Tensile testing

Aim:
The aim of this experiment is determination of the mechanical properties(such as
Young modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile & percentage elongation after fracture)
of various materials under tensile loading.

Theory:

Tensile testing is a simple and one of the most widely used mechanical tests. Material
properties are determined by measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to
breaking point, which will allow us to predict how materials and products will behave.
This testing provides us data on the integrity and safety of a material, component &
products, helping us ensure that their finished products are fit-for-purpose. The data
produced in a tensile test can be used to determine batch quality, determine
consistency in manufacturing, reduce material costs and achieve lean manufacturing
goals and also to ensure compliance with international & industry standards.

Procedure:
● Firstly we prepare a dog-bone specimen with standard dimensions as directed
by ASTM.
● Then we position the lower and upper clamps in their proper position in order
to accommodate the length of the test sample.
● Next we place the material between the tensile clamps.
● Next we attach the extensometer to its length. After the extensometer is placed,
we double check the other equipment to make sure they are in their required
positions.
● Now we begin the tensile stress test, we slowly separate the tensile clamps at
a constant speed. The tensile tester machine can pull at a maximum speed of 20
inches per minute depending on the shape & size of the material.
● The specimen will slowly elongate, The data gathering software will monitor
the force placed upon the specimen and it will display the stress-strain curve.
 This stress-strain curve is very helpful in analyzing the specimen’s behavior
throughout the test.
● Now the specimen will begin to deform in the middle of its length. Changes in
the stress-strain curve will be observed.
● Now the specimen breaks.
● Now we evaluate the required properties of the material.

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Compressive testing

Aim: To conduct compressive testing on a specimen using a universal testing

machine (UTM) to determine ultimate compressive strength of the material.

Theory:

Compressive testing is performed similar to tensile testing using the same apparatus.
The evils replace the gripping jaws and crosshead moves toward stationary grip.
Compressive testing is performed on usually thick pads i.e. over much more limited
strain as compared to that of dog-bone specimens. This type of test configuration is
best suited for foams and rubbers in order to determine compression modulus.
Compression tests are used for determining the modulus of elasticity, proportional
limit, compressive yield point, compressive yield strength, and compressive strength.
These properties are very important to determine if a material is suited for specific
applications or if it will fail under specific stresses.
Procedure:

● Firstly we select a specimen as per ASTM standards

● Now we start by placing the Specimen, The lower(plain) bearing block is placed,
with its hardened face up, on the table of the testing machine directly under the
spherically seated bearing block
● Before testing the specimen, we verify if the load indicator is set to zero. If it is
not set to zero, we adjust it to zero.
● Now we apply the load continuously and without shock.
● We apply load until the specimen fails, and we record the maximum load carried
by the specimen during the test.

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Impact Testing:

Aim: The aim of the experiment is to calculate the amount of energy absorbed per unit
surface before mild steel and PVC specimen fractures.

Theory:

The standard test for measurement of impact energy is the Impact testing. This
indicates the characteristics of the material during fracture. An arm is swung down in a
motion similar to a pendulum in order to impact with test material. The energy required
in order to fracture the sample is recorded. The impact energy gives an indication of
toughness of the material. The test material opposes the motion of the pendulum arm
by absorbing this energy of impact. A more tough material will absorb more energy
upon the impact and therefore will result in low height to which the pendulum arm will
swing to following impact.

Procedure:

● Firstly we prepare a specimen as per ASTM standards then we put it into an

impact test machine.
● We release the pendulum of known weight from a known height.
● After the fracture happens we note calculate the amount of energy absorbed
● At last we evaluate the impact strength/ toughness of the material.

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