz

8. Which of the rocks listed below is a popular building stone?

A. basalt C. granite
B. andesite D. diorite

9. Which of the following igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively

different crystal sizes?
A. aphanitic C. porphyritic
B. glassy D. phaneritic

10. Which one of the following is an igneous rock?

A. limestone C. slate
B. rhyolite D. shale

11. Which of the following is compaction the most significant lithification process?
A. shale C. conglomerate
B. sandstone D. chert

12. Which of the following is Igneous rock formed?

A. by the weathering of preexisting rocks
B. by changes in mineral composition
C. at great depth within Earth
D. by crystallization of molten rock

What I Can Do

1. Visit an area in your place where you can find rocks such as rivers, parks,
construction stores, etc. Collect the rocks that interest you and classify them
as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic.
2. Request your father or relatives to accompany you to the place where you
found the rocks.
3. Ask anyone who might know the local name of the rocks and how people
might have used it before or even now.
Summary:
.
❖ An igneous rock forms from magma that cools and solidifies in a process
called crystallization. A sedimentary rock forms from the lithification of
sediment. A metamorphic rock forms through intense pressure and heat in the
process of metamorphism.
❖ The cooling rate of magma affects the size of crystals in igneous rocks– the
slower the rate of cooling, the bigger the crystals, the faster the rate, the
smaller the rate. The four types of igneous rock textures can be categorized
as follows; 1) fine-grained, 2) coarse-grained, 3) porphyritic, and 4) glassy.
❖ Igneous rocks are categorized through the rock’s texture and composition of
minerals. Felsic rocks are comprised mostly of light-colored silicate minerals.
Rocks of intermediate composition (e.g. andesite) contain plagioclase feldspar
and amphibole. Mafic rocks (e.g. basalt) contain abundant olivine, pyroxene,
and calcium feldspar.
❖ Limestone is the most common and most abundant chemical sedimentary
rock, which is made up mostly of calcium carbonate.
❖ The 2 types of metamorphism include the regional metamorphism and contact
metamorphism. Heat is the most important factor which provides the energy
to drive the reactions that result in the recrystallization of minerals.

Assessment: (Post-Test)

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and carefully each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following properties may vary for different samples of a given
mineral?
A. color C. luster
B. hardness D. streak

2. Which minerals has a resinous luster?

A. calcite C. quartz
B. diamond D. sulfur

3. Which of the following is a physical property of minerals?

A. chemical make-up C. fracture
B. bonding formation D. viscosity

4. Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to
produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
A. Calcite C. Plagioclase
B. Gypsum D. Quartz

5. What is the hardest known mineral on earth?

A. Diamond C. Native gold
B. Muscovite D. Silicate
6. Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?
A. Calcite C. Olivine
B. Diamond D. Quartz

7. What characteristics of a mineral refers to resistance to abrasion?

A. cleavage C. luster
B. hardness D. streak

8. Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?

A. Diamond C. Olivine
B. Halite D. Talc

9. Which element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

A. Carbon C. Oxygen
B. Chlorine D. Sodium

10. Which one of the following is NOT true for minerals?

A. They may be liquid, solid, or gas form.
B. They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.
C. They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
D. They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
11. Which of the following elements bonds with silicon and forming silicates?
A. calcium C. oxygen
B. hydrogen D. Sodium

12. Which of the following characteristics refer to the tendency of minerals to break
forming smooth flat surfaces?
A. cleavage C. streak
B. conchoidal D. fracture

13. Which of the following is the most common mineral on the Earth’s surface?
A. feldspar C. olivine
B. mica D. Quartz

14. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of minerals?

A. possess a crystalline structure C. definite chemical composition
B. formed by inorganic processes D. either liquid or solid

15. Which of the following is the most abundant mineral group on the Earth's crust?
A. carbonates C. silicates
B. oxides D. sulfides

16. Which of the following refers to ability of minerals to reflect light on its surface?
A. Streak C. fluorescence
B. luster D. color

17. Which of the following is said to be the most unreliable (variable) diagnostic pro-
perty of minerals?
A. luster C. crystal form
B. hardness D. color
.
 18. On Mohs hardness scale, which is the softest mineral?
A. apatite C. quartz
B. calcite D. talc

19. Which one of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in
Earth's crust?
A. aluminum C. carbon
B. calcium D. potassium

20. Which of the following best suits the definition of a mineral?

A. clastic and mafic C. naturally occurring and crystalline
B. foliated and amorphous D. organic and solution

21. Which of the following refers to an aggregate of one or more minerals?

A. compounds C. mineraloids
B. elements D. rock

22. Which of the following leads to formation of an igneous rock?

A. at great depth within Earth C. by changes in mineral composition
B. by crystallization of molten rock D. by the weathering of pre-existing rocks

23. Which of the following is produced when limestone undergoes metamorphism?

A. phyllite C. marble
B. mica schist D. gneiss

24. Sedimentary rocks account for about how much in the total percentage of rocks
found in all continents?
A. 20 C. 50
B. 35 D. 75

25. Which of the following does NOT refer to sedimentary rocks?

A. may contain fossils
B. may be economically important
C. hold important clues to Earth's history
D. formed because of heat and pressure at depths

Key to Answers
Pre-Test
1. B 14. D
2. C 15. C
3. C 16. B
4. A 17. D
5. A 18. D
6. D 19. C
7. B 20. C
8. B 21. D
9. C 22. B
10. A 23. A
11. C 24. D
12. A 25. D
13. A
Common elements of the earth crust
Lesson 3 Classification of rocks
Anticipation Guide Post-reading
1. YES
2. NO
3.YES
4.NO
5. YES

Rock Cycle diagram

1. crystallization
2. Igneous rock
3. Weathering, Transportation, & Deposition
4. sediments
5. lithification
6. sedimentary rock
7. metamorphism
8. metamorphic rock
9. melting
10. heat & pressure
11. weathering & erosion
12. weathering and erosion

Classification of rocks
Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock
granite gypsum anthracite
rhyolite shale quartzite
obsidian arkose marble
pumice sandstone slate
scoria conglomerate gneiss

Word Analysis
1. basalt
2. shale
3. melting
4. weathering
5. sheeting

Self-Test
Multiple Choice
1. D 7. D
2. D 8. C
3. C 9. C
4. B 10. B
5. D 11. A
6. A 12. D
Post-Test
Pre-Test
1. B 14. D
2. C 15. C
3. C 16. B
4. A 17. D
5. A 18. D
6. D 19. C
7. B 20. C
8. B 21. D
9. C 22. B
10. A 23. A
11. C 24. D
12. A 25. D
13. A

References:

Books

Tarbuck, Edward.J, Lutgens, Frederick. K. and Tasa, Dennis. 2009 Earth Science
12th ed. (Phil. Ed), PEARSON EDUCATION SOUTH ASIA PTE LTD, 81-29
Tarbuck, Edward J., Lutgens, Frederick. K. 2004 Earth Science 10th ed(Phil. Ed).
PEARSON EDUCATION SOUTH ASIA PTE LTD,. 61-19

MELC4_Project EASE Integrated Science Inside the Solid Earth: Lesson 2 Minerals
and Rocks

Johansson L., Alderton, Westholm, D., 2015 in Reference Module in Earth Systems
and Environmental Sciences

Photo: Rosalina B. Fantilaga

Web Resources:
http://minerals.galleries.com minerals by chemical group, name
http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals U.S. Geological Survey, minerals in U.S.
http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/AASG Link to all state geological surveys
http://geology.com minerals>rocks
http://www. saddleback.edu.>notes
https://www.Sciencedirect. com/mineral resources

For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph
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