Audio Engineering Society

Convention Paper 7677

Presented at the 126th Convention
2009 May 7–10 Munich, Germany

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A New Reference Listening Room For

Consumer, Professional and Automotive
Audio Research
1
Sean E. Olive
1
Harman International
Northridge, CA, 91329, USA
sean.olive@harman.com

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the features, scientific rationale and acoustical performance of a new reference listening room
designed for the purpose of conducting controlled listening tests and psychoacoustic research for consumer,
professional and automotive audio products. The main features of the room include quiet and adjustable room
acoustics, a high quality calibrated playback system, an in-wall speaker mover, and complete automated control of
listening tests performed in the room.

1. INTRODUCTION
reproduced sounds, and even affect listeners’
Listening tests play an important role in the research,
loudspeaker preferences [3]. Finally, the listening room
development and testing of consumer, professional and
should be designed to prevent noise from entering or
automotive audio products at Harman International. The
exiting the room so that listeners can reliably judge both
listening room in which these tests are performed is a low and high level sounds without disturbing their
significant nuisance variable, which left uncontrolled, neighbors.
can bias the results. Below 300 Hz, the modal behavior
of the room can affect the quality and quantity of low
With these challenges in mind, a new prototype
frequency sounds heard by the listener that vary
reference listening room was recently designed and built
according to the room’s dimensions, its absorption, and
at Harman International in Northridge, California for the
the locations of the loudspeakers and listeners [1]-[2].
purpose of conducting listening tests and
Above 300 Hz, the reflectivity of the room can
psychoacoustic research related to consumer,
influence the timbral and spatial attributes of
professional and automotive audio products. The room
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is one of four being replicated at other Harman locations
across the world, so that listener training, product
evaluations and psychoacoustic research can be
conducted at different locations under similar well-
defined acoustical conditions. This paper describes the
features, scientific rationale and acoustical performance
of the prototype room built in Northridge, California.
2. A MULTI-PURPOSE LISTENING ROOM
The room has been designed for several different
purposes. Firstly, the room must provide a standardized,
high-quality listening environment for the reproduction
and critical evaluation of multichannel (7.1) recordings
and/or audio technologies including loudspeakers,
amplifiers, and audio algorithms.
Secondly, the room must provide a means for proper
comparative evaluation of loudspeakers intended for
installation in, on, or near a wall. This includes in-wall
speakers, automotive transducers, and home and
multimedia systems intended to be mounted on or near a
wall where a substantial low frequency boundary effect
occurs below 500 Hz [1], [4], [5].
dimensions provide a high-quality 7.1 multichannel
playback experience for four to six listeners arranged in
two rows of three seats.
A diagram of the room in Fig. 1 shows the standard
setup of the front, side and rear loudspeakers, as well as
the four subwoofers located in the corners of the room.
The room is sufficiently large to allow the loudspeakers
to be arranged in an ITU-R [6] circle such that all main
channels are equidistant (2.9 m) to the primary listening
seat. The symmetrical placement of the left and right
pair of loudspeakers ensures that properties of the
reflections produced by these pairs will be similar for a
listener sitting along the centerline of the room. Of
course that is only true if the acoustical treatment of the
room is also symmetrical, which is the case here (see
section 3.5).
.

Thirdly, the reference listening room must provide a

standardized playback environment for the selection and
training of listeners used for product evaluation and
research. This allows Harman scientists to make valid
comparison of listener training and listening test results
measured in reference listening rooms at different
geographical locations.

Lastly, there was a desire that the acoustics of the

reference room be adjustable to allow investigations
into how different acoustical room treatments affect the
perception of loudspeaker directivity, loudspeaker-room
equalization, and room acoustic adaptation [3]. These
are important research questions that have not been
adequately answered in the scientific literature.

3. DESCRIPTION

The following section describes the dimensions, Figure 1 A simple diagram of the prototype reference
construction, acoustical treatment, equipment, and other listening room showing dimensions, speaker setup and
main features of the Harman reference listening room. in-wall mover.

3.1. Dimensions

The internal dimensions of the reference listening

rooms are: 6.4 m (w) x 7.32 m (l) x 2.74 m (h). These

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3.2. Listening Room Construction
The following section describes the construction details
of the reference listening room.
3.2.1. Double Shell Construction
The construction of the reference listening room is
designed to provide good noise isolation from sounds
entering the room from an adjacent office areas, yet
provide dampening of room modes generated inside the
room. A Balanced Noise Criterion (NCB) [7] of 10 or
better was the desired target for background noise. In
order to achieve this, a double-shell room design was
employed as illustrated in Fig. 2.
Figure 2 Details on the wall, ceiling, and floor
construction of the reference listening room.
The outer shell provides the necessary mass required for
good sound isolation at low frequencies. The walls of
the outer shell are constructed with 5 x 15.24 cm
wooden studs covered with one layer of 1.9 cm
plywood, and three layers 1.6 cm gypsum board. A 0.46
cm air gap is provided between the outer and inner
shells of the walls.
The inner shell walls are constructed of standard 9.2 cm
lightweight steel studs to which are attached a single
layer of 1.27 cm gypsum board on each side of the stud.
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A New Reference Listening Room
The wall cavity is filled fiberglass. The gypsum board is
attached to the metal stud with a sparse amount of
screws to allow the wall to flex and absorb energy. A
bead of acoustical caulking adhesive is applied to each
stud to minimize rattling between the studs and gypsum
board. This particular wall construction was chosen
based on the research of Bradley who found that there is
less low frequency absorption below 200 Hz as the
depth of the stud decreases, and as the thickness or
layers of gypsum board increases [8]. Also, a single
layer of gypsum board on one side of the stud is less
effective as a low-frequency absorber than a single layer
on each side. Toole provides a good summary of the
absorption coefficients of different gypsum wall
constructions (see Fig. 21.6 in [1]).
3.2.2. Ceiling
The reference listening room ceiling is constructed in a
similar fashion as the walls having an inner and outer
shell that are decoupled from each other. The inner
ceiling is built from 15.24 cm metal studs with a single
layer of 1.27 cm gypsum board attached to either side of
the stud with metal screws and a bead of acoustic
caulking. The outer ceiling is structurally reinforced to
allow storage on the roof of the listening room. The
outer ceiling consists of 5.08 x 25.4 cm wooden joists
that support three layers of 1.59 cm gypsum board, and
one layer of 1.9 cm thick plywood.
3.2.3. Floating Floor
A floating floor construction was employed in the
reference listening room to isolate the floor from noise
and vibration transmitted from the adjacent office and
factory areas. The listening room floor consists of a
laminate hardwood that rests on a foam underlay. Next
is a 1.9 cm plywood subfloor that is screwed to 5 x 10
cm wood studs. The studs sit on 1.9 cm thick rubber
isolation pads. The purpose of the isolation pads is to
minimize the transmission of noise and vibration from
the concrete slab to the floor of the room. The 5x10 cm
studs are fixed to the concrete slab with anchor bolts
attached only at the ends of each stud to provide
additional dampening of vibration.
3.2.4. Main Entrance Door
The main entrance door to the reference room consists
of two doors (an inner and outer door) constructed of
solid wood core with a 25.4 cm air space separating the
two doors. The doors are well sealed at the top and sides
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with weather stripping. The bottom of the door
automatically seals itself with a mechanical door sealer
that drops into place when the door is closed.
3.3. Services
The services include lighting, electrical (audio, phone
and data network, and AC power), water sprinklers, and
heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
Services are often the weakest link in an otherwise
acoustically well-designed listening room. Lights,
HVAC, water pipes and electrical wiring can produce
significant noise, hum, rattle, and buzz. Bringing these
services into a listening room can result in perforations
in the outer and inner shells of the room and
compromise the noise isolation of the room.
With this in mind, careful attention was paid to the
selection and installation of the services provided for the
reference room to ensure that they did not compromise
the desired low background noise performance.
Room lighting in the reference listening room is
provided by 12 V ceiling lights mounted on four tracks
that can be individually controlled and dimmed. The
electrical transformers are moved outside the room to
eliminate a potential source of noise. Rattles from the
tracks themselves are suppressed by applying acoustical
silicon caulking between the track and the ceiling.
Rattles from the electrical wiring inside the ceiling and
walls are eliminated by decoupling the wires from the
metal studs via rubber grommets and where possible
suspending the wiring from the studs. The results are
very effective: even the most tooth-rattling subwoofer
passages from the latest Hollywood blockbuster movie
produce no audible rattles from the services installed in
the room.
To minimize the number (i.e. 2) of wall perforations and
provide maximum flexibility all audio, network and
electrical connections are accessible via a dual-track
conduit that runs along the inside perimeter of the room.
The conduit is decoupled from the walls and floor to
minimize another potential source of rattle. Outlets for
AC power and audio (both line and speaker level) are
available every 1.8 m along the wall.
The water sprinkler system is also designed to limit the
outer ceiling perforations to just a single hole through
which the main supply pipe runs the length of the room
between the inner and outer ceilings from which the
individual sprinkler heads are fed.
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A New Reference Listening Room
Finally, great care was taken in the design of the HVAC
system to minimize the noise from air turbulence and
whistling noise. An independent HVAC system was
chosen for the room in order to greatest amount of
control, flexibility and performance in terms of noise
control. The HVAC compressor and fan are suspended
above the room with the supply and return ducts
mechanically decoupled from the inner shell. Each duct
is acoustically lined, oversized and equipped with a 5-
section silencer that virtually eliminate any audible
noise or turbulence in the room. In cases where absolute
silence is required the HVAC system can be turned off.
3.4. In-wall Speaker Mover
Consumer demand for low profile loudspeakers that
mount in, on or near a wall has increased since the
availability of flat-panel wall-mounted video displays.
In a similar vein, the ubiquitous Apple’s IPod has led to
the proliferation multimedia speakers and IPod music
docking play stations that often find themselves on a
desktop or near a wall.
The acoustical effects of mounting a loudspeaker near
adjacent boundaries have been well documented by
Allison and Berkovitz [4], Allison [5], and more
recently Toole (see chapter 12 of [1]). Mounting a
loudspeaker in, on or near a wall or boundary, such as a
shelf or desktop, can have a significant effect on its
frequency response below 500 Hz due to solid angle
boundary gain, and acoustic interference. If listening
tests performed on these products are to be valid and
meaningful, they must include these interaction effects
between the loudspeaker, boundary and/or the desktop.
The reference listening room has been designed with
this in mind. A custom, motorized 3-sided in-wall
speaker mover has been developed that permits rapid
three-way (A/B/C) comparisons among loudspeakers
intended to be used in/on/near a wall including a
desktop. The speaker mover can accommodate proper
testing of four different categories of loudspeakers: (1)
in-wall loudspeakers, (2) on-wall loudspeakers, (3)
floor-standing loudspeakers designed to be near a wall,
and (4) loudspeakers designed to be on a desktop or
shelf near a wall (e.g. multimedia speakers and IPod
music stations).
Removal wall baffles are used for mounting the in-wall
loudspeakers into the speaker mover’s internal wall
enclosure. On-wall speakers are mounted onto the wall
baffle itself. Slim floor-standing speakers with a depth
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of less than 30.5 cm can be mounted to the base of the
speaker mover. Three detachable semi-circular shelves
can be mounted to the in-wall mover for testing
bookshelf, multimedia or IPod music stations. The shelf
can be extended into a full sized desk by moving in
place a stationary desk that has a cutout for where the
rotating shelf fits in. A visually opaque, acoustically
transparent screen is placed between the mover and
listener so that the test is double blind.
A photograph of the in-wall mover is shown in Fig. 3
configured for testing of three loudspeakers intended for
on-wall mounting.
Figure 3 A photograph of the in-wall speaker mover
located in the Northridge Reference Listening Room.
The rotation of the 3-sided wall is done via a powerful
but quiet DC servomotor that is mounted into a concrete
pit beneath the floor. Attached to the motor’s flange is
an aluminum plate to which is attached the rotating wall
section. Audio and power is fed to the loudspeakers
through the top of the wall. The rotation of the wall is
controlled via the listening test software used to
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A New Reference Listening Room
administer listening tests. Positional changes between
loudspeakers can be performed in about 2 s.
3.5. Acoustical Treatment
An important feature of the listening room is the ability
to manipulate its reflectivity through removable
absorptive and diffusive panels. This is desirable for
studying the perceptual effects of loudspeaker-room
interactions on reproduced sound. The acoustical
changes are made by adding or removing the thick area
rug and the absorptive and diffusive acoustical baffles
that attach to the two wooden rails on the walls. Each
rail has a 45 °groove cut out of its top into which fits a
cleat attached to the back of the acoustic panel. The rails
are situated at different heights to allow the bottom and
top halves of the wall to be treated the same or
differently.
The absorptive panels are manufactured by Quest and
consist of fiberglass panels (1.2 m (w) x 1.2 m (l) x 0.91
m (d)) with a density of 100 kg/m3. For ease of
mounting to the wall railings, the fiberglass is laminated
to a 0.64 cm masonite board, and covered with
Guildford FR701 fabric. The thickness of the fiberglass
determines the effective lower frequency limit at which
is approximately 200 Hz for a depth of 0.91 cm (3 in). It
is important to note that the absorption characteristics of
materials can be very dependent on the angle of sound
incidence [1]. Sounds that arrive at normal incidence
will generally be less attenuated than sounds arriving
from angles that further off-axis.
Custom semi-cylindrical diffuser panels were also
fabricated to provide reasonably wideband diffusion
down to 200 Hz. The dimensions of the diffusers are 1.2
m (h) x 0.61 m (w) x 0.61(d). It is important to
emphasize that the diffusers and the absorbers should
operate over a wide bandwidth in order to maintain the
fidelity of the reflected and scattered sounds received at
the listeners’ ears.
The placement of the acoustical panels in the reference
listening room shown in Figs. 4 (a) and (b) is based on
the scientific rationale proposed by Toole [1]. In order
to encourage spaciousness (broadening of the apparent
source width) the sidewalls are left untreated at the
point where the first lateral reflections produced by the
front channels arrive at the listening location.
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(a)

(b)
Figure 4 A view of the acoustical treatment in the Northridge reference listening room from (a) the perspective of
the top front left corner of the room and (b) from the right rear corner of the room.

Most of the absorptive panels are placed along the front 3.6. Furniture
and rear walls at locations where the room reflections
The furniture in the reference listening room consists of
arriving at the listener will have little spatial benefit.
six comfortable leather hotel chairs. The chairs were
The diffusers and RPG Skylines and are placed near the
selected for their relatively small profile: 79 cm (w) x
side and rear channels to provide additional sources of
84 cm (d) x 74 cm (h). Their compact size allows the
reflections and scattering of sound. A symmetrical
chairs to be tightly arranged in two rows of three
pattern of acoustical treatment was generally observed
without being too far from the primary listening zone.
for the front, side and rear walls. In this way, the
The backs of the chairs do not interfere with the direct
reflections produced by each pair of left/right
sound produced by the side and rear loudspeakers.
front/side/rear loudspeakers should be mirror images of
The only other furniture in the room is a low storage
each other.
cabinet located at the rear of the room where the

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program source machines are located (Mac Mini, DVD,
Blu-ray player).
3.7. Video Playback
A high quality video projection system is required for
presentations, listener training, and playback of DVD
and Blu-ray discs. A JVC DLA-RS1 1080p HD
projector displays the picture onto a motorized
retractable 305 cm diagonal screen made by Stewart
Filmscreen.
3.8. Audio Playback System
A block diagram of the audio playback system is shown
in Fig. 5. The upper half of the diagram shows the
equipment located inside the room and the lower half
contains the equipment located in an equipment rack
outside the room near the entrance to the speaker mover.
Inside the room are located the media source players
(Lexicon DVD, Toshiba HD DVD players) located on
the AV cabinet at the back of the room to facilitate
control and access to media content during
demonstrations.

Figure 5 A block diagram of the audio equipment setup in the Harman Reference Listening Room.

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The audio signals from source devices are sent to the
Lexicon MC-12B located in the equipment rack outside
the room via the AES-EBU and optical outputs sent
over CAT-5 Gefen optical extenders. The video outputs
are video signals are directly to the JVC projector
mounted inside the room. The Mac Mini computer is
used for presentations, playing iTunes, and running
Harman’s listener training and listening test software.
Sound files are played through an external 8-channel
sound card (Echo Firewire 8). The analog outputs are
sent to the equipment rack via an 8-channel snake that
connects to the outside equipment rack. The
loudspeaker system consists of 7 well-matched JBL
LSR 6332 professional 3-way monitors, and 4 JBL
HB5000 powered subwoofers. The LRS monitors are
elevated on stands so that the tweeters are located at ear
height for a seated listener.
The outside equipment rack contains a Lexicon MC-12
B, which provides audio source device switching and
surround sound decoding. All bass management,
speaker-room equalization is done via a 16-channel BSS
Audio BLU-80, which can be remotely controlled and
programmed over Ethernet via the London Architect.
Software. The device has both balanced analog and
Cobranet digital outputs that can be digitally connected
to the two BSS Audio BLU-32 boxes and the Crown
CTS 8200 power amplifier via a single CAT-5 cable.
The Crown amplifier powers passive loudspeakers
tested using the in-wall speaker mover.
The second amplifier (Lexicon LX-7) powers the main
JBL LSR 6332 monitor system in the listening room.
One of the BSS Audio BLU-32 boxes acts as a D/A
device before the Lexicon amplifier. The second BLU-
32 is also used as a D/A output device for the four
powered subwoofers and to drive the binaural room
scanning playback hardware [Olive]
3.9. Listening Test Software
A custom client-server software program has been
developed to control and automate the listening tests
conducted in the reference room. In this way, the tests
are double blind, efficient and repeatable.
The experimenter uses the server application to define
all parameters of the listening test including the
equipment settings, perceptual scales, listener
instructions, number of trials, and program selections.
This setup information is stored in a centralized
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A New Reference Listening Room
database so that the test can be replicated at any Harman
location.
The client application runs on a wireless Pocket PC and
is used by the listener to control the switching of test
objects, and enter ratings and comments. The client
application sends commands and ratings to the server
application wirelessly over TCP/IP. The server
processes the client requests, receives and stores the
ratings in the database.
Once a test is completed the listener ratings are stored in
a centralized database. A web-based application
provides statistical analysis of the listening test results
or the raw test data can be uploaded as a comma
delimited (CVS) text file for further analysis.
4. ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS
This section describes the in-room acoustical
measurements of the loudspeaker playback system used
in the reference listening room, and reverberation (RT60)
measurements of the room.
4.1. Measurement and Calibration of the
Loudspeaker System
The in-room frequency response of each loudspeaker
channel was measured at each of the 6 seats to
determine the accuracy and consistency in response
across all channels and seating locations. The four bass-
managed subwoofers were first calibrated over the 6
listening seats using an optimization method known as
sound field management [9].
Measurements were performed using the Harman Audio
Test System (HATS), a proprietary 16-channel
measurement system that uses a Farina log sweep that
provides 48 frequency bins per octave across the audio
bandwidth. The in-room frequency response curves
measurement shown in Fig. 6 show the average
measured response across six seats with a 1/6-octave
post-smoothing applied to raw data.
The 8 frequency response curve, from top to bottom,
represent: the average response of the 7 channels, the
left, right, center front channels, the left and right sides,
and the left and right surrounds. The curves are
generally very smooth, flat (± 2dB, 20 Hz – 10 kHz),
well behaved, and consistent among the 7 channels.
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Figure 6 The average in-room frequency response of each loudspeaker channel averaged across the six seats. The
top curve represents that average response across all 7 channels.

Figure 7 The in-room frequency response taken at each of the six seating locations for the left channel. The dark
solid curve is the average response for all six seats.

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The roll-off above 10 kHz is not a concern since the in-
room response represents a combination of both direct
and reflected sounds produced by the loudspeaker. In
particular, the reflected sound should naturally contain
less high frequency due to the that the directivity of the
loudspeaker, and the high frequency absorption from air
and the room’s furnishings.
Fig. 7 shows the seat-to-seat variation in the in-room
frequency response for the left channel only. The seat-
seat variations are approximately ± 2.5 dB above 1.5
kHz, and ± 5 dB below 1 kHz. The variations in
response are primarily due to acoustical interactions
between the loudspeaker and the listening room. These
include room mode effects below 300 Hz, and
acoustical interference effects from reflections above
300 Hz.
4.2. Room Measurements
Acoustical measurements were also conducted in the
reference listening room to determine how various
acoustic treatments of the room affect the measured
reverberation time (RT60). Toole has argued that
reverberation measurements of domestic sized rooms
are rather pointless, since such rooms do not produce
Figure 8 The RT60 for the Harman Reference Listening Room for different acoustical conditions.
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A New Reference Listening Room
diffuse, isotropic sound fields. Nonetheless, an attempt
was made to minimize the resultant measurement errors
by energizing the room with a large number of
loudspeakers, and averaging the measurements over
several different microphone locations.
The room was measured under five different conditions:
1) bare room (seats, carpet, diffusers and absorbers
removed), 2) absorbers only, 3) seats/carpet only, 4)
reference setup with no diffusers, and 5) reference setup
with diffusers. The results plotted in Figure 8 reveal that
the bare room produces a maximum RT60 value of 1.7 s
at 500 Hz and even larger values at higher frequencies.
Simply adding an area carpet and six leather chairs to
the room brings the room RT60 down to 1.1 s at 500 Hz.
However, the wall absorbers are clearly doing the brunt
of the work as they alone bring the RT60 down to 0.7 s at
500 Hz. The reference setup produced the lowest
average RT60 value of 0.4 s. It is interesting to note that
the diffusers actually reduced the reverberation time,
probably by their scattering of sound towards absorptive
surfaces. For the reference setup, the 0.4 s value puts the
reference room’s reverberation time among the typical
values Bradley measured in 600 domestic rooms [10].
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“Sketchups” of the room. The reference listening room

5. CONCLUSIONS project would not have as successful without the
professionalism, craftsmanship, and significant design
The features, scientific rationale and acoustical contributions made by the late Rex Lexis at Tico
performance a new reference listening room have been Contractors.
described in the previous sections. The acoustical
measurements of the room and its playback system
8. REFERENCES
discussed in section 4 provide evidence that the
performance goals have been largely met. Background
[1] Toole F.E. Sound Reproduction, Focal Press
noise measurements of the room are still underway and
(2008).
will hopefully confirm our subjective impressions that
the room is sufficiently quiet for controlled listening
[2] Toole F.E. “Loudspeakers and Rooms for Sound
experiments.
Reproduction – A Scientific Review,” J. Audio
Eng. Soc., vol. 54, pp. 451-476, 2006.
Two important features have been added to the new
reference listening room. The first feature is the ability
[3] Olive S.E. and Martens W.L. “Interaction Between
to modify the acoustics of the room so that researchers
Loudspeakers and Room Acoustics Influences
can better understand the perceptual effects of
Loudspeaker Preferences in Multichannel Audio
interactions between loudspeakers and room acoustics.
Reproduction,” 123rd Convention, Audio Eng. Soc.,
The second feature is an automated in-wall speaker
Preprint 7196, 2007.
mover that permits proper comparative evaluations of
loudspeakers designed to be mounted in/on or near a
wall. [4] Allison R.F and Berkovitz R., “The Sound Field in
Home Listening Rooms,” J. Audio Eng. Soc., 20,
pp 459-469, 1972.
6. FUTURE WORK
[5] Allison, R.F. “The Influence of Room Boundaries
The prototype listening room described in this paper has on Loudspeaker Power Output,” J. Audio Eng. Soc,
been replicated at other Harman facilities in Bridgend, 22, pp.314-320, 1974.
UK, and one is currently being built at Farmington
Hills, Michigan. A slightly scaled-down version of the [6] ITU-R Recommendation BS. 775-2, “Multichannel
room has also been constructed at Karlsbad, Germany. Stereophonic Sound System With and Without
Accompanying Picture,” 2006.
The next phase of this work will validate and confirm
that the acoustical performance and sound quality of [7] Beranek L.L, “Balanced Noise-Criterion (NCB)
these four rooms and their playback systems are Curves,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 86, pp. 650-664,
essentially the same. The results of that study will 1989.
hopefully be the topic of a future paper.
[8] Bradley J.S., “Sound Absorption of Gypsum Board
Cavity Walls,” J. Audio Eng. Soc., 45, pp. 253-259,
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1997.
Harman International supported this work. The author
[9] Welti T. and Devantier A., ”Low-Frequency
would like to thank his colleagues for their significant
Optimization Using Multiple Subwoofers,” J.
contributions to this very labor intensive project: Floyd
Audio Eng. Soc., 54, pp. 347-364, 2006.
Toole was acoustical designer of the room; Todd Welti
provided the acoustical measurements of the room;
[10] Bradley J.S. “Acoustical Measurements in
Allan Devantier measured and calibrated the playback
Canadian Homes,” Canadian Acoustics, 14, no. 4.,
system; John Jackson oversaw the installation and
1986.
operation of the room; Eric Hu, Sean Hess and Toby
Newman developed the listening test software; Sean
Hess performed all BSS London Architect programming
of the BLU boxes; Alex Miller provided the Google

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