(EYB 3352) R & D METHODOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 1:

LITERATURE REVIEW

ON

STUDIES ON DELIGNIFICATION OF OIL

PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH VIA
MICROWAVE-ASSISTED DEEP EUTECTIC
SOLVENT (DES) AS PRETREATMENT FOR
BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

SANJEETHA D/O NAGALINGAM

1103183008

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
MANIPAL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
NILAI
APRIL 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1. LITERATURE REVIEW 1-4

2. BIBLIOGRAPHY 5-6
 LITERATURE REVIEW
S. Author(s) & Title of Research Variables Studied Equipment/Instruments Important Limitations of Research
No. Year; Name of Paper Research Design / Findings Study Gap/Novelty of
Journal Apparatus Used for Research Study
Experiments/Analysis/
Characterization, etc.
1 Mohd et al. Dissolution of Solubility of cellulose  Density Functional - Chloride - Reactivity of Delignification of
(2017); Cellulose in Ionic in ionic liquid (IL) Theory (DFT) containing ionic ionic liquid with oil palm empty
AIP Conference Liquid : A and in deep eutectic Analysis liquid’s are more water . fruit bunch via
Proceedings. Review solvent (DES). effective. microwave-
 Electron - Physico- assisted deep
Microscopy (SEM) - Presence of chemical eutectic solvent
water in ionic properties of (DES) as
 Thermogravimetric liquid will deep eutectic pretreatment for
Analysis (TGA) decrease the solvent, DES. biofuel production.
solubility of
 Solubility Analysis cellulose. - Reduction in
crystallinity of
 XRD Analysis - DES as solvent cellulose using
reduced the ionic liquid.
 XRD crystallinity of
Diffractogram cellulose than
ionic liquid.

- DES was
selected as green
alternative for
ionic liquid.

2 Ranen Roy et Recent Advances - Chemical insights  Acid Hydrolysis - The higher the - Maximum time Delignification of
al. (2020); of Greener Pre- and reaction Analysis moisture content taken by oil palm empty
Journal of treatment mechanisms of the in supercritical supercritical fruit bunch via
Current Technologies of pretreatment.  Microwave CO2, the higher pretreatment. microwave-
Research in Lignocellulose the rate of assisted deep
Green and - Efficiency of  Ultrasound enzymatic - Toxicity level eutectic solvent
Sustainable greener digestibility. of ionic liquid. (DES) as
Chemistry. pretreatments.  Torrefaction pretreatment for
Pretreatment - Presence of biofuel production.
Analysis ethanol in
supercritical CO2
enhance the
delignification
process.

- Hot water
combined with
CO2 is an
alternative for
acid
pretreatment.

- Ionic liquids
can be used as
catalyst in
pretreatment.

- Deep eutectic
solvent (DES)
can reduce use of
water compare to
other
pretreatments.
3 Virginie A New - Efficiency of  Twin screw - Alkaline - Modification Delignification of
Vandenbossche Lignocellulosic enzymatic hydrolysis extruders pretreatment with on extruder’s oil palm empty
et al. Biomass sodium residence time fruit bunch via
(2014); Deconstruction - Differences in  Hammer mill hydroxide microwave-
Journal of Process behavior and cell doubles assisted deep
Industrial Combining wall constituents of  Thermo-mechano- the destruction of eutectic solvent
Crops and Thermomechano hemicelluloses, chemical alkaline the wall polymers (DES) as
Products. Chemical Action cellulose and lignin pretreatment pretreatment for
And Bio-Catalytic analysis biofuel production.

1
 Enzymatic - Alkaline
Hydrolysis In a  X-ray Powder pretreatment
Twinscrew Bruker D8 produces a
Extruder. Advance biomass
diffractometer with increased
hydrolysability.
 Refractive index
- Neutralization
detector
decreases viscosity
of the matter after
 Pulsed long period.
amperometric
detector -Saccharifification
begins during
bioextrusion.

4 Parveen Kumar Methods for - Effects of various  Vibrating Ball Mill - Steam - Lack of Delignification of
et al. Pretreatment of pretreatment in explosion information on oil palm empty
(2009); Lignocellulosic delignification.  Ammonia Fiber increase the biomass fruit bunch via
Journal of Biomass Explosion potential of selection for microwave-
American for Efficient Apparatus cellulose sulfuric acid assisted deep
Chemical Hydrolysis and hydrolysis at high pretreatment and eutectic solvent
Society Biofuel Production  Ammonia Recycle temperature. sodium (DES) as
Percolation hydroxide pretreatment for
- In lime pretreatment. biofuel production.
 Ozone UV pretreatment,
spectrophotometer degree of
crystallinity
 Ozone catalytic increased because
destroyer of amorphous
components
 Laboratory-scale
lime pretreatment - Rate of
hydrolysis is very
 Microwave low in biological
pretreatment.
 Pulsed-electric- -Choice of
fifield (PEF) pretreatment
system technology for a
particular
material depends
on which compo
nents of the
biomass material
need to be
altered.

5 Wahlström, Enzymatic - Cellulase activity,  In Situ Hydrolysis - Ionic liquid - Molecular Delignification of
Hydrolysis Of stability and action in easily breakdown oil palm empty
and Suurnäkki. scale
Lignocellulosic hydrolysis in  Crystallinity the crystalline fruit bunch via
(2012); Polysaccharides In cellulose-dissolving Analysis cellulose mechanisms of microwave-
Journal of The Presence Of ILs structure. cellulase assisted deep
Ionic Liquids  Microwave eutectic solvent
Green inactivation in
- Different routes to (DES) as
Chemistry. increase cellulase  Techno-economic - The hydrolysis cellulose- pretreatment for
performance Evaluation of regenerated dissolving IL biofuel production.
filter paper in
 Fluorescence aqueous 10 %
Spectroscopy [DMIM]DMP - Value of PH
had doubled effect for
 Differential yields. enzyme
Scanning inactivation.
Calorimetry - In prolonged
hydrolyses the
increasing - Parameters of
presence of IL
inhibitor
lowered the
hydrolysis yields. detection.

2
6 Venkatesh An Overview Of Amount of sugar  Electron Beam - 80% to 90% - Control of Delignification of
Chaturvedi and Key Pretreatment produced from reducing sugar temperature, oil palm empty
Irradiation (EBI)
Pradeep Verma. Processes various pretreatment produced in pressure and the fruit bunch via
(2013); Employed process  Steam heated alkaline presence of microwave-
Journal of For Bioconversion pretreatment strong oxidizing assisted deep
evaporator
Biotechnology. Of Lignocellulosic compare to other agents. eutectic solvent
Biomass Into  Fourier Transform treatments. (DES) as
Biofuels pretreatment for
Infrared
And Value Added - About 66 % of biofuel production.
Products Spectroscopy lignin was
solubilized in
(FTIR)
pretreatment with
 X-Ray ammonia.
Diffractor(XRD)
- High amount of
 Optical and Raman enzymatic
hydrolysis found
Microscopy
in organosolv
 Chemical Oxygen process.
demand Analysis
- Combination of
two or more
pretreatment
processes were
proven efficient.

7 Qing Qing et al. Investigation Of a - Optimization of the  Vacuum oven - Combining ILs - Structural and Delignification of
(2014); Novel Acid- total sugar and dilute acids chemical oil palm empty
Journal of Catalyzed Ionic conversion.  100mL three increase the changes of the fruit bunch via
Applied Liquid necked round enzymatic regenerated microwave-
Microbiology Pretreatment - Amount of ionic bottom flask hydrolysis yield. lignocellulose assisted deep
and Method To liquid used. eutectic solvent
Biotechnology Improve Biomass  Erlenmeyer flask - Sulfuric acid (DES) as
Enzymatic (H2SO4) and pretreatment for
Hydrolysis  Thermostat shaker hydrochloric acid biofuel production.
Conversion (HC1) proved as
 DNS Analysis promising agents
for lignocellulose
 Liquid hydrolysis.
Chromatography
Analysis

 Electron
Microscopy
Analysis

 Fourier Transform
Infrared
Spectroscopy
Analysis

 X-Ray Diffraction
Analysis
8 Agnieszka An Economically - Application of low  Yield and - An increase of - Pretreatment Delignification of
Brandt-Talbot Viable Ionic cost ionic liquid. Compositional the acid base temperature limit oil palm empty
et al. Liquid For The Analysis ratio shifted the not given. fruit bunch via
(2017); Fractionation Of - Recovery of ionic optimum to microwave-
Journal of Lignocellulosic liquid.  HSQC NMR around 2 h. - Hemicellulose assisted deep
Green Biomass Spectroscopy recovery rate eutectic solvent
Chemistry. - In lignin need to be (DES) as
 Pressure tubes processing, more further assessed. pretreatment for
than 85% biofuel production.
 HPLC Analysis delignification
and 80% lignin
 XPS Spectroscopy recovery was
achieved.
 Energy-Dispersive-
X-Ray - Inhibiting
Spectroscopy saccharification
occured in harsh
 Bruker 400MHz conditions.
Spectrometer
- Ionic liquid
 Micromass Premier recovery rate
Spectrometer was > 99% at

3
 bench scale.
 The Agilent 1260
Infinity RID - IonoSolv
detector pretreatment
system suitable
for industrial
scale-up.
9 Muhammad Ionic Liquid Effectiveness of  Fourier-transform - Increase in - Reduction or Delignification of
Moniruzzaman Pretreatment ionic Infrared pretreatment time removal of oil palm empty
and Masahiro of Lignocellulosic liquids (ILs) as Spectroscopy lead to high cellulose fibre fruit bunch via
Goto. (2018); Biomass for (co)solvents and (FTIR) delignification. from microwave-
Journal of Enhanced pretreatment agents delignification assisted deep
Center of Enzymatic in room temperature.  Electron - Recovery of process. eutectic solvent
Research in Delignification Microscopy (SEM) ionic liquid after (DES) as
Ionic Liquids pretreatment - Rate of pretreatment for
(CORIL),  X-ray accelerate the cellulose loss biofuel production.
Universiti Diffractometry enzymatic during washing
Teknologi (XRD) delignification step.
PETRONAS,

10 Nomanbhay, S Microwave- The efficiency  Microwave oven - The highest - The structural Delignification of
et al. (2013); Assisted Alkaline of pretreatment and reducing sugar changes of lignin oil palm empty
Journal of Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis  Milling machine yields were after fruit bunch via
Sustainable Microwave by combination of obtained for pretreatment. microwave-
Bioenergy Assisted microwave-alkali and  UV-Visible microwave- assisted deep
Systems Enzymatic Microwave Spectrophotometer NaOH - Enzyme’s eutectic solvent
Saccharification of Irradiation pretreatment recyclability (DES) as
Oil Palm Empty Enzyme Coupling  Erlenmeyer flask at 180 W for 12 after pretreatment for
Fruit Bunch Fiber Catalysis (MIECC) minutes. pretreatment. biofuel production.
for Enhanced on EFB to enhance  Fourier Transform
Fermentable Sugar fermentable sugar Infrared - The dominant
Yield production. Spectroscopic factor in the mi
(FTIR) Analysis crowave assisted
reaction in this
study may be
treated as
non-thermal
effects.

11 Joo Ding Quek Delignification of - Effectiveness of  Microwave oven - ChCl-LA The possibility Delignification of
et al. (2020); Oil Palm Empty biomass pretreatment pretreated Oil of using Deep oil palm empty
IOP Conference Fruit Bunch via by incorporating  Centrifuge Palm Empty Fruit Eutectic Solvent fruit bunch via
Series: Earth Ultrasoundassisted ultrasound Bunch had (DES) in large microwave-
and Deep Eutectic in DES pretreatment.  Sonication Bath the lowest total commercial assisted deep
Environmental Solvent lignin content. scale. eutectic solvent
Science Pretreatment - Recyclability and  Spectrometer (DES) as
reusability of DESs. - ChCl-LA pretreatment for
 Fourier Transform exhibited the biofuel production.
Infrared best
Spectroscopic delignification
(FTIR) Analysis properties among
all due to its
nature of acidic
properties.

- High number of
DES recycle
times lower the
delignification
efficiency.

4
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brandt-Talbot, A., Gschwend, F. J., Fennell, P. S., Lammens, T. M., Tan, B., Weale,
J., & Hallett, J. P. (2017). An Economically Viable Ionic Liquid for the
Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Journal of Green
Chemistry, 19(13), 3078-3102.

Chaturvedi, V., and Verma, P. (2013). An Overview of Key Pretreatment Processes

Employed for Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biofuels and
Value Added Products. Journal of Biotechnology, 3(5), 415-431.

Kumar, P., Barrett, D. M., Delwiche, M. J., & Stroeve, P. (2009). Methods for
Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Hydrolysis and
Biofuel Production. Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research, 48(8), 3713-3729.

Mohd, N., Draman, S. F. S., Salleh, M., and Yusof, N. (2017). Dissolution of
Cellulose in Ionic Liquid: A Review. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol.
1809. No. 1. AIP Publishing LLC, 1-10.

Moniruzzaman, M., & Goto, M. (2018). Ionic Liquid Pretreatment of

Lignocellulosic Biomass for Enhanced Enzymatic
Delignification. Journal of Application of Ionic Liquids in Biotechnology, 61-
77.

Nomanbhay, S. M., Hussain, R., & Palanisamy, K. (2013). Microwave-Assisted

Alkaline Pretreatment and Microwave Assisted Enzymatic
Saccharification of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber for Enhanced
Fermentable Sugar Yield. Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 7-17.

5
Qing, Q., Rong, Hu., Yucai, He., Zhang, Y., and Wang, L. (2014). Investigation of a
Novel Acid-catalyzed Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Method to Improve
Biomass Enzymatic Hydrolysis Conversion. Journal of Applied
Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98(11), 5275-5286.

Quek, J. D., Lee, K. M., Lim, S., Tey, W. Y., Kang, H. S., & Quen, L. K. (2020).
Delignification of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch via Ultrasound-Assisted
Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment. IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, 463(1): 012007. IOP Publishing.

Ranen, R., Rahman, M., and Raynie, D. (2020). Recent Advances of Greener
Pretreatment Technologies of Lignocellulose. Journal of Current Research
in Green and Sustainable Chemistry (2020): 100035, 1-13.

Vandenbossche, V., Brault, J., Vilarem, G., Hernández-Meléndez, O., Vivaldo-Lima,

E., Hernández-Luna. M., & Rigal, L. (2014). A New Lignocellulosic
Biomass Deconstruction Process Combining Thermo-mechano
Chemical Action and Bio-catalytic Enzymatic Hydrolysis in a Twin
Extruder. Journal of Industrial Crops and Products, 55, 258-266.

Wahlström, R. M., and Suurnäkki, A. (2015). Enzymatic Hydrolysis of

Lignocellulosic Polysaccharides in The Presence of Ionic Liquids. Journal
of Green Chemistry, 17(2), 694-714.