ACOUSTICS

D.Sharanya
Rollno :27
Sec-A
Sem-6
1.write short notes on any three of the following:
a.Transmission loss
ANS Transmission loss (TL) in general describes the accumulated decrease in intensity of a
waveform energy as a wave propagates outwards from a source, or as it propagates through a
certain area or through a certain type of structure.

It is a terminology frequently used in optics and acoustics. Measures of TL are very important
in the industry of acoustic devices such as mufflers and sonars.

Transmission loss (TL) (more specifically in duct acoustics) is defined as the difference between
the power incident on a duct acoustic device (muffler) and that transmitted downstream into
an anechoic termination. Transmission loss is independent of the source and presumes (or
requires) an anechoic termination at the downstream end.

Transmission loss does not involve the source impedance and the radiation impedance
inasmuch as it represents the difference between incident acoustic energy and that
transmitted into an anechoic environment. Being made independent of the terminations, TL
finds favor with researchers who are sometimes interested in finding the acoustic transmission
behavior of an element or a set of elements in isolation of the terminations. But measurement
of the incident wave in a standing wave acoustic field requires uses of impedance tube
technology, may be quite laborious, unless one makes use of the two-microphone method
with modern instrumentation.

b.sound leaks in doors

Whether residential or commercial, most doors are poor isolators of airborne sound.

Two main reasons for the poor performance are;

1 poor seals and

2 lack of mass in the door itself.

Doors need to be as heavy as possible and airtight. A double-door assembly will always out-
perform a single door. The door, or more accurately the door slab, is often hollow.
Fortunately, most hollow core doors can be exactly replaced with solid core doors. The
difference in mass, yields significant improvements. You will be faced with different slab core
options such as particleboard filled, MDF filled or a mineral core. It is better to stick with either
particleboard or MDF, since mineral core is more expensive. Now this heavy doors needs to be
sealed.. Standard door weather strip works well for the top and two sides of the door, but that
big gap on the bottom of the door is too big for lightweight, thin weather strip. Consider
installing a block to the underside of the door, then sealing with a door sweep.

Many doors will have a drop-down sweep seal that seals against the threshold when the door
is shut. Often these are simply out of alignment and can be adjusted with a screwdriver. If
there is no sweep seal, have one installed. Typically they consist of a sweep-seal closure and
threshold plate. They will require frequent checking to ensure proper alignment.

c.rubber mounts.
Rubber mounts are used mainly in vibration isolation of mechanical equipment and HVAC
applications.

Rubber mounts are economical and easy to install, offering

protection from vibrations and reduce structure-borne noise
transmission.

The advantages of these products are the increased vibration

isolation whilst also achieving to fix the machine on to the
base/ground which results in greater reflection.

Cylindrical rubber mounts can be used for sound absorbent and isolating vibrations from
stationary machinery such as fans, pumps, electric motors, transformers and compressors.

d. Acoustic design of class room.

Hearing and understanding are important parts of the learning process. A noisy classroom can
make these tasks difficult. Noise in the classroom is more than students talking. There are
other factors that make it hard to hear and understand in the classroom.

Acoustics is a term used to talk about how sound travels in a room. There are factors in the
room design that may make sounds louder or softer. Examples include floor rugs, ceiling type,
and air ducts. Classroom acoustics is the term for these issues in schools.

Background Noise and Reverberation

Two things cause poor classroom acoustics: too much background noise and/or too much
reverberation.

Background noise is any sound that makes it hard to hear. In a classroom, background noise
can come from many places, including the following:

Sounds from outside the building, such as cars and lawnmowers

Sounds from inside the building, such as students talking in the hallway

Sounds from inside the classroom, such as air conditioning units and students in the room

Reverberation describes how sounds act in a room after they first happen. Sounds stay in the
room when they bounce off desks or walls. If many sounds do this at once, it can get very loud.

2.What are the acoustical considerations that needs to be

taken in the design of a seminar hall?
1. Seminar hall rooms are designed to facilitate interaction and face-to-face discussion
among students
a. Our primary reason for asking you to read this guidance is to convey the lessons
learned and help you avoid “reinventing the wheel” as design of future projects
proceeds. We are confident this will expedite the design process and create
better learning environments
2. Seminar halls should be developed and designed from the “inside out”. The following
items should be considered when creating a new seminar hall:
a. The optimum orientation and shape of the seminar hall should be determined by
the primary expected teaching style, the capacity of the room, and the level of
mediation.
b. Designing for the flexibility of room use is strongly encouraged. The more square
footage allotted to each student, the greater the opportunity for flexibility.
3. Daylight is an important part of most learning environments. Windows should be
included in seminar halls whenever possible. Lecture halls require excellent light control.
This can be accomplished by eliminating windows (except for the vision panels in the
doors) or by having shades that completely block the light. If windows must be
preserved as an exterior architectural element, glass panes can be replaced with mirrors
or other opaque material or the entire window opening can be covered on the inside
with some type of decorative/acoustic panel
4.
have a single screen. If users need a second screen and space permits, it is always
preferable to mount two screens. The screen(s) should be matte white and mounted so
that board space is available when one screen is down
5. Ceiling-Mounted Projectors
a. Low noise level
b. Uniformly bright, clear images with good resolution and excellent color rendition
c. Compatibility with other audio-visual components
 d. Reliability; availability and cost of replacement parts
e. Compact size to avoid blocking views of screens and marker boards

6. Lighting controls that automatically turn off lights in vacant rooms

i. Energy-efficient dimmable lighting for seating areas
ii. Light fixtures that don’t block views of:
iii. Screens, marker boards, or instructors
iv. Light paths from projectors  Lighting zones and levels
appropriate for each area of the room (see diagram)
v. 70 foot-candles over seating areas only, dimmable to 5 to 10 foot-
candles
vi. In rooms were very dark images such as x-rays are projected,
provide lighting dimmable to 2 foot-candles and full blackout
capability
vii. Avoid lights in front of projection screens
viii. Lower light levels in corridors and instructor areas, and on ramps
and tiered floors
ix. Task light for instructor work stations that avoid light spill over to
screens/monitors
7. WALLS 
a. Walls should be constructed of a durable material that is easy to maintain and
should be basically acoustically non-absorbent except in those areas of the
lecture halls where acoustical treatment is prescribed. 17BY RUSHABH .H. SHAH
8. CEILING
a. The ceiling is the most critical element in insuring that the sound in the lecture
hall is distributed evenly and at appropriate loudness to all portions of the seating
area. The ceiling should act as a sound mirror, reflecting sound downward to
blend with the sound from the speaker system.